European Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of intermolecular interactions in poly(propylene 2,4-furanoate) copolymers: an ecodesign case study towards high-performance, biobased, biodegradable food packaging","authors":"Enrico Bianchi ,&nbsp;Michelina Soccio ,&nbsp;Valentina Siracusa ,&nbsp;Shanmugam Thiyagarajan ,&nbsp;Nadia Lotti","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biobased 2,4-furandicarboxylic acid (2,4-FDCA), a structural isomer of 2,5-FDCA, has recently led to the synthesis of high molecular weight polyesters with promising properties for food packaging. Among them, poly(propylene 2,4-furanoate) (2,4-PPF), the only polymer in the glassy state at room temperature, showed limited functional performance, attributed to its reduced macromolecular mobility. To address this, 2,4-PPF was copolymerized with biobased poly(propylene succinate) (PPS) via reactive blending, aiming to optimize T_g and chain flexibility. A physical blend, block and random copolymers were processed into freestanding films and thoroughly characterized (NMR, GPC, WAXD, DSC, TGA, tensile and gas permeability tests). Block and random copolymers showed excellent mechanical properties, including elongation at break exceeding 2400%, and outstanding gas barrier, competitive with commercial poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol). These enhancements are attributed to the predicted enhancement intermolecular interactions caused by the T_g close to room temperature, which increased chain mobility, thus optimized interchain hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. Biodegradation under composting conditions was also assessed. Gravimetric, NMR, GPC, DSC, and WAXD analyses revealed preferential degradation of PPS segments and significant molecular weight reduction in the copolymers. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of copolymers based on 2,4-PPF as biobased, flexible, monolayer and partially biodegradable materials for sustainable food packaging. Most importantly, this work highlights the critical importance of intermolecular interactions as a tool for the ecodesign of furan-based polymers, to unlock higher levels of functional and sustainable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114480"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating sustainable Poly(butylene terephthalate) copolyesters toward elastomer from thermoplastic by introducing biobased dilinoleic diol comonomer","authors":"Qingxi Wang,&nbsp;Lizheng Wang,&nbsp;Minglong Li,&nbsp;Jiaming Liang,&nbsp;Zhiyong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of bio-based materials constitutes a crucial strategy for reducing carbon emissions. Among them, biomass-derived dilinoleic diol (DD) has substantial potential in elastomer research due to its abundant availability and favorable monomeric properties. In this study, a series of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) copolymers containing multiple soft segments was synthesized via a two-step melt-polycondensation method using terephthalic acid (PTA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO), and DD as raw materials. The resulting structure consists of a soft segment (DT) derived from DD and PTA, and a hard segment based on butylene terephthalate (BT). By modulating the hard-to-soft segment ratio (0 to 75.2 mol%, 0 to 90.2 wt%), the properties of the material can be tuned from those of a tough thermoplastic to those of a flexible elastomer. To gain deeper insight, a series of detailed investigations was conducted on the thermal, crystallization, mechanical, and rheological properties of the materials. The results show that with the continuous introduction of DD, the elongation at break of the materials increased from 200 % to 3500 %, which corresponds to a 17.5-fold increase. Meanwhile, the elasticity of the materials was continuously enhanced, with the final elastic recovery rate reaching 90.0 %. The experimental scale was expanded to a 2 L reactor to explore industrial-scale production. Additionally, the 3D printing capability of these materials was explored in an effort to broaden their application fields. The results showed that it possesses broad application prospects in the field of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114478"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorisation of phosphine tail gas into phosphorus-containing single-ion conducting polymers with high hydrolytic stability and potential recyclability","authors":"Sheng-Li Han ,&nbsp;Hui-Qin Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng Yang ,&nbsp;Yun Liu ,&nbsp;Hong-Hui Shu ,&nbsp;Lian-Bing Zhang ,&nbsp;Cheng-Mei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Value-added utilisation of industrial and agricultural residues is an attractive strategy to address resource shortages and promote greener chemical production. PH₃, a hazardous by-product of hypophosphite preparation, requires careful handling due to its high toxicity and flammability. In this study, we developed a method to convert PH₃ tail gas into hydrolytically stable