A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized, CAS Registry Number 73018-51-6","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized is not genotoxic. Data on 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data show that there are no safety concerns for 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized for skin sensitization under the current declared levels of use. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class III material, and the exposure to 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized is below the TTC (0.47 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acid-isomerized was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115937"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145987674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simone Baldi , Sara Bertorello , Francesco Cei , Antonino Iurato La Rocca , Valentina Scianaro , Gianluca Bartolucci , Guido Mannaioni , Amedeo Amedei , Elisabetta Gerace
{"title":"Gender-specific gut microbiota alterations in adolescent C57BL/6 mice following prenatal alcohol exposure","authors":"Simone Baldi , Sara Bertorello , Francesco Cei , Antonino Iurato La Rocca , Valentina Scianaro , Gianluca Bartolucci , Guido Mannaioni , Amedeo Amedei , Elisabetta Gerace","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), produces lasting physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments. The present study examined effects of early PAE on the gut microbiome (GM) in adolescent mice to identify targets for early intervention. Female C57Bl/6 dams received 10 % ethanol during the first 10 days of gestation while controls received water. Fecal and blood samples from adolescent offspring were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize microbial composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). PAE reduced microbial alpha diversity and produced distinct beta diversity patterns versus controls. Metabolomic profiling revealed increased fecal acetate and reduced anti-inflammatory SCFAs in PAE mice, though circulating SCFA levels remained unchanged. Sex-stratified analyses showed that these alterations were driven predominantly by males, who exhibited greater microbial and metabolic disruptions, enrichment of pro-inflammatory genera (<em>Parasutterella</em>, <em>Parabacteroides</em>, <em>Clostridioides</em>), and elevated serum medium-chain fatty acids. Cluster analysis of PAE males identified a dysbiotic subgroup with severe alpha diversity loss, increased pro-inflammatory taxa, diminished beneficial SCFAs, and enrichment of catabolic and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. Together, the results reveal sex- and individual-specific susceptibility to PAE-induced GM dysbiosis and justify further mechanistic studies to develop sex-tailored microbiota-targeted strategies for FASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"RIFM Natural Complex Substance (NCS) fragrance ingredient safety assessment, Bucchu oil, betulina, CAS Registry Number 68650-46-4, RIFM ID 73-E2.12","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115945","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115945"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"RIFM Natural Complex Substance (NCS) fragrance ingredient safety assessment, hinoki root oil, CAS Registry Number 91745-97-0, RIFM ID 5487-A2.12","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115946","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115946"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isobutyric acid, CAS Registry Number 79-31-2","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115862","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145627445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-methoxybenzoic acid, CAS Registry Number 100-09-4","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115919","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115919"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145831870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 1,1-dimethoxycyclododecane, CAS Registry Number 950-33-4","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115915","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115915"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145951015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, CAS Registry Number 1576-95-0","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>(Z)-2-Penten-1-ol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analogs 2,6-nonadien-1-ol (CAS # 7786-44-9) and <em>trans</em>-2-hexenol (CAS # 928-95-0) show that (Z)-2-penten-1-ol is not expected to be genotoxic. Data on read-across analog allyl alcohol (CAS # 107-18-6) provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Target data and data from read-across analog allyl alcohol (CAS # 107-18-6) show that there are no safety concerns for (Z)-2-penten-1-ol for skin sensitization under the current declared levels of use. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; (Z)-2-penten-1-ol is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to (Z)-2-penten-1-ol is below the TTC (1.4 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; (Z)-2-penten-1-ol was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115961"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 101-86-0","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115920","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115920"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145843024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-ethyl-5-methoxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, CAS registry number 122795-41-9","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115914","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115914"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145848561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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