Food and Chemical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Multi-matrix HPLC investigation of preservatives employing a recent validated method: A Monte Carlo simulation approach to health risks in Bangladeshi processed foods and healthcare","authors":"Mohammad Nasir Uddin ,&nbsp;Suman Das ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rafiul Omar Khan Noyon ,&nbsp;Md Samrat Mohay Menul Islam ,&nbsp;Abu Saleh Mohammad Khaled ,&nbsp;Md Ashraful Islam ,&nbsp;Dipankar Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Monir Uddin ,&nbsp;Md Nurun Nabi ,&nbsp;Sreebash Chandra Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To determine the amounts of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methylparaben, and propylparaben in an assortment of products, this study provides a validated HPLC-PDA method. Linearity, recovery, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, system suitability, and robustness were all examined throughout validation in compliance with ICH criteria. The method of measurement showed high reliability, precision, and linear calibration curves (5–50 mg/L) with correlation values over 0.999, demonstrating that it is suitable for consistent analysis. Reliability across various matrices was validated by robustness testing. Goods such as fruit juices, ketchup, cakes, herbal goods, and pharmaceuticals were subjected to health risk assessments including CDI, THQ, and HI. Significant sorbate and high benzoate levels, in particular in herbal products (up to 6636 mg/kg), were found in processed meals, while methylparaben surpassed the recommended limit in some herbal and pharmaceutical products. Levels of propylparaben remain low. Risk evaluations revealed that consumption of herbal products was the main cause of significant worry, especially for children with lower body weights. THQ levels below the threshold were found in Monte Carlo simulations (5th, median, and 95th percentiles), indicating that food preservatives provide little non-carcinogenic risk to the majority of the population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4,5-dihydro-3(2H)thiophenone, CAS Registry Number 1003-04-9","authors":"A.M. Api ,&nbsp;A. Bartlett ,&nbsp;D. Belsito ,&nbsp;D. Botelho ,&nbsp;M. Bruze ,&nbsp;A. Bryant-Friedrich ,&nbsp;G.A. Burton Jr. ,&nbsp;M.A. Cancellieri ,&nbsp;H. Chon ,&nbsp;M. Cronin ,&nbsp;S. Crotty ,&nbsp;M.L. Dagli ,&nbsp;W. Dekant ,&nbsp;C. Deodhar ,&nbsp;K. Farrell ,&nbsp;A.D. Fryer ,&nbsp;L. Jones ,&nbsp;K. Joshi ,&nbsp;A. Lapczynski ,&nbsp;D.L. Laskin ,&nbsp;Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral exposure to nanoplastics altered lipid profiles in mouse intestine","authors":"Sihuan Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Zhao ,&nbsp;Yijin Wang ,&nbsp;Miao Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The wide uses of plastics lead to nanoplastic exposure in reality. Previous studies reported that micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) disrupted metabolism, but few studies investigated lipid profile changes. Hereby, we exposed mice to vehicles (control), 0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg 20 or 100 nm nanoplastics via gavage, once a day, for 14 days. Albeit no obvious tissue damage, lipidomics data revealed 76 up-regulated and 29 down-regulated lipid molecules in mouse intestines. Further analysis revealed that a number of up-regulated lipid molecules belong to glycerophospholipid (GP). Among GP, we noticed an up-regulation of 9 phosphatidylserine (PS) molecules, and we further verified the presence of autophagosomes and co-localization of typical autophagic lipolysis proteins in intestinal sections, as well as decreased lysosomal associated protein 2 (LAMP2) and increased adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in intestinal homogenates, indicating perturbed autophagic pathway. The exposure also up-regulated 9 phosphatidylinositol (PI) molecules, and we verified a significant decrease of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), indicating altered PI3K-signaling pathway. Besides GP, nanoplastics also significantly up-regulated some sphingolipids (SP), such as ceramide (Cer), and some sterol lipids, such as cholesterol derivatives. Combined, these results suggested that oral exposure to nanoplastics altered lipid profiles and related signaling pathway in mouse intestines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activity of honey pots and pollen pots obtained from the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811)","authors":"Nair Silva Macêdo ,&nbsp;Zildene de Sousa Silveira ,&nbsp;Débora Menezes Dantas ,&nbsp;Cristina Rodrigues dos Santos Barbosa ,&nbsp;Antonia Thassya Lucas dos Santos ,&nbsp;Thiago Araújo de Medeiros Brito ,&nbsp;Josean Fechine Tavares ,&nbsp;Débora Odília Duarte Leite ,&nbsp;Priscilla Ramos Freitas Alexandre ,&nbsp;José Galberto Martins da Costa ,&nbsp;Cícera Datiane de Morais Oliveira-Tintino ,&nbsp;Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho ,&nbsp;Maria Flaviana Bezerra Morais-Braga ,&nbsp;Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of honey pots (EEHPTa) and pollen pots (EEPPTa) from the stingless bee <em>Tetragonisca angustula</em>, as well as to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Candida albicans</em>, and <em>Candida tropicalis</em>. The chemical composition was determined using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD, while antimicrobial assays were performed using the broth microdilution method. Eleven compounds were identified in EEHPTa and nine in EEPPTa, including cirsimaritin, 3ʹ-prenylnaringenin, xanthohumol, lespedezaflavanone B, and 19α-hydroxyursolic acid. The extracts enhanced the action of norfloxacin against <em>S. aureus</em> (MIC reduced from 256 to 128 μg/mL). With gentamicin, EEHPTa reduced the MIC from 17.95 to 11.31 μg/mL, while EEPPTa reduced it to 12.69 μg/mL. Only EEHPTa was effective with ampicillin, reducing the MIC from 71.83 to 31.7 μg/mL. Against <em>P. aeruginosa</em>, EEHPTa decreased the MIC of gentamicin from 8 to 4 μg/mL, whereas EEPPTa exhibited an antagonistic effect. For <em>E. coli</em>, only EEPPTa reduced the MIC from 64 to 57.01 μg/mL. EEHPTa exhibited lower IC₅₀ values against yeast (<em>C. albicans</em>: 65.47 μg/mL; <em>C. tropicalis</em>: 29.79 μg/mL) compared to EEPPTa (<em>C. albicans</em>: 820.7 μg/mL; <em>C. tropicalis</em>: 809.9 μg/mL). Both extracts enhanced the effect of fluconazole against <em>C. albicans</em> but showed no effect on the <em>C. tropicalis</em> strain. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the secondary metabolites in these extracts, reinforcing their importance in the development of new antimicrobial and antifungal strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 115305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143187693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black phosphorus nanomaterials mediate size-dependent acute lung injury by promoting macrophage polarization","authors":"Mingtao Wu ,&nbsp;Jie Zeng ,&nbsp;Wanru Huang ,&nbsp;Fengkai Ruan,&nbsp;Zhenghong Zuo,&nbsp;Liang Bu,&nbsp;Chengyong He","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black phosphorus nanomaterials (BPNM) exhibit excellent properties and potential applications in electronics, but workers may face inhalation exposure during BPNM production. In addition, there is a lack of biosafety assessments regarding respiratory exposure to BPNM of different sizes. In this study, we investigated the lung toxicity in mice exposed to 5, 50, 500 μg/kg of black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) and black phosphorus nanosheet (BPNS) via single tracheal instillation. The average diameter of the BPQDs and BPNS were 13.48 ± 4.82 nm and 325.53 ± 165.17 nm, respectively. Twenty-four hours after exposure, both BPQDs and BPNS caused acute lung injury, characterized by bronchial wall thickening, alveolar collapse, increased lamellar bodies, and immune cell infiltration. BPNS exposure resulted in reduced gene expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins <em>Spb</em> and <em>Spc</em>. Additionally, both BPQDs and BPNS increased inflammatory factors gene expression and induced lung macrophages polarization, with BPNS demonstrating a more significant effect. This study is the first to show that BPQDs and BPNS induced acute lung injury and inflammation in mice, with BPNS being more toxic. These findings are crucial for enhancing the biosafety assessment of BPNM and advancing technologies to improve the safety of nanomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 115219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single and combined effect of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine against deltamethrin exposure in rats","authors":"Ahmet Eker ,&nbsp;Gökhan Eraslan","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effects of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine on deltamethrin exposure in rats were investigated. Eighty male Wistar Albino rats, weighing between 150 and 200 g and aged 2–3 months, were used and evenly allocated into eight groups. The control group of rats received a corn oil vehicle. Chrysin (50 mg/kg.bw), N-acetylcysteine (50 mg/kg.bw), a combination of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine, deltamethrin (10 mg/kg.bw), deltamethrin combined with chrysin, deltamethrin combined with N-acetylcysteine, and a combination of deltamethrin, chrysin, and N-acetylcysteine were administered via oral gavage for a duration of 21 days. Tissue (liver, kidney, brain, testis, heart, lung) and blood of oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, GSH, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR, GST, G6PD), hepatic caspase 3, 9 and p53 protein levels, biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, PChE activities/levels), as well as rat body/organ weights and plasma/liver deltamethrin concentrations. The administration of chrysin and N-acetylcysteine independently did not alter the assessed parameters. Significant differences were observed in most parameters assessed in the deltamethrin-alone group compared to the control group, whereas the parameter values in the groups treated with chrysin, NAC, or their combination with deltamethrin were similar to those of the control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 115191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential of lupeol: A review of its mechanisms, clinical applications, and advances in bioavailability enhancement","authors":"Xia Luo ,&nbsp;Ji Li ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Cen ,&nbsp;Gang Feng ,&nbsp;Meiqi Hong ,&nbsp;Lizhen Huang ,&nbsp;Qinqiang Long","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lupeol, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, has garnered significant attention for its diverse range of biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review delves into the various aspects of lupeol, including its sources, extraction methods, chemical characteristics, pharmacokinetics, safety evaluation, mechanisms of action, and applications in disease treatment. We highlight the compound's unique carbon skeleton and its role in inflammation regulation, antioxidant activity, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. The review also underscores lupeol's potential in cancer therapy, cardiovascular protection, metabolic disease management, and wound healing. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives of lupeol's clinical application, emphasizing the need for further research to improve its bioavailability and explore its full therapeutic potential. The review concludes by recognizing the significance of lupeol in drug development and healthcare, with expectations for future breakthroughs in medical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 115193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From food-to-human microplastics and nanoplastics exposure and health effects: A review on food, animal and human monitoring data","authors":"Flavia Ruggieri ,&nbsp;Beatrice Battistini ,&nbsp;Angela Sorbo ,&nbsp;Marta Senofonte ,&nbsp;Veruscka Leso ,&nbsp;Ivo Iavicoli ,&nbsp;Beatrice Bocca","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review figures out the overall status on the presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in food and their bioaccumulation in animal and human tissues, providing critical insights into possible human health impacts. Data are discussed on both <em>in-vivo</em> and <em>ex-vivo</em> animal and human studies, and the role of physicochemical properties in determining the biological fate and toxicological effects of MPs and NPs. Particular attention is given to dietary exposure assessments, specifically evaluating daily intake through the consumption of contaminated food items. The current limitations in the body of knowledge and some considerations for future assessments are also reported. Overall, there is a pressing need to establish more robust biomarker research and develop standardized methodologies, for a better understanding of MPs and NPs fate and associated effects in more realistic scenarios for their safe consumption. The review underscores the importance of integrating the human biomonitoring into monitoring programs and interdisciplinary research to ultimately inform on MPs and NPs real burden in the human body.