Breast milk contamination by toxic metals in active and passive smokers: A hidden threat to infant health

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115677

Nayereh Rezaie Rahimi , Pejman Shahrokhi , Farshid Soleimani , Hossein Arfaeinia , Sara Dadipoor , Ehsan Ramezanian Nik , Ali Mouseli , Niloufar Borhani Yazdi

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Abstract

The presence of environmental contaminants in breast milk has become a major public health issue. Smoking has been recognized as a risk factor that can raise the concentration of pollutants in breast milk. This study was aimed at comparing the metal(oid)s levels in breast milk from active and passive smoker women, and assessing the associated health risks for infants consuming their milk. Milk samples were obtained one day after delivery. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique was used to determine the metal(oid)s concentrations in samples. The mean ± SD concentration of Cd, Pb, Co, As, Cr and Mn in the active smoker were 1.92 ± 2.17, 17.5 ± 11.26, 0.64 ± 0.51, 3.48 ± 2.7, 1.31 ± 1.65 and 18.01 ± 8.3 μg/L, respectively and were significantly higher than passive smoker and control groups. The concentration of all metal(loid)s (except Cu and Zn) were significantly different between three groups (p-value˂0.001). The total cancer risk (TCR) in all groups was more than 1 × 10⁻⁴, which indicates a significant risk of cancer development. The findings regarding the impact of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on lactating women and their infants underscore the urgent need for increased awareness and preventive measures.

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主动吸烟者和被动吸烟者的母乳被有毒金属污染：对婴儿健康的潜在威胁

母乳中存在环境污染物已成为一个主要的公共卫生问题。吸烟被认为是提高母乳中污染物浓度的一个危险因素。这项研究的目的是比较主动吸烟妇女和被动吸烟妇女母乳中金属（类）s的含量，并评估食用母乳对婴儿的相关健康风险。在分娩后一天提取牛奶样本。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）技术测定样品中金属（类）s的浓度。主动吸烟者体内Cd、Pb、Co、As、Cr、Mn的平均±SD浓度分别为1.92±2.17、17.5±11.26、0.64±0.51、3.48±2.7、1.31±1.65和18.01±8.3 μg/L，显著高于被动吸烟者和对照组。三组间除Cu和Zn外，所有金属（样态）s的浓度差异有统计学意义（p值小于0.001）。所有组的总癌症风险（TCR）均大于1 × 10−4，表明存在显著的癌症发展风险。关于吸烟和环境烟草烟雾（ETS）暴露对哺乳期妇女及其婴儿的影响的调查结果强调了迫切需要提高认识和预防措施。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Food and Chemical Toxicology 工程技术-毒理学

CiteScore

10.90

自引率

4.70%

发文量

651

审稿时长

31 days

期刊介绍： Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs, and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products, and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques, particularly those fostering the 3 Rs. The principal aim of the journal is to publish high impact, scholarly work and to serve as a multidisciplinary forum for research in toxicology. Papers submitted will be judged on the basis of scientific originality and contribution to the field, quality and subject matter. Studies should address at least one of the following: -Adverse physiological/biochemical, or pathological changes induced by specific defined substances -New techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology -Mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena -Toxicological examinations of specific chemicals or consumer products, both those showing adverse effects and those demonstrating safety, that meet current standards of scientific acceptability. Authors must clearly and briefly identify what novel toxic effect (s) or toxic mechanism (s) of the chemical are being reported and what their significance is in the abstract. Furthermore, sufficient doses should be included in order to provide information on NOAEL/LOAEL values.