Occurrence, migration kinetics, and health risks of alkylphenols in colored and colorless bottled water

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115685

Mina Mohammadipour , Sajedeh Karimi , Karim Ebrahimpour , Sahar Gholipour , Farzaneh Mohammadi

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Abstract

The global rise in bottled water consumption raises concerns about potential health risks associated with chemical migration from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging. Alkylphenols, such as 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), are used as stabilizers in PET and are known endocrine disruptors. Their migration into bottled water may pose health risks. This study aimed to detect and quantify alkylphenols in colored and colorless PET bottled water, investigate their migration kinetics during shelf-life storage, and assess potential non-carcinogenic and estrogenic risks. A total of 30 bottled water samples, equally divided between colored and colorless PET bottles, were analyzed. Detection and quantification of 4-NP and 4-t-OP were performed using gas chromatography (GC) with a mass spectrometry (MS) detector. Results showed the presence of 4-NP and 4-t-OP in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 182 to 933 ng/L and 1.5–19 ng/L, respectively. Kinetic analysis revealed that alkylphenol migration followed a first-order model, with significantly higher concentrations and migration rates observed in colored PET bottles. Despite no significant non-carcinogenic or estrogenic risks from bottled water consumption, these findings emphasize the need for concern regarding colored PET bottles as a potentially higher source of exposure to alkylphenols. Given the widespread use of similar plastics in food and beverage packaging, cumulative exposure remains a critical issue. Continued monitoring and regulatory efforts are essential to minimize human exposure to these contaminants.

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烷基酚在有色和无色瓶装水中的发生、迁移动力学和健康风险

全球瓶装水消费量的增长引发了人们对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）包装中化学物质迁移可能带来的健康风险的担忧。烷基酚，如4-壬基酚（4-NP）和4-叔辛基酚（4-t-OP），在PET中用作稳定剂，是已知的内分泌干扰物。它们迁移到瓶装水中可能会造成健康风险。本研究旨在检测和定量有色和无色PET瓶装水中的烷基酚，研究其在保质期内的迁移动力学，并评估潜在的非致癌和雌激素风险。总共有30个瓶装水样本，被平均分为彩色和无色的PET瓶，进行了分析。采用气相色谱（GC）和质谱（MS）检测器对4-NP和4-t-OP进行检测和定量。结果表明，4-NP和4-t-OP在所有样品中均存在，浓度分别为182 ~ 933 ng/L和1.5 ~ 19 ng/L。动力学分析表明，烷基酚迁移遵循一阶模型，在彩色PET瓶中观察到明显更高的浓度和迁移速率。尽管饮用瓶装水没有显著的非致癌或雌性激素风险，但这些发现强调有必要关注彩色PET瓶，因为它可能是烷基酚暴露的更高来源。鉴于类似塑料在食品和饮料包装中的广泛使用，累积暴露仍然是一个关键问题。持续的监测和管理工作对于尽量减少人类接触这些污染物至关重要。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Food and Chemical Toxicology 工程技术-毒理学

CiteScore

10.90

自引率

4.70%

发文量

651

审稿时长

31 days

期刊介绍： Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs, and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products, and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques, particularly those fostering the 3 Rs. The principal aim of the journal is to publish high impact, scholarly work and to serve as a multidisciplinary forum for research in toxicology. Papers submitted will be judged on the basis of scientific originality and contribution to the field, quality and subject matter. Studies should address at least one of the following: -Adverse physiological/biochemical, or pathological changes induced by specific defined substances -New techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology -Mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena -Toxicological examinations of specific chemicals or consumer products, both those showing adverse effects and those demonstrating safety, that meet current standards of scientific acceptability. Authors must clearly and briefly identify what novel toxic effect (s) or toxic mechanism (s) of the chemical are being reported and what their significance is in the abstract. Furthermore, sufficient doses should be included in order to provide information on NOAEL/LOAEL values.