European Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation and comparison of analytical methods for monitoring polymer depolymerization: Application to poly(bisphenol A carbonate) methanolysis","authors":"Abel Cousin ,&nbsp;Richard Martin ,&nbsp;Maryam Momtaz ,&nbsp;Sébastien Paul ,&nbsp;Vincent Phalip ,&nbsp;Egon Heuson","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer depolymerization after use represents a significant challenge to reduce both the environmental impact of plastic pollution and the utilization of non-sustainable raw materials. Recently, there has been a demand to form a coherent strategy for the analysis of polymer degradation, of which, some approaches have been observed to be used inappropriately or incompletely. This article proposes an analysis strategy for monitoring the depolymerization of poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) (PBPAC), using methanolysis as a model method. It is based on five analytical methods, which our study attempts to combine and compare according to their ideal use case: size exclusion chromatography (SEC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization − Time of Flight spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF). This strategy allows both a qualitative approach, where the depolymerization products can be identified and a quantitative one, where the percentage of polymer degradation can be determined, together with the detection limit of each associated technique (<em>i.e.</em> 0.06 %, 20 %, 10 %, 8 % and 0.5 % for SEC, HPLC, FT-IR, NMR and MALDI-TOF respectively). As a result, the range of applications for each analytical method is assessed, and a guide to determine the minimum methods to be used to qualify and quantify degradation is proposed, in relation to the progress of degradation and the yields obtained. This has enabled us to characterize and propose a new quantitative FT-IR-based methodology, compatible with high-throughput screening, to study the degradation of PBPAC, allowing for quantification of degradation from 10 % onwards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113898"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zone specific 3D-printed meniscus scaffold from nanohydroxyapatite-reinforced polycaprolactone/hydrogel bioinks","authors":"Piya-on Numpaisal ,&nbsp;Rachasit Jeencham ,&nbsp;Sumalee Ponchana ,&nbsp;Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aimed to engineer a 3D-printed meniscus scaffold designed to functionally and structurally mimic the native human meniscus, which exhibits zone-specific biochemical composition. Specifically, the design incorporated a fibrous outer region and a cartilaginous inner region. To achieve this, a composite material consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) reinforced with nanohydroxyapatite (HA) was selected as the base material. This choice was based on the material’s mechanical properties, which closely approximate those of the native meniscus tissue. Two distinct hydrogels were employed as bioinks: gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) for the outer region, hypothesized to promote fibrogenesis, and a combination of glycidyl methacrylate-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) and glycidyl methacrylate-modified silk fibroin (PVA-g-GMA/SF-g-GMA) for the inner region, designed to induce chondrogenesis. A dual-nozzle 3D printing technique was utilized to fabricate the scaffold, allowing for the precise deposition of the PCL/HA composite and the two hydrogel bioinks in their respective zones. Following a 28-day in vitro culture period, the outer PCL/HA/GelMA region exhibited elevated expression of type I collagen (COL1A1), a marker indicative of fibrous tissue formation. Conversely, the inner PCL/HA/PVA-g-GMA/SF-g-GMA region demonstrated increased expression of type II collagen (COL2A1), aggrecan (ACAN), and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), all of which are key markers of cartilage tissue development. These findings confirm that the outer region successfully exhibited fibrogenic characteristics, while the inner region displayed chondrogenic properties, effectively resembling the zonal biochemical composition of the native meniscus. Furthermore, the 3D-printed PCL/HA/hydrogel scaffold demonstrated mechanical properties comparable to those of the human meniscus, ensuring structural integrity. The scaffold closely resembled the anatomical shape of both the medial and lateral menisci. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility of fabricating a 3D-printed meniscus scaffold that aligns with the anatomical, biochemical, and mechanical characteristics of the native human meniscus. This scaffold holds significant potential for applications in meniscus tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113899"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryo-microneedle enabled transdermal delivery of two-dimensional Cu(Ⅱ)-TCPP nanomaterials for synergistic photodynamic-chemodynamic anti-tumor therapy","authors":"Yanru An ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Huo ,&nbsp;Zixu Wang ,&nbsp;Yinqi Dai ,&nbsp;Zifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Hongxiu Yu ,&nbsp;Zhigang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with photosensitizers (PSs) represents an innovative and advantageous approach to systematic superficial oncological treatment. However, the difficulties in precise and fast enrichment of PSs around the tumor site significantly limit the therapeutical efficacy for melanoma treatment. To address this, in this study, we utilized cryo-microneedles (CryoMNs) to facilitate the transdermal delivery of ultrathin two-dimensional Cu(Ⅱ)-TCPP as PSs nanomedicine. The CryoMN patches composed of frozen hyaluronic acid hydrogel penetrate the skin barrier and rapidly melt without creating many residual materials, enabling precise and biocompatible delivery of Cu(Ⅱ)-TCPP to the tumor site. The transdermally delivered Cu(Ⅱ)-TCPP nanosheets release Cu²⁺ ions and TCPP under the stimulation of the intratumoral microenvironment (characterized by low pH and high glutathione (GSH) content). The Cu²⁺ ions deplete excess GSH, subsequently triggering a Fenton-like reaction to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Concurrently, TCPP produces singlet oxygen (¹O₂) under laser irradiation, thereby synergistically generating a higher concentration of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for enhanced tumor therapy. By such a mechanism, the Cu(Ⅱ)-TCPP nanomedicine enhances ROS generation within the tumor, leading to tumor-specific oxidative damage and improved therapeutic outcomes through the synergistic effect. Both <em>In-Vitro</em> and <em>In-Vivo</em> experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of CryoMN treatment and the synergistic benefits of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and PDT. This approach targets the unique redox characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, producing highly toxic ROS and ultimately inducing tumor apoptosis. The results demonstrate that the delivery of nanomaterials via CryoMNs significantly inhibits melanoma, achieving an approximate tumor inhibition rate of 83%. This approach presents an effective and promising therapeutic strategy for future melanoma treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113888"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An antifouling, robust and adhesive hydrogel for cartilage replacement","authors":"Hanyu Ren ,&nbsp;Rongli Zhang ,&nbsp;Na Wang ,&nbsp;Tongtong Li ,&nbsp;Zhuo Ge ,&nbsp;Chunhui Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It remains challenging for traditional cartilage replacements to simultaneously have the antifouling ability, self-adhesion, and adequate mechanical properties in the physiological environment. Here we develop a tri-layer hydrogel to address this issue. The precursor hydrogel was prepared through a three-cycle freezing-thawing process involving a blend of poly vinyl alcohol, chitosan and deionized water, followed by 3 h immerse in 25 wt% aqueous solution of grape seed protein. The top layer was modified with methacryloyl chloride and polymerized with sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA). Meanwhile, the bottom layer was coated with the adhesive of gelatin and tannin. On account of the multiple linkages (crystalline domains, hydrogen bonds, and ionic interactions), the compressive stress remained 42 MPa and the swelling ratio was 0.1 g/g even after a week immersion in simulated synovial fluid. Because of the introduction of SBMA, the hydrogel could resist non-specific protein adsorption and the coefficient of friction was 0.023 in simulated synovial fluid. The amino acids and polyphenol groups could form noncovalent interactions with various substrates, resulting in excellent underwater adhesion capability. The synergy of biocompatible materials and environmentally friendly progress led to exceptional biocompatibility, having promising applications in cartilage replacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113897"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The chiral effects on the responses of osteoblastic cells to the polymeric substrates” [Eur. Polym. J. 45 (2009) 5010]","authors":"Qiangying Yi ,&nbsp;Xiantao Wen ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Bin He ,&nbsp;Yu Nie ,&nbsp;Yao Wu ,&nbsp;Zhirong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113892","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 113892"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of gelatin hydrogel for soil water retention: Physical blending or chemical combination with humic substance extracted from compost","authors":"Lei Zeng,&nbsp;Yingle Chen,&nbsp;Song Wang,&nbsp;Chen Hou,&nbsp;Qiqi Huang,&nbsp;Zhihong Wang,&nbsp;Liu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity is a critical problem around the world, and superabsorbent hydrogels has attracted growing attention in water management for handling water deficiency during agricultural and forestry practices. Herein, intending to apply gelatin hydrogel as soil conditioner, humic substances (HS) extracted from Chinese medicine residue compost were used to modify gelatin hydrogel through either physical mixing or chemical cross-linking. The results demonstrated that low level of HS could improve the hardness and rheological properties of the hydrogels, however, the gel strength significantly decreased when the concentration of HS rose up to 16 g/L. As revealed by TEM and XRD, chemical cross-linking reaction promoted the development of denser network structures, thereby improving the hardness and rheological properties of the hydrogels. Subsequently, applying HS at a concentration of 3 g/L was found to be preferable for enhancing the swelling ratio of the gelatin hydrogels, and lightweight substrates amended with the resultant hydrogels displayed superior water retention ratio (17.23 ± 0.79 % for GelHS3 and 17.74 ± 1.31 % for GelHS3-EDC). Furthermore, it was proved that HS-incorporated hydrogels can effectively keep moisture for the growth of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden &amp; Betche) Cheel saplings under drought stress. These findings suggest that humic substances can be utilized to modify hydrogels for use as soil conditioners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113884"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochromic conjugated porous polymers based on N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine with donor-donor and donor-acceptor structures","authors":"Xiangfeng Bo,&nbsp;Xiujuan Zhong,&nbsp;Shouli Ming,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Jinsheng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) have made remarkable progress in the fields of photocatalysts, chemical sensors and optoelectronic devices due to their fully π-conjugated framework and permanent intrinsic porosity, along with high mechanical and photochemical stability. However, electrochromic CPPs have received limited attention to date. Here, a donor–donor (D-D) type CPP bearing N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (TPPA) and 2,2′-bithiophene (BTP) units, and a donor–acceptor (D-A) type CPP bearing TPPA and 4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (TBTh) units were synthesized through the Stille coupling reaction. The D-D polymer P(TPPA-BTP) presents only a p-type doping process and shows a single reversible color change (neutral yellow/oxidized gray), while the D-A polymer P(TPPA-TBTh), which undergoes both p-type and n-type doping processes, demonstrates multicolor switching (reduced green/neutral purple/oxidized gray). In comparison, P(TPPA-BTP) exhibits better kinetic properties in the visible region, while P(TPPA-TBTh) shows superior kinetic properties in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Particularly, P(TPPA-TBTh) displays short response time (0.63 s/1.43 s), high optical contrast (59.2 %), large coloration efficiency (396.6 cm²/C) and desirable kinetic stability (maintaining 88.5 % optical contrast at 1400 nm after 3000 s of electrochromic switching) in the NIR region. This work on the new CPPs might promote further exploration in smart electrochromic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113894"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concept of symmetric tert-butyl pendant groups toward record-low dissipation factors of polyimides at high frequency","authors":"Jyh-Long Jeng,&nbsp;Yaw-Terng Chern","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Materials with low dielectric constant (D_k) and low dissipation factor (D_f) values at a high-frequency are highly demanded to achieve low signal transmission loss. D_f shows significantly important influence on signal propagation loss rate in comparison with D_k. However, the structure-D_f relationships are still poorly understood. We discuss the influence on D_f by polymer chain packing and polar group content. Two series of polyimides (PIs) were synthesized from the two diamines with symmetric or asymmetric <em>tert</em>-butyl pendant groups. The <strong>3</strong> series