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 115209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary exposure to mixtures of chemicals in the first year of life and allergic and respiratory diseases up to 8 years in the French EDEN mother-child cohort","authors":"Manel Ghozal ,&nbsp;Rosalie Delvert ,&nbsp;Karine Adel-Patient ,&nbsp;Muriel Tafflet ,&nbsp;Isabella Annesi-Maesano ,&nbsp;Amélie Crépet ,&nbsp;Véronique Sirot ,&nbsp;Marie Aline Charles ,&nbsp;Barbara Heude ,&nbsp;Manik Kadawathagedara ,&nbsp;Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to environmental chemicals has been associated with higher risk of childhood allergies. This study aimed to examine the association between infant's dietary exposure to mixtures of chemicals and allergic and respiratory multimorbidity in childhood.</div><div>Dietary exposures were assessed at 8 and 12 months in 724 and 745 children of the EDEN cohort. Allergic and respiratory multimorbidity clusters were identified using latent class analyses. Associations between dietary exposure to mixtures of chemicals and allergic clusters were assessed by adjusted multinomial logistic regressions.</div><div>At 8 months, higher exposure to a mixture of furans, trace elements, dioxins and PAHs was positively associated with the “asthma only” cluster, while moderate exposure to a mixture of PAHs, pesticides, PCBs and acrylamide was negatively associated with this cluster. A mixture of PCBs and BFRs was positively associated with the “multi-morbidity” cluster. Exposure to a mixture of pesticides and trace elements was positively associated with the “allergy without asthma” cluster. At 12-months, higher exposure to a mixture of trace elements and pesticides was positively associated with “multi-morbidity” cluster.</div><div>The differences in findings between the two ages suggest the need for further studies to explore this critical window of chemical exposure and its impact on children's health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 115167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cathinone metabolism and biliary excretion in an ex-vivo pig liver model: Example of 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone","authors":"Romain Pelletier ,&nbsp;Brendan Le Daré ,&nbsp;Thomas Kerforne ,&nbsp;Nicolas Patou Parvedy ,&nbsp;Florian Lemaitre ,&nbsp;Camille Tron ,&nbsp;Kevin Maunand ,&nbsp;Anne Corlu ,&nbsp;Isabelle Morel ,&nbsp;Michel Rayar ,&nbsp;Thomas Gicquel","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2024.115217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Recently, the pig liver model perfused <em>ex vivo</em> using a normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has been proposed as a suitable model to study xenobiotic metabolism and biliary excretion. The aim of our study is to describe the metabolism of NPS such as cathinones (with a focus on 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone) in blood and bile, using a normothermic perfused pig liver model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Livers (n = 4) from male large white pigs, 3–4 months of age and weighing approximately 75–80 kg, were harvested and reperfused onto an NMP (LiverAssist®, XVIVO) using autologous whole blood at 38 °C. 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone were administered as a bolus in the circulating blood at T0 with the aim of achieving a concentration of 1 μg/mL in the reperfusion system. The assays were carried out on plasma and bile between 0 and 120 min after cathinone administration using an targeted and untargeted approaches based on liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-Exactive Thermo Scientific®).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In plasma, the concentration of 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone decreased rapidly with elimination half-lives of 4 min and 0.25 min, respectively. Their phase I and phase II metabolites were detected in plasma as early as 1 min. In bile, 4-Cl-PVP and eutylone were detected with maximum intensity between 0 and 30 min post-administration, and the main metabolites found in plasma were found in bile. Phase II derivatives showed increasing biliary excretion over time up to 120 min.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The pig liver model perfused <em>ex vivo</em> using an NMP represent a promising model in pharmaco-toxicology, particularly for toxicokinetic investigations of cathinones. This model may be of interest in the absence of authentic cases of cathinone consumption or other NPS consumption to identify relevant metabolites consumption markers. In addition, the possibility of collecting bile in this model represents an additional advantage for studying biliary excretion of NPS and their metabolites in forensic toxicology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 115217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142963324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}