single-ion conducting polymers (SICPs) with potential recyclability after service. Oligoether-containing styrenic monomers (VBP-nEO) were synthesised from 4-vinylbenzyl(bis(hydromethyl))phosphine oxide (VBzHPO) via Williamson etherification in water, and the resulting functional monomers underwent conventional free-radical polymerisation to produce both homo- and co-polymers. The water-soluble homopolymers exhibited high hydrolysis resistance under both acidic and basic conditions because the phosphorus atom was covalently bonded to three substituents through P–C bonds. The co-polymers containing dissociable lithium salt segments exhibited promising ionic conductivity at moderate temperatures (4.48 × 10⁻⁶ S/cm at 90 °C), which depended on the ethylene oxide (EO) content and EO/Li⁺ ratio within the co-polymers. All co-polymers showed high thermal stability, with initial decomposition temperatures exceeding 300 °C and calculated LOI values above 21 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114476"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A redox switchable smart anti-cancer polymer coated nano-surface","authors":"Moumita Dhara ,&nbsp;Vidya Chitta Voina ,&nbsp;Somdatta Rudra ,&nbsp;Anand K. Kondapi ,&nbsp;Tushar Jana","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart nano-surfaces with switchable properties are emerging as promising candidates for next-generation biomedical applications. Here we report a simple fabrication strategy for a poly(ferrocenyl methacrylate)-functionalized nano-surface that is externally redox-switchable and exhibits strong cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Strategic positioning of poly(ferrocenyl methacrylate) on the interface of a nano-surface rather than in solution or nanoparticle cores, we envision spatially localized and tunable biological responses. The surface design is based on well-defined poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylferrocenecarboxylate) (pFcMA) brushes tethered to silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) via surface-initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (SI-RAFT) polymerization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed polymer grafted SiNP core size varies in the range of 46–70 nm, while the grafting density of pFcMA brushes could be systematically tuned between 0.103 and 0.045 chains nm⁻². Variation in monomer loading allowed systematic modulation of chain conformation from “mushroom” to “brush” regimes as confirmed by thermal and microscopic studies. The surface attached pFcMA shells displayed reversible redox behaviour, validated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV–visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. In human neuroblastoma and embryonic kidney cell lines, the redox-switchable poly(ferrocenyl methacrylate) coatings exhibited substantial cytotoxicity, presenting as redox-responsive nano-surface with potential applicability in stimuli-regulated guest loading and release under control. This innovative fusion of redox regulation, anticancer activity, and interfacial design reveals promising prospects in biosensing, on-demand therapeutic interfaces, and smart implant coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114501"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-initiated copolymer grafting on ground tire rubber for controlled interfacial properties","authors":"Reymark D. Maalihan,&nbsp;Eugene B. Caldona","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground tire rubber (GTR) is a plentiful secondary polymer resource, but its aged, nonpolar surface limits compatibility with polar matrices. This study presents a scalable “graft-from” copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto cryo-milled GTR, initiated by mechanoradicals generated during milling, eliminating the need for external initiators. By varying the AA:MMA ratio, copolymer grafts with tunable polarity were obtained and correlated with surface and dispersion properties. Spectroscopy confirmed successful co-grafting, with compositional trends identified by principal component analysis. Electron paramagnetic resonance indicated near-complete radical consumption. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed surface-limited modification. Increasing AA content transformed fractured carbon-rich surfaces into continuous oxygen-rich films, with greater surface roughness. Contact angle tests showed rapid wetting on AA-rich surfaces versus poor wetting on neat or MMA-rich samples. Dielectric measurements showed that permittivity increased from 4.36 for the neat GTR to ∼11 for AA-rich grafts. The 50:50 AA:MMA composition achieved ∼8.0 at 100 Hz. Kelvin probe force microscopy confirmed increasing surface potential with AA content. Dispersion tests in mixed polar solvents showed that 50:50 and 60:40 grafted GTR remained suspended for over 8 h, while other formulations showed partial stabilization or faster settling, with significantly shorter suspension times for neat or homopolymer-grafted samples. These findings demonstrate a tunable, initiator-free