Food and Chemical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α,α-dimethyl-p-ethylphenylpropanal, CAS Registry Number 67634-15-5","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115916","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115916"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145846186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RIFM Natural Complex Substance (NCS) fragrance ingredient safety assessment, lovage leaf oil, CAS Registry Number 8016-31-7, RIFM ID 813-E2.12","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115949","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115949"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isopulegyl acetate, CAS Registry number 57576-09-7","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115944","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145987513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Korean dioxin risk patterns: Modulation by dietary-socio-demographic and behavioral factors","authors":"Dongjun Lee ,&nbsp;Kyungjun Jeong ,&nbsp;Jeongho Oh ,&nbsp;Changsoo Kim ,&nbsp;Seungyoung Park ,&nbsp;Yongjin Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dioxins, well-known persistent organic pollutants, accumulate in the human body primarily through dietary exposure. However, it may be significant to examine the current status of dioxin risk in relation to physiological factors, lifestyle factors, and socioeconomic conditions with dietary patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to identify the non-carcinogenic dioxin risk patterns according to physiological, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and dietary factors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Physiological, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and dietary factors were surveyed for 153 Korean adults (aged 20–59) living in metropolitan areas. 29 dioxin congeners were analyzed in serum samples. The estimated daily dioxin intake was calculated by combining the surveyed dietary consumption data with the dioxin concentrations provided by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea. The non-carcinogenic risk from comparing the estimated intake with WHO TDI value was classified into surveyed factors. The association between dietary intake and blood dioxin concentrations was evaluated using a generalized linear model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Females exhibited a higher risk than males, and the risk increased with advancing age. Current smokers showed a lower risk compared to non-smokers and former smokers, while participants with a history of disease demonstrated a notably lower risk than those without such a history. Furthermore, higher monthly income was associated with an increased risk, whereas higher educational attainment was inversely associated with risk. Shellfish was associated with increasing blood DL-PCBs levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Socio-demographic and behavioral factors may play an important role in modulating the non-carcinogenic risk associated with dietary dioxin exposure. Changes in dioxin risk patterns across such factors warrant further examination through additional investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145987617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in traditional Chinese medicinal materials and their decoctions: Integrating dissolution characteristic with Monte Carlo simulation","authors":"Guanjun Nan ,&nbsp;Zhengzheng Liu ,&nbsp;Xuemei Zhou ,&nbsp;Yunzhe Li ,&nbsp;Fanli Yang ,&nbsp;Rong Lin ,&nbsp;Guangde Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global use of Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is increasing, raising concerns regarding contamination by heavy metal(loid)s. Although decoction is a common method of administration, limited research has investigated the transfer of heavy metal(loid)s from medicinal materials to decoctions, particularly for compound formulas, or has performed probabilistic health risk assessments. In this study, six common TCMs (<em>Persicae Semen</em>, <em>Carthami Flos</em>, <em>Rehmanniae Radix</em>, <em>Angelicae Sinensis Radix</em>, <em>Chuanxiong Rhizoma</em>, and <em>Paeoniae Radix Alba</em>) were collected from various regions across China. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, and As were analyzed in the raw medicinal materials, their single-herb decoctions, and the corresponding compound formula decoction (Taohong Siwu Decoction). The results showed that Hg in some batches exceeded safety limits. Transfer rates of heavy metal(loid)s from medicinal materials to the decoctions varied considerably among elements, ranging from 8.67 % to 65.56 %. Compared with single-herb decoctions, the dissolution of Cu, Pb, and Cd increased in the compound decoction, whereas that Hg decreased. Probabilistic risk assessment indicated no significant non-carcinogenic risk; however, <em>Paeoniae Radix Alba</em> showed a 1.12 % probability of carcinogenic risk above the 1 × 10⁻⁴ threshold. Importantly, both heavy metal(loid) levels and the associated health risks were substantially lower in the decoctions than in the raw materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115975"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, methyl 2-(formylamino)benzoate, CAS Registry Number 41270-80-8","authors":"A.M. Api ,&nbsp;A. Bartlett ,&nbsp;D. Belsito ,&nbsp;D. Botelho ,&nbsp;M. Bruze ,&nbsp;A. Bryant-Friedrich ,&nbsp;G.A. Burton Jr. ,&nbsp;M.A. Cancellieri ,&nbsp;H. Chon ,&nbsp;M. Cronin ,&nbsp;S. Crotty ,&nbsp;M.L. Dagli ,&nbsp;W. Dekant ,&nbsp;C. Deodhar ,&nbsp;K. Farrell ,&nbsp;A.D. Fryer ,&nbsp;L. Jones ,&nbsp;K. Joshi ,&nbsp;A. Lapczynski ,&nbsp;D.L. Laskin ,&nbsp;Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2026.115976","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 115976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of explainable QSAR models for predicting chemical-induced urinary tract toxicity","authors":"Gul Karaduman ,&nbsp;Sat Byul Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical-induced urinary tract toxicity, particularly in the bladder and ureters, remains undercharacterized relative to nephrotoxicity. We present an explainable QSAR framework that predicts urinary tract toxicity of defined chemicals using mechanistically relevant 2D molecular descriptors. A curated set of 209 structurally diverse compounds was annotated by dose-based EPA LD₅₀ thresholds, ensuring toxicological relevance and chemical definition. Following