European Polymer Journal最新文献

Fabrication and biomedical applications of platinum-cellulose nanocomposites

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113957

Aleksandra Domke , Mariusz Jancelewicz , Marcin Jarek , Łucja Przysiecka , Emerson Coy , Mariusz Sandomierski , Katarzyna Staszak , Marta Woźniak-Budych

{"title":"Fabrication and biomedical applications of platinum-cellulose nanocomposites","authors":"Aleksandra Domke , Mariusz Jancelewicz , Marcin Jarek , Łucja Przysiecka , Emerson Coy , Mariusz Sandomierski , Katarzyna Staszak , Marta Woźniak-Budych","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose acetate-based nanocomposites represent a promising platform for developing advanced antibacterial materials with potential biomedical applications. <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, a leading cause of skin infections, poses a significant challenge due to its resistance to conventional treatments. Therefore, searching for biocompatible materials with enhanced antibacterial activity remains essential.</div><div>Here, we show that Pt-cellulose acetate nanocomposites exhibit remarkable antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, resulting from the integration of approximately 250 nm platinum nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. These composites demonstrate bacteriostatic and anti-adhesive properties while maintaining low toxicity to fibroblast cells.</div><div>Furthermore, the Pt-modified nanocomposites exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties, as well as increased hydrophilicity. The slight enhancement in thermal stability and hardness improvements can be attributed to optimal nanoparticle density in the nanocomposite. The gradual release of platinum ions (<160 µg/cm<sup>2</sup>) ensures sustained antibacterial efficacy.</div><div>These findings underscore the crucial role of metallic nanoparticles in altering the nanocomposite characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113957"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Polyrotaxane based phase change materials-A critical review

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113958

Xiao-Mei Yang , Baoqing Shentu , Zhongjie Zhai , Junhuan Zhao , Guang-Zhong Yin

引用次数: 0

Preparation and evaluation of p(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-Acrylamide)/ gelatin/ ammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane composite as a candidate for full-thickness wound dressing

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113954

Sana Sadraei-Majd , Mohammad Taghi Khorasani , Majid Karimi

{"title":"Preparation and evaluation of p(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-Acrylamide)/ gelatin/ ammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane composite as a candidate for full-thickness wound dressing","authors":"Sana Sadraei-Majd , Mohammad Taghi Khorasani , Majid Karimi","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Skin infections and wounds are the major public health concerns in the world. The use of effective wound dressings is essential for post-surgical wound assessment. In this study, novel hydrogel films containing interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) were formed from poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA), acrylamide (AM), gelatin, and modified polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles containing ammonium antibacterial functional groups designed for use as wound dressing. Samples were analyzed via infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle. In addition, several characteristics, such as swelling ratio, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), mechanical and thermal properties, cell viability, and antibacterial activity were examined. The incorporation of POSS-NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogel, while the simultaneous inclusion of POSS-NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> with heparinized nano zinc oxide (HP-nZnO) in the structure significantly improved antibacterial activity. Additionally, SEM microscopy revealed a smooth surface morphology, and the nanoparticle-loaded composite samples showed no toxicity, with cell viability exceeding 90 % in optimized samples tested with fibroblast L929 cells. Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrated effective antibacterial properties, particularly with HP-nZnO, making them effective for wound protection. In vivo studies confirmed that the p(HEMA-co-AM)/gelatin/POSS/nZnO wound dressing is a promising candidate for treating skin injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113954"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Star-shaped copolypeptide-mediated transfection of 3D organoids

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113932

Shiang-Ting Huang , Yu-Fon Chen , Yi-Cheng Chen , Jing-Ting Lin , Chao-Ling Yao , Jeng-Shiung Jan