method to enhance interfacial polarity, dielectric response, and colloidal stability of GTR, enabling its use in coatings, adhesives, and dielectric elastomers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114497"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile synthesis and high-efficient separation of low-entanglement fraction from heterogeneous entangled ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene for solvent-free fabrication of high-performance tapes","authors":"Zhi Li ,&nbsp;Jincheng Xia ,&nbsp;Yilun Hu ,&nbsp;Wenjing Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Hong ,&nbsp;Weizhong Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solvent-free solid-state fabrication of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) products with high strength and modulus properties such as fibers or films has emerged as a significant research area. Commonly, solvent-free preparation of high-performance UHMWPE films relies on low entanglement UHMWPE resins. To date, low-entanglement UHMWPE (LE-UHMWPE) could only be synthesized through single-site catalysts or specially modified Ziegler-Natta catalysts; however, these approaches remain limited in commercial viability due to elevated production costs associated with their low catalytic activity. In this study, LE-UHMWPE resin was successfully prepared using a conventional Ziegler-Natta catalyst combined with a post-polymerization extraction process. The LE-UHMWPE resin, serving as the core component of the original UHMWPE (O-UHMWPE) resin, was successfully isolated through a process analogous to peeling an egg. The normalized molecular chain entanglement density of the resin was reduced from 74.2% prior to treatment to 40.7% after the extraction procedure. Experimental results demonstrated that LE-UHMWPE extracted under a 10% solid content exhibited higher crystallinity (74.7%) compared to O-UHMWPE (66.8%). Compared to O-UHMWPE resin, LE-UHMWPE resin demonstrated the ability to undergo solid-state processing at temperatures below its melting point. Through solid-state stretching molding conducted below the melting temperature, the processed LE-UHMWPE tapes achieved a crystallinity of 91.5%, along with tensile strength and modulus values of 1.3 GPa and 68.0 GPa, respectively. These findings indicate that the combination of conventional high-activity Ziegler-Natta slurry polymerization with a straightforward post-treatment methodology enables efficient production of low-entanglement UHMWPE resin. The continuous integration of Ziegler-Natta catalytic polymerization with extraction treatment for UHMWPE could offer a cost-effective approach to the large-scale production of high-performance UHMWPE. Furthermore, this study contributes to challenging the long-held belief that conventional Ziegler-Natta catalysts are unsuitable for the synthesis of LE-UHMWPE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114452"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing, biocompatibility and long-lasting antibacterial hydrogel with recognizing stimuli for electromyographic signal","authors":"Ruijia Wang ,&nbsp;Xijia Fu ,&nbsp;Yibo Sun ,&nbsp;Zhuang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogel sensors as an emerging representative of flexible electronic devices, have demonstrated significant application potential in fields such as biomedicine, wearable devices, and smart healthcare. However, the existing hydrogel sensors have the problem of bacterial growth while maintaining high sensitivity. This not only may pose an infection risk, but also significantly shortens the lifespan of the devices. Herein, a conductive antibacterial hydrogel sensor based on a polyvinyl alcohol-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) double-network structure was prepared by the freeze–thaw method. By introducing Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), the hydrogel is endowed with antibacterial properties and long-term stability against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hydrogels possess remarkable toughness and elasticity, enabling the construction and printing of complex three-dimensional structures. The hydrogel sensor can accurately capture human movement signals such as finger bending as well as vocalization, and sensitively detect weak electromyographic signals. The hydrogel sensors with antibacterial properties, anti-fatigue performance and rapid response capabilities provide important theoretical support for the research and development of new generation intelligent medical devices and their applications in health monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114461"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145824178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized crosslinked polyesters incorporating fatty, coumarin, and PEG units: An attractive approach to the fluorescent hydrogels preparation","authors":"Andrade-Acuña Daniela ,&nbsp;Sanchez A. Susana ,&nbsp;Aguilar Joao ,&nbsp;Aguilar-Bolados Hector ,&nbsp;Dahrouch Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluorescent crosslinking polyesters