European Polymer Journal最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic disulfide cross-linked polycaprolactone grafted CO2-based poly(ester-co-carbonate): Effective crystallinity, enhanced mechanical performance, reversible de-crosslinking, and degradability","authors":"Lijun Wang ,&nbsp;Yangyang Wang ,&nbsp;Yanfei Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing novel and degradable cross-linked graft copolymers without sacrificing mechanical robustness, processability, recyclability, and reusability is highly attractive and equally challenging. Here, we report the preparation of dynamically disulfide (S-S) cross-linked polycaprolactone grafted CO₂-based poly(ester-co-carbonate) through a combinatorial way. This polymer is characterized by a degradable poly(ester-co-carbonate) as backbone, polycaprolactone (PCL) side chains, and dynamic S-S linkages formed by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic disulfide groups induced by heating as cross-linking junctions. A series of cross-linked graft copolymers with varied lengths of semicrystalline and flexible PCL side chains were synthesized. These copolymers crystallized effectively, with mechanical strength and extensibility varying with the side chain lengths. Crystallization, synergistically with dynamic S-S cross-links improved mechanical strength, compared to molten or non-cross-linked systems. The S-S cross-linked network was introduced through thermoplastic processing, endowing polymers with reversible network transitions. Specifically, dynamic dissociation of S-S can occur through thiol-disulfide exchange guaranteeing the cross-linked polymers with reversible de-crosslinking properties. Furthermore, these de-crosslinkable and recyclable polymers could undergo transition from sol to gel state, based on thiol-disulfide exchange facilitating the generation of new S-S intermolecular cross-links. Notably, these cross-linked graft copolymers could undergo efficient base-catalyzed alcoholysis-induced degradation forming oligomers (590 g/mol) due to the presence of abundant aliphatic ester or carbonate ester groups. This strategy offered an effective method to obtain cross-linked graft copolymers with thermal processability, crystallization, mechanical performance, reversible de-crosslinking, and degradability. These desirable properties indicate the promising application prospects of the cross-linked graft copolymers prepared in recyclable and degradable flexible devices, degradable thermoforming packaging, flexible degradable drug controlled-release membranes and highly deformable degradable soft robots, etc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114026"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrocarbon ionomer/polytetrafluoroethylene composite membranes containing radical scavengers for robust proton exchange membrane water electrolysis","authors":"Ga Young Park ,&nbsp;Yi Sak Noh ,&nbsp;Hwan Yeop Jeong ,&nbsp;Sang Jun Yoon ,&nbsp;Keun-Hwan Oh ,&nbsp;Soonyong So ,&nbsp;Jeonghun Kim ,&nbsp;Jaewon Choi ,&nbsp;Duk Man Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A hydrocarbon-based composite membrane incorporating radical scavengers is successfully fabricated using sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers with a 50 % sulfonation degree (SP50), porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates, and cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). The CeO₂ nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the SP50 solution through a ball milling, and the PTFE substrate is treated with <em>n</em>-propyl alcohol to improve the interfacial compatibility between the SP50/CeO₂ solution and PTFE. Additionally, a five-layered structure incorporating two PTFE layers is employed to form robust interlocking interfaces between SP50 and PTFE. Consequently, the composite membrane with CeO₂ exhibits excellent dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and a 3.8-fold reduction in hydrogen permeability as compared with that of the Nafion 212 (N212) membrane. In the hydrothermal tests, the composite membrane demonstrates excellent chemical stability due to the inclusion of CeO₂. During PEMWE operation, the cell performance of the composite membrane is 7.42 A/cm² at 1.9 V, surpassing those of SP50 (5.95 A/cm²) and N212 (5.66 A/cm²). Over the course of the durability test, the composite membrane exhibits the lowest degradation rate (DR). Furthermore, the molecular weight of the composite membrane decreases by only 5 %, significantly outperforming SP50, which shows a 50 % reduction. Therefore, the composite membrane with a radical scavenger provides excellent physical and chemical stability for PEMWE applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114024"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully open-air surface initiated photochemically induced atom transfer radical polymerization of renewable α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone with potential in biomedical applications via post–functionalization","authors":"Darshak Pathiwada ,&nbsp;Adriana Hvizdošová Annušová ,&nbsp;Peter Machata ,&nbsp;Mohamed Shaalan ,&nbsp;Yuriy Halahovets ,&nbsp;Jaroslav Mosnáček","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is an increasingly strong motivation within the polymer community, driven by environmental and economic factors, to adopt favourable and efficient synthesis techniques. Here, densely packed and highly uniform polymer brushes were synthesized from the Si-wafer surface using surface-initiated photochemically induced atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-photoATRP) of renewable monomer α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone. A thorough investigation of the various experimental parameters influencing the brush growth, initially performed under limited air conditions, finally enabled successful SI-photoATRP under fully