{"title":"Star-shaped copolypeptide-mediated transfection of 3D organoids","authors":"Shiang-Ting Huang , Yu-Fon Chen , Yi-Cheng Chen , Jing-Ting Lin , Chao-Ling Yao , Jeng-Shiung Jan","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While gene therapy offers hope for treating genetic disorders and cancer, efficient and targeted gene delivery continues to be a significant hurdle. This study introduces star-shaped block copolypeptides as novel gene carriers capable of directly transfecting entire cell clusters within three-dimensional (3D) organoid models. Star-shaped poly(L-lysine)-<em>block</em>-poly(L-alanine) (s-PLL-PLA) polypeptides with various arm numbers were synthesized and their potentiality as non-viral gene carriers was evaluated. Our experimental results revealed that the transfection efficiency of s-PLL-PLA/plasmid polyplexes rivaled that of the commercial standard, Lipofectamine 2000, also highlighting the importance of using 3D organoids to mimic the structure and function of native tissues. The s-PLL-PLA polypeptides exhibited amphiphilicity and steric hindrance imposed by the presence of rigid, hydrophobic PLA segment on the star architecture, rendering the improved biocompatibility and transfection efficiency due to the charge shielding and less dense packing with the plasmids. By targeting HSP90 AB1, an oncogene associated with aggressive cancer progression and poor patient outcomes, the s-PLL-PLA/short hairpin RNA (shRNA) polyplexes exhibited potent anticancer efficacy via the effective suppression of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell proliferation and then the induction of apoptosis. These findings strongly suggest that s-PLL-PLA polypeptides hold promise as effective non-viral gene delivery systems for inducing cancer cell apoptosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113932"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ROS-responsive cationic polymer containing ferrocene for gene delivery and enhanced tumor cell apoptosis/ferroptosis

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113953

Qin-Fang Zhang, Rui-Mo Zhao, Yu Lei, Yue Hu, Xiao-Li Tian, Rong Wang, Ji Zhang

{"title":"ROS-responsive cationic polymer containing ferrocene for gene delivery and enhanced tumor cell apoptosis/ferroptosis","authors":"Qin-Fang Zhang, Rui-Mo Zhao, Yu Lei, Yue Hu, Xiao-Li Tian, Rong Wang, Ji Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of advanced materials capable of regulating cell death is crucial for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. In this study, we designed a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive cationic polymer, <strong>PFCA</strong>, to deliver the p53 gene, aiming to achieve synergistic apoptosis and ferroptosis by enhancing intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. The polymer was constructed by covalently incorporating cinnamaldehyde (<strong>CA</strong>)and ferrocene (Fc) into its backbone <em>via</em> an ROS-responsive thioacetal linkage, which could be activated by endogenous ROS to trigger the release of <strong>CA</strong>. Once released, <strong>CA</strong> promoted ROS accumulation through GSH depletion, which led to the accelerated degradation of <strong>PFCA</strong> and sustained production of highly toxic •OH <em>via</em> the Fc-mediated Fenton reaction, thereby establishing an ROS self-amplification loop. Gene transfection assays showed that <strong>PFCA</strong> could efficiently deliver various types of genes with the transfection efficiency much higher than PEI. Furthermore, <strong>PFCA</strong> and p53 together downregulated intracellular GSH levels and upregulated ROS levels, resulting in the inactivation of GPX4 and the accumulation of LPO, which further potentiated apoptosis and ferroptosis in HeLa cells. This rationally designed ROS-responsive, self-amplifying polymeric gene delivery system provides an effective strategy for hybrid anticancer therapies and highlights the potential of oxidative stress-amplified modalities for therapeutic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113953"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cation-π interaction mediated, anti-swelling, high-toughness and conductive hydrogel for regulation of PC12 neurite outgrowth