composed of a siloxane fatty ester, polyethylene glycols, and coumarin units were successfully synthesized via a polytransesterification reaction under melting and high vacuum conditions. Their respective structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis, showing that the different monomers, particularly the coumarin compound, were successfully covalently incorporated. The crosslinking polyesters displayed appropriate thermal properties and hydrogel-forming capabilities, and the incorporation of the fluorescent molecule showed improved swelling properties in water. The results determined by the rheological studies are promising thinking in potential different applications, and these fluorescent crosslinking polyesters showed to be biocompatible. Confocal microscopy revealed that the coumarin units are part of the polymer structure, conferring attractive fluorescent properties to these new crosslinking polyesters and their corresponding hydrogels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114508"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular engineering of fluorene–thiophene architectures toward enhanced conjugation-dependent electrochromic energy storage","authors":"Jianhua Lv ,&nbsp;Yuting Song ,&nbsp;Yunjiao Jiang ,&nbsp;Zibo Wei ,&nbsp;Cheng Liu ,&nbsp;Wang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Beili Lu ,&nbsp;Biao Huang ,&nbsp;Jiayu Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochromic polymers capable of simultaneously delivering optical modulation and energy storage functions are of great interest for next-generation smart energy devices. In particular, precise molecular engineering of conjugated backbones offers an effective strategy to regulate electronic structure, ion transport, and charge storage behavior. A series of fluorene–thiophene conjugated polymers (<strong>P3TF</strong>, <strong>P2TF</strong>, and <strong>P2TTF</strong>) were designed and electrochemically synthesized to investigate the impact of molecular conjugation length and substitution position on electrochromic and energy storage performance. The UV–Vis absorption spectra of three monomers and their corresponding polymer films in the neutral state exhibited a consistent trend of gradual red-shift in the maximum absorption (<strong>P2TTF</strong> &gt; <strong>P2TF</strong> &gt; <strong>P3TF</strong>). This evolution reflects the intrinsic structural effect of increasing thiophene content and optimized substitution position, which collectively enhance the π-conjugation and reduce the electronic bandgap. Electrochromic studies showed that <strong>P3TF</strong> achieved a high optical contrast of 72 % at 1100 nm. Galvanostatic charge–discharge testing revealed significantly highiest areal capacitances for <strong>P2TTF</strong> (9.29 mF/cm² at 0.8 mA/cm²) compared with <strong>P3TF</strong> and <strong>P2TF</strong>. Meanwhile, <strong>P2TTF</strong> shows superior stability in terms of both electrochromic and energy storage performance. The <strong>P2TTF</strong>-based electrochromic energy storage device, could power a LED light for over 15 s, maintaining over 86 % of its capacitance after 1500 cycles. These results highlight the critical role of molecular engineering in regulating conjugation and morphology to achieve synergistic electrochromic–energy storage performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 114498"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) hydrogels as multipurpose drug delivery systems: Tailoring molecular interactions for controlled loading and release","authors":"Emilian Ghibu ,&nbsp;Dumitru Mircea Vuluga ,&nbsp;Raluca Stan ,&nbsp;Florica Adriana Jerca ,&nbsp;Valentin Victor Jerca","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) is an established polymer used in the synthesis of a wide range of functional materials with tailored properties designed to meet the demands of specific applications, particularly in the biomedical field. In the present study, we report on the therapeutic potential of PiPOx hydrogels systems by evaluating their drug loading capacity and drug release kinetics using pharmacologically active compounds belonging to diverse therapeutic classes. The exceptional versatility of PiPOx hydrogels as a drug delivery platform arises from their ability to engage in a diverse array of non-covalent interactions such as ionic, cation-π, ion–dipole, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding that can be established between the 2-oxazoline rings, crosslinks, and the drugs. Moreover, the weakly basic nature of the 2-oxazoline units allows protonation, enabling pH-responsive control over drug loading and drug release, while the chemical nature of the crosslinker allows further fine-tuning of the release profile through secondary physical interactions with the drug, resulting in sustained drug release profiles. Finally, the identified structure–property relationships enabled the rational use of PiPOx hydrogels as RNA delivery platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 114407"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}