{"title":"Phosphorus-containing dendrimers: Another type of phosphorus polymers, and their properties","authors":"Cédric-Olivier Turrin, Régis Laurent, Valérie Maraval, Aurélien Hameau, Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot, Anne-Marie Caminade","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dendrimers are a very special type of polymers, which are obtained by the association of branched monomers, but in a stepwise manner and not by polymerization reactions. The structure of dendrimers resembles that of trees, with branches emanating from a central core. The most widely used type of phosphorus-containing dendrimers, i.e. dendrimers having a phosphorus atom at each branching point, are poly(phosphorhydrazone) (PPH) dendrimers. The main advantages of PPH dendrimers are their easy characterization by <sup>31</sup>P NMR, their easy functionalization, thanks to their highly reactive terminal functions (P(S)Cl<sub>2</sub> and Ar-CHO), and even their specific difunctionalization. These advantages allow an easy customized preparation of suitable candidates for a wide panel of (potential) applications. The synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of PPH dendrimers are the topic of this review, with emphasis on their properties. These dendrimers have been used as catalysts (homogeneous, organometallic, organic, enantioselective catalysis, recycling, etc.), for elaboration or modification of (nano)materials (biosensors, chemical sensors, nanotubes, microcapsules, trapping of pollutants, OLED), and as drugs by themselves or as drug carriers and deliverers <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> (against cancers, against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis or HIV, against neurodegenerative diseases such as prions, Alzheimer, Parkinson, and against inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, neuro-inflammations, Uveitis, and psoriasis).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114296"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yazhou Duan , Weihan Tao , Yinchun Fang , Xianfeng Wang
{"title":"Colorimetric textile sensors based on the photonic crystals structural color with fast water responsiveness and antibacterial properties","authors":"Yazhou Duan , Weihan Tao , Yinchun Fang , Xianfeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textiles-based wearable sensors with colorimetric sensing can transform external stimuli to visible color changes, which are ideal for the development of low-cost wearable sensors. Among them, textile-based water-response structural color colorimetric sensors have received wide attention for their pollution-free and eco-friendly characteristics. In this research, poly (styryl-methyl methacrylate-[3-(methylacrylamide) propyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride) (P(St/MMA/MAPTMA)) microspheres with hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salt groups were prepared, which were atomized and deposited on textile fabrics anticipating to prepare textile-based water response colorimetric sensors. P(St/MMA/MAPTMA) microspheres with different particle diameters were obtained by adjusting the mass ratios of the monomers, which were assembled on the fabrics to form different structural colors. These structural colors showed fast water response property to change color when they were wetted by water within 2 s. The P(St/MMA/MAPTMA) microspheres structural colors on the fabrics can return to their original structural colors after drying showing the reversible water responsiveness, which have the promising application prospect of water-response colorimetric sensors. Moreover, the antibacterial rates of these structural colors on fabrics were greater than 98 % showing excellent antibacterial properties. This research shows that this textile-based water-response structural color colorimetric sensors exhibit potential application prospects in the field of water content monitoring, such as the diapers for monitoring the amount of baby’s urine, or the clothing for monitoring the amount of human sweat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114281"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Alim Uddin , Yizhuo Geng , Li Wang , Haojie Yu , Huanan Wang , Xunchun Yuan , Basem E. Keshta , Xiwang Yuan , Ge Zhu , Lisong Teng
{"title":"Metal-free nitroxide-containing T1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for invasive breast cancer diagnosis","authors":"Md Alim Uddin , Yizhuo Geng , Li Wang , Haojie Yu , Huanan Wang , Xunchun Yuan , Basem E. Keshta , Xiwang Yuan , Ge Zhu , Lisong Teng","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most useful methods for identifying tumours at an early stage, as well as monitoring tumours, owing to its noninvasive nature. Metal-based contrast agents (CA) are commonly practised for diagnostic purposes, but have confirmed toxicity profiles (e.g., non-curable nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, neurological abnormalities, etc.). Hence, it is necessary to develop non-toxic imaging probes. An efficient strategy for conjugating nitroxides onto the dendrimers’ surface using epoxides is suggested. In this research, we report a simpler conjugation pathway of nitroxides to a series of precise dendrimer scaffold poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM). Among the radical dendrimers, the third generation 3G-GT exhibits longitudinal relaxivity (r<sub>1</sub>) of ca. 15.36 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> per molecule, which is exceptionally higher than metal-based CA Magnevist (3.2 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>). 3G-GT has excellent features like superior reduction resistance and non-toxicity to living organisms. It shows attractive <em>in vivo</em> biodistribution as well as improved MRI contrast in breast cancer-bearing mice models, which supports the notion of the MRI CA application using the 3G-GT for early diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Thus, the precise and stable radical dendrimers show good prospects as an alternative, metal-free MRI CA for tumour imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114303"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongyan Sun , Haidu Li , Guangxiang Xie , Yaqi Miao , Yunxiao Yang , Ping Shi , Lidong Wang , Jianmei Yang , Jin Zhang , Junnan He , Yan Zhao