rigorous preprocessing, 1444 descriptors were reduced to 11 variables capturing polarity, hydrogen-bonding capacity, and charge distribution. Twelve machine-learning algorithms were evaluated, and Random Forest performed best (accuracy = 84.13 %, AUC = 0.86). SHAP analyses provided global and compound-level explanations, implicating descriptor patterns consistent with epithelial barrier disruption, oxidative stress, and altered membrane permeability as drivers of toxicity. External test performance and applicability-domain assessment supported robust generalization across chemical space, with performance metrics comparable to those reported for earlier urinary and renal toxicity models. This work provides a transparent <em>in silico</em> tool for early safety evaluation that complements existing approaches by emphasizing mechanistic interpretability, supporting risk assessment for chemicals in the human environment, and fostering 3Rs by reducing reliance on animal testing. The models enable rapid screening and mechanistic interpretation to inform safer-by-design chemistry and regulatory decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115922"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subchronic 90-days toxicity profile of Salicornia ramosissima extract in rats","authors":"Marina Romero-Bernal ,&nbsp;Ángela González-Díaz ,&nbsp;Maria Tripodi ,&nbsp;Alba Zheli Álvarez ,&nbsp;Jara Rodríguez ,&nbsp;David Núñez-Jurado ,&nbsp;María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea ,&nbsp;Ana I. Prieto ,&nbsp;Leticia Diez-Quijada ,&nbsp;Irene Cantarero ,&nbsp;Carmen del Río ,&nbsp;Joan Montaner","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salicornia ramosissima</em>, a halophytic plant rich in bioactive compounds, has gained attention for its potential health benefits. However, its long-term safety profile remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the subchronic 90-day toxicity of <em>S. ramosissima</em> extract in Wistar rats. Animals received daily oral doses of 100, 500 or 1.000 mg/kg/day of the extract or placebo, and key physiological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were assessed. Results indicated no significant adverse effects on body weight, food and water intake, or organ weights. Hematological and biochemical analyses revealed no major toxicological concerns. Histopathological examination did not indicate any extract-induced lesions in any of the examined organs, which included gastrointestinal, respiratory, lymphoid, urinary, nervous, circulatory and reproductive systems. Complementary assays demonstrated absence of developmental toxicity in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> and no mutagenic activity in the Ames test. Overall, these results indicate that subchronic administration of <em>S. ramosissima</em> extract is well tolerated in rats and does not elicit genotoxic or developmental toxicity, supporting its potential safe use as a functional food or nutraceutical ingredient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective in vitro evaluation of biogenic amines in fermented food using mast cells","authors":"Leeseon An ,&nbsp;Jung-Eun Kim ,&nbsp;Eunseo Park ,&nbsp;Hyo-Jeong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Legal limits and toxic thresholds for histamine levels in food have been established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as well as by national food safety authorities in various countries In this study, we found that mast cell degranulation was increased in a histamine concentration-dependent manner, and this degranulation was found to be associated with MRGPRX2, a receptor involved in non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions, as demonstrated by molecular docking analysis and mRNA expression. A strong positive correlation was observed between MRGPRX2 and mast cell degranulation, indicating that higher MRGPRX2 mRNA levels were associated with increased degranulation activity. We analyzed histamine concentrations, MRGPRX2 mRNA expression, and mast cell degranulation for fermented soy sauce and shrimp sauce (FSS, used as a positive control). DS, FS, and JS demonstrated a histamine concentration below 200 μg/mL and showed no significant effect on mast cell degranulation and MRGPRX2 mRNA levels in HMC-1.2 cells. Especially, FS contained high GABA concentrations. A strong negative correlation and the expression of MRGPRX2 mRNA as well as mast cell degranulation. Finally, this assay, anchored to the histamine limits recommended by the Codex, enables routine screening of biogenic amine-containing foods to verify regulatory compliance and help ensure a safe food supply.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115925"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupted cholesterol/testosterone homeostasis via Smurf1-dependent FTO degradation","authors":"Jianhui Liu ,&nbsp;Shaofei Su ,&nbsp;Ruixia Liu ,&nbsp;Shuanghua Xie ,&nbsp;Chenghong Yin ,&nbsp;Enjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Lihua Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) exposure can induce testosterone decline, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, prepubertal PS-NPs exposure caused testicular injury and reduced testosterone levels. RNA sequence analysis indicated that cholesterol homeostasis and PPARα signaling pathways may be involved in the disruption of testosterone biosynthesis. Compared with the control group, exposure to PS-NPs resulted in no significant change in serum cholesterol levels but a marked reduction in testicular and TM3 cell cholesterol levels. Western blot analysis revealed prepubertal PS-NPs exposure activated the PPARα pathway, with a consequent significant downregulation in the expression of cholesterol uptake receptors SCARB1 and LDLR. Using immunoprecipitation, we found that PS-NPs disrupted cholesterol uptake by facilitating the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of FTO. Ultimately, we observed that PS-NPs exposure markedly upregulated Smurf1 protein expression. Knocking down Smurf1 repressed PS-NPs caused the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of FTO protein, thereby alleviating cholesterol and testosterone decline. Overall, our study elucidated a novel mechanism by which prepubertal PS-NPs exposure disrupted cholesterol/testosterone homeostasis via Smurf1-dependent FTO degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115926"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145898892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}