with symmetric <em>tert</em>-butyl pendant groups revealed a significantly decreased dissipation factor in comparison with that of the corresponding analogues of the <strong>4</strong> series with asymmetric <em>tert</em>-butyl pendant groups. It is evident that the introduction of symmetric <em>tert</em>-butyl pendant groups is demonstrated an effective strategy to restrict polymer chain motion, leading to low D_f. For the PIs with good packing ability like 3 series, the predominant influence on their D_f is polymer chain packing ability to effectively restrict polymer chain motion. For the PIs without good packing ability like 4 series, the predominant influence on their D_f is polar group content. Herein, the concept of symmetric <em>tert</em>-butyl pendant groups and an ester group by designing new diamine monomer <strong>(2)</strong> was successfully incorporated into copolyimide <strong>6</strong>, and demonstrated the remarkable low D_f (0.0036 at 10 GHz). The record-low D_f is ascribed to the strong intermolecular interaction and good packing ability to effectively restrict molecular motion. PI <strong>6</strong> demonstrates well-balanced properties, including very high Tg, low D_f, and excellent flame retardancy, making it a promising candidate for new dielectric substrate materials in the next generation of 5G-compatible high-performance flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113895"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of hydroxypropylated polyrotaxane networks with macromolecular PEG crosslinkers: Strategies for enhanced ionic conductivity","authors":"Rui-Dong Wang,&nbsp;Yi-Fei Zhang,&nbsp;Xiao-Long Han,&nbsp;Yu-Kun Gao,&nbsp;Ting-Ting You,&nbsp;Peng-Gang Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work explores the design and optimization of polyrotaxane-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) by adjusting crosslinker, composition, and polyrotaxane coverage ratio. By incorporating poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) crosslinkers and refining their molecular weight and loading, we developed SPEs exhibiting high ionic conductivity (7.05 × 10⁻⁵ S/cm at 30 °C), excellent flexibility (elongation at break over 270 %) and thermal resistance above 150 °C. Investigations into polyrotaxane with reduced coverage ratios revealed limitations in mechanical properties and ionic conductivity, emphasizing the importance of PEG crosslinker and the need of a robust cross-linked network. This study underscores the potential of polyrotaxane cross-linked networks for advanced SPE applications and provides insights for future design strategies in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 113893"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Printable Polypeptide-Poly(ethylene glycol)-Polypeptide triblock copolymer hydrogels based on O-benzyl-L-serine and O-benzyl-L-tyrosine Building blocks","authors":"Thi Ha My Phan ,&nbsp;Yu-Hsun Yang ,&nbsp;Jing-Ting Lin ,&nbsp;Yi-Chen Ethan Li ,&nbsp;Yi-Jou Chiu ,&nbsp;Ling-Huei Wang ,&nbsp;Jeng-Shiung Jan","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the hydrogelation, injectability, and printability of polypeptide-poly(ethylene glycol)-polypeptide triblock copolymer hydrogels derived from poly(O-benzyl-_L-serine) (PBLS) and poly(O-benzyl-_L-tyrosine) (PBLY) peptide segments. Experimental results demonstrate that the sheet-like PBLS and PBLY segments effectively function as hydrogelators, facilitating hydrogel formation in aqueous solutions. Key parameters such as polymer chain length, block ratio, and sheet-like peptide assemblies significantly influence the molecular packing of the triblock copolymers and the resulting nano-/microstructures of the hydrogel networks, thereby modulating their mechanical properties. Among all the studied samples, the PBLS_6.5-PEG20000-PBLS_6.5 exhibits the best hydrogelation ability and mechanical property, highlighting the importance of the additional PEG chain entanglement. The d-spacing between peptide assemblies is found to be mainly dictated by PEG chain length. The as-prepared hydrogels exhibit exceptional shear-thinning behavior and rapid recovery, enabling high-fidelity patterning via direct-ink-writing printing (DIWP) technology. This study underscores the utility of PBLS and PBLY segments as hydrogelators when tethered to hydrophilic polymers like PEG. Furthermore, the as-prepared hydrogels, with superior mechanical properties, hold promise as inks for DIWP-based applications. Functional conjugation at the polymer chain ends offers potential for versatile applications in biomedical and engineering fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 113887"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}