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113928

Yanling Wang , Liwu Du , Leijiao Li , Chenyang Zou , Xincui Shi , Peibiao Zhang

{"title":"Cation-π interaction mediated, anti-swelling, high-toughness and conductive hydrogel for regulation of PC12 neurite outgrowth","authors":"Yanling Wang , Liwu Du , Leijiao Li , Chenyang Zou , Xincui Shi , Peibiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complex pathological processes and the interrupted impulse transmission pose significant challenges to repair neural damage. Mutifunctional hydrogels integrating biochemical and biophysical cues are sought after for neural tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the susceptibility to swelling and embrittlement of hydrogel severely compromise their stability. In this work, the electrically conductive, antioxidant and swelling resistant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel was fabricated by integrating cation-π interactions and polydopamine (PDA) 2D nanosheets, which drives the self-assembly of hydrogel to form new crystalline domains as demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated. Specifically, the tensile strength was 3 MPa and elongation at break was up to 580 % after saturated swelling (<0.80). The multifunctional PVA hydrogels showed the ability to scavenge the free radical and promote the axonal outgrowth especially with electrical stimulation (ES). An electroconductive, antioxidant, swelling resistant multifunctional hydrogel was demonstrated as a potential tissue scaffold for spinal cord injuries (SCI) reparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113928"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preparation of polyhydroxy hydrophilic chromatographic stationary phases for alginate oligosaccharide separation

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113949

Ruiwen Jiao , Dandan Zhang , Wanting Zhu , Xingyuan Hu , Yidi Cai , Xiang Li , Qiukuan Wang , Dandan Ren , Long Wu , Hui Zhou

{"title":"Preparation of polyhydroxy hydrophilic chromatographic stationary phases for alginate oligosaccharide separation","authors":"Ruiwen Jiao , Dandan Zhang , Wanting Zhu , Xingyuan Hu , Yidi Cai , Xiang Li , Qiukuan Wang , Dandan Ren , Long Wu , Hui Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the problem of poor selectivity of oligosaccharide separation, a new functionalized silica stationary phase, SPTM(THMA-co-MBAAm), was prepared with N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide (THMA) and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAAm) containing hydroxyl groups as functional monomers. This stationary phase was used to do hydrogen bonding-based oligosaccharide compound separation. The stationary phase SPTM was successfully prepared, and the functional monomers were bonded onto an SiO<sub>2</sub> matrix. The separation of nucleobases and nucleosides on SPTM conformed to the multiple retention mechanism (i.e., a distribution mechanism supplemented by an adsorption mechanism). As a result of the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the outermost layer of the phase of stagnation, a layer rich in water was created. The bonds of hydrogen and electromagnetic attraction in addition to repulsion were additionally involved in retention. SPTM was applied to the separation of samples of alginate oligosaccharides with optimized mobile-phase conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113949"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

β-Cyclodextrin-derived alternating poly(glyco-triazole)s behave as amylose mimics

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113948

Adriana A. Kolender , Matthieu Pélingre , Cristel Yacovone , Cédric Przybylski , Emmanuel Petit , Dindet Steve Evanes Koffi Teki , Véronique Bonnet , José Kovensky

{"title":"β-Cyclodextrin-derived alternating poly(glyco-triazole)s behave as amylose mimics","authors":"Adriana A. Kolender , Matthieu Pélingre , Cristel Yacovone , Cédric Przybylski , Emmanuel Petit , Dindet Steve Evanes Koffi Teki , Véronique Bonnet , José Kovensky","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbohydrate-derived polymers combine attractive features like abundant renewable resources, large stereochemical diversity and defined functionalization of the carbohydrates. Starting from β-cyclodextrin, a diazido heptasaccharide was regioselectively obtained in a few steps. It was used as a prepolymer for the A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> synthesis of alternating poly(glyco-triazole)s by copper assisted azido alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with two dialkynes of different length and polarity, namely, 1,7-octadiyne and bispropargyl-polyetileneglycol-5. The resulting polymers were completely characterized by FTIR, NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS, SEC MALS, thermal analysis (TG and DSC), and SEM. The alternating insertion of the heptasaccharide and dialkyne in linear polymeric structures was confirmed by NMR and MALDI-TOF experiments. The water-soluble poly(glyco-triazole) containing PEG units had <em>M</em><sub>n</sub> 20,640 and <em>M</em><sub>w</sub> 39,650. The thermal properties (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub> = 27–42 °C) were close to those of amylose but were influenced by the linker. Therefore, these new poly(glyco-triazole)s could be considered as polysaccharide mimics and alternatives to modified native polysaccharides or brush polymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113948"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143839558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of novel coordination polymeric metal complexes with potent antimicrobial and antitumor activity

