Mineral profile of infant formula in the Las Vegas market: Compliance with label and regulations, contribution to dietary reference intakes and method comparison

IF 3.9 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-05-11 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115544

Desta Woldetsadik , Douglas B. Sims , Emmanuel Herrera Huerta , Timothy Nelson , Abigael Walker , Joshua Monk , Mark C. Garner , Christopher Adcock , Amanda C. Hudson , David E.B. Fleming

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Abstract

To date, there are few studies concerning determination of minerals in infant formulae intended to survey compliance of manufacturer claims and compliance with regulations. In this study, we collected infant formulae from the Las Vegas market to investigate the levels of Na, Mg, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following hot block-assisted digestion. Within analytical uncertainty, infant formula samples met label claims for Na, Mg, K, Fe, and Zn and were within the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of analyzed minerals from consumption of different types of infant formulae were: (158–316) mg d⁻¹ for Na, (42.5–63.8) mg d⁻¹ for Mg, (618–1025) mg d⁻¹ for K, (0.006–0.345) mg d⁻¹ for Mn, (4.79–16.6) mg d⁻¹ for Fe and (4.11–8.88) mg d⁻¹ for Zn. Except for Zn, the levels of other elements conform to currently recommended dietary reference values. In this study we also evaluated the accuracy of portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) for measuring Zn and Fe in infant formula. Bland-Altman analysis indicates that pXRF can be applied as a reliable technique for determination of Zn and Fe in infant formula.

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拉斯维加斯市场婴儿配方奶粉的矿物质概况：符合标签和法规，对饮食参考摄入量的贡献和方法比较。

迄今为止，很少有关于婴儿配方奶粉中矿物质测定的研究，旨在调查制造商声明的遵守情况和法规的遵守情况。在这项研究中，我们收集了来自拉斯维加斯市场的婴儿配方奶粉，利用热块辅助消化后的电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）研究了Na、Mg、K、Mn、Fe和Zn的水平。在分析不确定度范围内，婴儿配方奶粉样品符合钠、镁、钾、铁和锌的标签声明，并符合美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）的规定。从食用不同类型的婴儿配方奶粉中所分析的矿物质的估计每日摄入量（EDIs）为：Na (158-316) mg d-1, mg (42.5-63.8) mg d-1, K (618-1025) mg d-1, Mn (0.006-0.345) mg d-1, Fe (4.79-16.6) mg d-1, Zn (4.11-8.88) mg d-1。除锌外，其他元素含量均符合目前推荐的膳食参考值。在这项研究中，我们还评估了便携式x射线荧光（pXRF）测定婴儿配方奶粉中锌和铁的准确性。Bland-Altman分析表明，pXRF可作为测定婴儿配方奶粉中锌和铁的可靠方法。

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来源期刊

Food and Chemical Toxicology 工程技术-毒理学

CiteScore

10.90

自引率

4.70%

发文量

651

审稿时长

31 days

期刊介绍： Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs, and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products, and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques, particularly those fostering the 3 Rs. The principal aim of the journal is to publish high impact, scholarly work and to serve as a multidisciplinary forum for research in toxicology. Papers submitted will be judged on the basis of scientific originality and contribution to the field, quality and subject matter. Studies should address at least one of the following: -Adverse physiological/biochemical, or pathological changes induced by specific defined substances -New techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology -Mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena -Toxicological examinations of specific chemicals or consumer products, both those showing adverse effects and those demonstrating safety, that meet current standards of scientific acceptability. Authors must clearly and briefly identify what novel toxic effect (s) or toxic mechanism (s) of the chemical are being reported and what their significance is in the abstract. Furthermore, sufficient doses should be included in order to provide information on NOAEL/LOAEL values.