{"title":"Mn(III)-porphyrin/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for enhanced sonodynamic/chemodynamic synergistic therapy via remodeling tumor reductive microenvironment","authors":"Yongyan Sun , Haidu Li , Guangxiang Xie , Yaqi Miao , Yunxiao Yang , Ping Shi , Lidong Wang , Jianmei Yang , Jin Zhang , Junnan He , Yan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) are frequently constrained by the elevated redox levels within the tumor microenvironment. Ingeniously designed nanoparticles that enhance the efficacy of sonodynamic/chemodynamic synergistic therapy by remodeling tumor microcirculation represent effective strategies. Herein, we developed drug-loaded nanoparticles (HBMD NPs) capable of remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME), which were constructed through self-assembly of cyclodextrin-modified Mn(III)-porphyrin and hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives. The Mn(III)-porphyrin encapsulated within the nanoparticles depletes endogenous glutathione (GSH), thereby effectively inhibiting the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by CDT and SDT. This thereby significantly enhances the therapeutic efficacy of combined CDT and SDT against breast cancer. HA functions as an endogenous self-targeting carrier, significantly prolonging the systemic circulation of nanoparticles and amplifying their accumulation in CD44-overexpressing tumor cells. Upon reaching the acidic tumor microenvironment, the nanoparticles rapidly disintegrate and release the metalloporphyrin. The HBMD NPs displayed satisfactory Fenton catalytic properties and a strong GSH depleting function, demonstrating significant cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and efficient tumor inhibition. This work expands the potential clinical applications of combined SDT/CDT for cancer treatment by remodeling the tumor reductive microenvironment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114295"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Precipitation driven ADMET polymerization of jojoba oil for recyclable biorenewable polymers","authors":"Koushik Sarkar , Yashwant Bhaskar Pandit , Alexandra Massarwa , N.Gabriel Lemcoff , Ofer Reany","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unsaturated natural oils, waxes, and their associated fatty acids represent promising starting materials for sustainable polymer synthesis due to their abundance and propensity to participate in metathesis reactions. In this work, the polycondensation polymerization of jojoba oil to produce high molecular weight polymers and valuable 9-octadecene as the condensate is efficiently achieved through an atom-efficient catalytic process under mild conditions. The fundamental breakthrough for the complete conversion of jojoba oil to the corresponding polyester was accomplished by separating the polymer from 9-octadecene via an iterative precipitation technique. The resulting high molecular weight polyesters could be readily deconstructed under basic hydrolytic conditions and repolymerized by acid-catalyzed esterification of the obtained degradation products. These findings underscore the potential of jojoba-derived polyesters for closed-loop recycling, where polymers can be chemically broken down and reassembled into new materials. The technology developed in this study can be further expanded to produce a wide range of useful bio-renewable polymers from other natural oils and waxes in an environmentally accountable manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114297"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoxue Zhang , Feng Han , Qilei Yang , Xiuhua Zhao , Jianchun Jiang
{"title":"Quercetin conjugated xylan nanomicelles with P-gp inhibition and enhancement of oral bioavailability of insoluble drug Coenzyme Q10","authors":"Xiaoxue Zhang , Feng Han , Qilei Yang , Xiuhua Zhao , Jianchun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an amphiphilic polymer quercetin − xylan (QT-xylan) carrier was designed and synthesized using the carbodiimide reaction, which can effectively improve the water solubility of CoQ10, increase its oral bioavailability and inhibit the drug excretion of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of QT-xylan was determined to be 0.87 mg/mL using fluorescent probes.The QT-xylan carrier was loaded with CoQ10 by means of probe ultrasonic method and solvent evaporation method. After optimization, its drug loading capacity can reach (11 %±0.5). QT-xylan and QT-xylan-CoQ10 were characterized using <sup>1</sup>HNMR, FTIR,etc. In the study of oral bioavailability, the area under the curve (AUC) of QT-xylan-CoQ10 in rats was approximately 2.9 times that of the original CoQ10. Therefore, QT-xylan, as an ideal carrier for a new type of oral poorly soluble drug, has extensive significance in improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and thereby enhancing their oral bioavailability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114299"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A polyurethane underwater adhesive with strong adhesion and self-curing capability","authors":"Jiao Liu, Wei-Kun Huang, Zhi-Lu Han, Yu Zang, Jian-Jun Wang, Hao Tan, Ling-Ping Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing high-performance underwater adhesives requires overcoming hydration layers, ensuring rapid curing, and maintaining stability under harsh conditions. Water weakens adhesives by penetrating their structure or interfering with the curing process. This study presents a simple method for synthesizing polyurethane prepolymers from epoxy resin, amino acids, and isocyanate. The rigid bisphenol A structure and in situ CO<sub>2</sub> generation are crucial for disrupting hydration layers, while the abundant carbonyl and amino groups provide robust adhesion performance. The prepolymer without isocyanate exhibited a lap shear strength of 4.96 MPa (dry), but only 289 kPa (submerged). The isocyanate-incorporated prepolymers achieved fully submerged adhesion with a sustained strength of 2.44 MPa. Moreover, the adhesive demonstrated exceptional environmental adaptability and antibacterial properties, maintaining bond strengths of 2.31 MPa (seawater), 2.63 MPa (pH = 3), and 2.53 MPa (pH = 11). This low-cost, robust adhesive holds promise for marine and biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114300"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zejun Zheng , Mengru Zhang , You Wen , Zhen Wang , Jingling Yan