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113944

Hany I. Mohamed , Hanaa A. ElKhawaga , Hany M. Abd El-Lateef , Sahar M. Ibrahim , Laila M. Reda , Amal M. Metwally

{"title":"Development of novel coordination polymeric metal complexes with potent antimicrobial and antitumor activity","authors":"Hany I. Mohamed , Hanaa A. ElKhawaga , Hany M. Abd El-Lateef , Sahar M. Ibrahim , Laila M. Reda , Amal M. Metwally","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of novel multi-target compounds with multiple therapeutic applications represents an excellent strategy for replacing the drug combination approach. Such strategy is beneficial in reducing or preventing the side effects of the combined drugs. Organometallic complexes, particularly those with polymeric structures, demonstrate dual functionality against microbial pathogens and tumor cells. Herein, a new series of polymeric metal complexes with strong antitumor and antimicrobial activity was developed. First, two novel coordination polymers (CP1 and CP2) were synthesized through exchanging the active phthalimidoxy moiety in poly <em>N</em>-methacyloxyphthalimide [poly(NMPI)] with two Schiff base derivatives (S1 and S2). Then, four polymeric metal complexes were constructed by coordinating CP1 and CP2 with copper and nickel acetates, and their chemical compositions were deduced based on various spectroscopic tools. Additionally, the thermal behavior of complexes was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis while their geometries were calculated <em>via</em> molecular modeling. The results of the antimicrobial activity revealed that almost all complexes possess excellent antifungal and antibacterial efficiency against the selected pathogens. Simultaneously, the cytotoxicity potency of the coordination polymers and their complexes was evaluated against human cancer (HepG2) and normal (WI-38) cell lines. The results exhibited that Ni-CP2 has a very good activity in diminishing the replication of HepG2 cells, which is better than that of sorafenib and comparable to doxorubicin. Overall, copper and nickel polymeric complexes give a promising insight for developing new potent antitumor and antimicrobial agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113944"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The pivotal influence of water on the epoxide ring-opening polymerization by tertiary amines

IF 5.8 2区化学

European Polymer Journal Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113950

Rhea Verbeke , Gregor M. Linden , Johannes Rocker , Philip Dreier , Maximilian Kaiser , Christopher Kampf , Holger Frey

{"title":"The pivotal influence of water on the epoxide ring-opening polymerization by tertiary amines","authors":"Rhea Verbeke , Gregor M. Linden , Johannes Rocker , Philip Dreier , Maximilian Kaiser , Christopher Kampf , Holger Frey","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An interfacial synthesis route was recently established to prepare epoxide-based membranes for water purification. Herein, the epoxide is dissolved in toluene and reacts with a tertiary amine dissolved in water. However, to date the exact mechanism of the polyether film formation at the water/organic interface is poorly understood. The aim of this work was to bridge the gap between membrane engineering and polymer chemistry by investigating the influence of water on the ring-opening polymerization of a model epoxide monomer, phenyl glycidyl ether (PhGE), by four tertiary amine initiators (<em>i.e.</em>, <em>N,N</em>-dimethyl hexylamine, imidazole, 1-methyl imidazole, and <em>N,N,N’,N’</em>-tetramethyl hexane diamine). This was done in a homogenous system in toluene, <em>i.e.</em> via solution polymerization, as well as in a heterogenous toluene/water system, <em>i.e.</em>, via interfacial polymerization. The pseudo-first order plots of the homogenous system showed long induction periods and slow reaction rates. Surprisingly, a strong catalytic effect of trace amounts of water was observed, as demonstrated by the significant increase in reaction rate (up to 28 times) and a decrease in the induction period (by 10 days), which occurred upon the addition of water. Characterization of the synthesized polymers with ESI-MS indicated successful initiation by all tested tertiary amines, but side reactions also occurred. In addition, polyether formation was successful in the studied interfacial system. The achievable molar mass and the species that initiated the reaction (<em>i.e.</em>, amine, PhGE, water/hydroxide) depended both on the amine:epoxide ratio and the pH. Observed discrepancies between the homogeneous and heterogeneous system appear to be largely influenced by the properties of the amine initiator.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 113950"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0