{"title":"Synthesis and gas separation performance of intrinsically microporous polyimides derived from 9,9-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)fluorene dianhydride","authors":"Zejun Zheng , Mengru Zhang , You Wen , Zhen Wang , Jingling Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Five polyimides of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-PI) were synthesized by the polymerization of 9,9-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)fluorene dianhydride (BPAF) with fluorene-containing diamines or Tröger’s Base diamine. Their microstructures, and thermal, mechanical and gas transport properties were characterized in detail. These PIM-PIs exhibited glass transition temperatures of 416–466 °C and modulus of 1.8–3.2 GPa. The BET surface areas, fractional free volume, and average interchain distances of these polymers were 362–497 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, 0.204–0.237, and 6.01–6.18 Å, respectively. Thus, the BPAF-based PIM-PIs showed high gas permeability and modest selectivity. Particularly, BPAF-TB2 and BPAF-2MeFDA-MeFDA approached the 2008 Robeson’s upper bound for CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation. Further, these PIM-PIs exhibited excellent resistance to plasticization and ageing, and their gas separation performance was even improved after 100 days of ageing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114301"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laraib Sajjad , Ruhan E. Ustad , Vijay D. Chavan , Zulfqar Ali Sheikh , Ajay T. Avatare , Muhammad Farooq Khan , Honggyun Kim , Deok-kee Kim
{"title":"Recent progress and challenges of photosensitive polyimides in advanced packaging: Technology beyond limit","authors":"Laraib Sajjad , Ruhan E. Ustad , Vijay D. Chavan , Zulfqar Ali Sheikh , Ajay T. Avatare , Muhammad Farooq Khan , Honggyun Kim , Deok-kee Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancements in technology, the continuation of Moore’s law has become increasingly challenging. Consequently, heterogeneous integration (HI) and advanced packaging have emerged as critical focal points within the microelectronics industry. However, to mitigate the power dissipation and noise in interconnects, these advanced packaging systems require materials with low dielectric constants. Photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) is one such high-performance material emerging as a suitable candidate for advanced packaging applications due to its exceptional thermal, mechanical, and electrical insulation properties. In this review, we provide a detailed analysis of PSPIs particularly chemistry, formulations, working mechanism and properties essential for advanced packaging. Some recent advancements in PSPIs are reviewed along with a discussion of their key applications in advanced packaging. Finally, current challenges of PSPIs are briefly addressed with possible solutions and future prospects. This review article is potentially beneficial for future research and development in advanced packaging and HI processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114302"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inés García-del-Valle, Maria Vivero-Lopez, Angel Concheiro, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
{"title":"Contact lens-based atropine delivery systems for myopia management: design and in vitro-in vivo evaluation","authors":"Inés García-del-Valle, Maria Vivero-Lopez, Angel Concheiro, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prevalence of myopia is increasing exponentially, particularly among children. Alongside other interventions, atropine can slow or even reverse myopia progression; however, topical eye drops produce short-lived concentration peaks that may cause systemic side effects while failing to ensure sustained ocular exposure. Existing contact lens (CL)-based delivery approaches present important limitations, including excessively rapid release, overly prolonged release, or low drug loading. This study aimed to address these shortcomings by designing CLs tailored for atropine delivery during day/night wearing. Hydrogels were synthesized by combining the anionic monomers methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPSA) with the hydrophobic monomer benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in specific ratios to modulate affinity for atropine. The resulting materials exhibited suitable solvent uptake, light transmittance, mechanical properties, and oxygen permeability. Anionic monomers enhanced atropine loading, while hydrophobic domains enabled more controlled release. <em>In vivo</em> testing showed that optimized formulations provided sustained drug levels in tear fluid and higher ocular tissue concentrations compared with eye drops. Ocular compatibility was confirmed both <em>in ovo</em> (HET-CAM test) and <em>in vivo</em>. For comparison, atropine loading and release from multifocal CLs designed for myopia control were also evaluated, and <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> correlations were investigated. Overall, these customized CLs represent a promising approach to integrate optical correction with sustained atropine delivery for myopia management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 114293"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}