open-air conditions, without using any additional chemicals for oxygen consumption. The method can operate efficiently at low catalyst concentrations (10–400 ppm) under ambient conditions using simple custom-made polymerization setups. Temporal control can be achieved under open-air conditions, while continuous polymerization is possible in complete darkness after brief UV exposure under limited air conditions. This approach offers potential economic benefits by significantly reducing energy consumption. The reusability of the reaction mixture for up to at least 6 cycles was demonstrated. Utilizing the lactone ring functionality of the grafted polymer brushes, we subsequently carried out post-functionalization studies using various diamines, followed by quaternization to impart antibacterial properties. In addition, functionalization with biotin hydrazide, with subsequent biotin-streptavidin complex formation can enable utilization of the brushes in various biochemical assays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114023"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current status and future developments in preparation and application of self-healing hydrogels for biomedical engineering","authors":"Yayun Zhu ,&nbsp;Hailin Cong ,&nbsp;Bing Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-healing hydrogel is a new kind of biomaterial, due to its unique three-dimensional network structure, it can absorb large amounts of water and wound tissue fluid. With its superior biocompatibility and biodegradability, the self-healing hydrogel is the best material to use for creating wound dressings. Its ability to regenerate without external intervention not only enhances its longevity but also underscores its suitability for medical applications. Consequently, the self-healing hydrogel has found extensive application in the biomedical field. The objective of this paper is to present the advancements in self-healing hydrogel research, focusing on the structure, classification, performance and medical application of self-healing hydrogels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114025"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Block copolymer synthesis and photoinitiated grafting via a dual-wavelength photoinitiating system based on Iragcure 2959 derivative/camphorquinone","authors":"Jingfang Li ,&nbsp;Luran Chun ,&nbsp;Zihan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xianju Zhou ,&nbsp;Jun Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although photopolymerization offers notable environmental advantages and rapid curing properties, its application in the synthesis of structurally complex polymers remains limited due to inadequate control over polymer chain initiation and propagation by conventional photoinitiators. To overcome this limitation, a novel dual-wavelength photo-initiating system (2959-EDB/CQ) was developed in this study. 2959-EDB initiator incorporates an α-hydroxy ketone moiety at one end and a tertiary amine group at the other, enabling sequential activation under 465 nm (via camphor quinone-mediated hydrogen abstraction) and 275 nm (C–C α-bond cleavage) irradiation to produce distinct radical species for the controlled polymerization of different monomers. In contrast to conventional bisacylphosphane oxide (BAPO)-based systems, which are prone to photolytic interference, the proposed system allows for the efficient synthesis of well-defined diblock copolymers. Notably, the residual α-hydroxy ketone groups on the initially polymerized surface can be reactivated to initiate UV-induced graft polymerization, as demonstrated by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, morphological analysis, and contact angle measurements. 2959-EDB/CQ system combines high radical reactivity with procedural simplicity, overcoming the cost-related drawbacks of RAFT-based strategies for diblock copolymers synthesis while retaining the industrial practicality of conventional photopolymerization. This study presents a versatile platform for the synthesis of block copolymers and the functionalization of polymer surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114022"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cationic polymer nanocapsules with oil cores as versatile water-dispersible photoreactors","authors":"Aneta Medaj ,&nbsp;Nigar Hajiyeva ,&nbsp;Joanna Odrobińska-Baliś ,&nbsp;Klaudia Minor ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Kmak ,&nbsp;Piotr Banachowicz ,&nbsp;Sergey I. Druzhinin ,&nbsp;Holger Schönherr ,&nbsp;Szczepan Zapotoczny","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The derivatization of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride and alkyl epoxides was used to obtain a library of amphiphilic polycations with variable charge density, as well as chain lengths (C8, C12) and content of the hydrophobic alkyl side groups. These polymers were investigated in detail to clarify their ability to stabilize oil-filled core–shell nanocapsules that are obtained in a facile ultrasound-assisted emulsification. The multimodal spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of the assemblies established typical values of shell thickness of ∼ 4 nm and hydrodynamic diameters of the capsules of ∼ 150 to ∼ 350 nm depending on both the shell and core materials composition. The aqueous dispersions of the capsules based on the polymers containing C12 chains (DS = 5–16 mol%) were found to be stable up to at least 1 year while the capsules based on the polymers containing shorter side groups (C8) were typically less stable for the applied liquid cores (olive oil, hexadecane, octadecene). The ability to encapsulate hydrophobic molecules and efficiently run reactions inside the nanocapsules was demonstrated for a model photooxdation reaction of perylene indicating the potential of these systems to be employed as water-dispersible photoreactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114021"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystallization-driven layer-by-layer amphiphilic block copolymer co-assembly with planar cargo molecules","authors":"Huiying Zuo ,&nbsp;Kaibin Chen ,&nbsp;Hong Zhai ,&nbsp;Jiao Dong ,&nbsp;Daping Quan ,&nbsp;Jing Zhou ,&nbsp;Ying Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) in selective solvents often provides promising routes for fabrication of morphologically rich microcarriers. Herein, a sort of lamellar platelet-like structure has been obtained through co-assembly of amphiphilic diblock polycarbonates and certain species of small molecules. The diblock copolymer consisted of a hydrophobic segment with pendent cholesterol groups and a hydrophilic block decorated with branched polyethylenimine groups, synthesized by sequential ring-opening polymerization. Planar drug molecules (such as curcumin, coumarin, and steroids) served as the nuclei that facilitated crystallization of hydrophobic block of copolymer chains with pendent cholesterol groups. Such small-molecule-mediated crystallization can force the copolymer chains to be fully stretched and packed in an orderly fashion, inducing the co-assembly of the diblock polycarbonate and cargo molecules, rather than the BCP self-assembly driven by solvent-philic/solvent-phobic interaction. The thickness of the co-assembled platelet was highly dependent on the chain length (degree of polymerization) of the copolymer, as well as the layer numbers of the stacking lamellae. Furthermore, such platelet-like co-assemblies effectively reduced the dosage-dependent cytotoxicity of curcumin. Overall, we herein propose a novel mechanism for small molecule induced macromolecular assembly and well-controlled morphological modulation through layer-by-layer stacking, which holds great potential for drug delivery in versatile biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114019"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic small molecule for malignant tumor photothermal / photodynamic and immunotherapy via apoptosis and ferroptosis","authors":"Jie Zeng ,&nbsp;Miao-Yan Xu ,&nbsp;Xin-Hao Han ,&nbsp;Duo-Duo Wei ,&nbsp;Bing Fan ,&nbsp;Xing Wang ,&nbsp;Xin-Hui Qu ,&nbsp;Shaorong Huang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Jian Han","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoimmunotherapy holds significant promise for addressing diverse malignant tumors, at present, its efficacy needs to be improved. Herein, a light-triggered IC8 nanoparticles (IC8 NPs) were designed and synthesized which possess excellent biocompatibility, stability and upon the NIR irradiation has superior photothermal convert efficiency (PCE = 65.27 %) and Type I photodynamic. The enrichment of hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes significant oxidative cellular damage and triggers severe apoptosis. In another aspect, the glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) level down-regulated can indirectly upregulate the level of lipid peroxides (LPO) and promote ferroptosis. Moreover, IC8 NPs + NIR could not only significantly ablate primary tumor but also induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which promote maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and activate effector cells that robustly evoke the antitumor immune responses for distant tumors treatment. This study offers a new nanoplatform as photothermal/photodynamic and photoimmunotherapy to improve malignant tumor therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114018"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electro-boost in-situ formation of poly(tetrahydrofuran) to enhance interfacial compatibility and charge transfer for solid polymer electrolyte","authors":"Si-Han Peng ,&nbsp;Wei-Fan Kuan ,&nbsp;Shingjiang Jessie Lue","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-situ polymerization offers a promising approach for next-generation solid polymer electrolytes with excellent interfacial properties. We present a novel method for the in-situ preparation of poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF) electrolyte using streamlined polymerization and accelerated gelation. Structural, compositional, and interfacial properties of the PTHF electrolyte as a function of time were analyzed using NMR, MS, and EIS spectra. This method provides rapid gelation and high purity, addressing common issues such as weak solidification and impurity formation encountered with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate initiators. The amorphous-dominant in-situ derived PTHF exhibited a bulk conductivity of 10^-4 S cm⁻¹ and a wide electrochemical window of up to 5.2 V at RT, owing to rich BF₃ coordination bonds that promote Li-polymer conduction and enhance polymer stability. The in-situ PTHF significantly improves interfacial contact, and the solid electrolyte interface film on the harvested Li was more robust than that of the ex-situ PTHF counterpart. Importantly, in-situ PTHF electrolytes treated with AC voltage were evaluated for their ability to improve interfacial compatibility (e.g., structural stability, uniform Li⁺ deposition, and dendrite suppression) and to facilitate continuous Li⁺ pathways through the alignment of PTHF chains, notably raising t_Li+ from 0.21 to 0.61 compared to before. Validation with a quasi-solid-state Li–O₂ battery using in-situ PTHF demonstrated a 75.7 % round-trip efficiency with 100 % capacity retention over 50 h, and delivered a specific discharge capacity of 3300 mAh g⁻¹, confirming its practical potential. Overall, this work presents a strategically designed PTHF-based electrolyte fabricated via in-situ assembly, offering new insights into advanced electrolyte design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114016"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on application of polymers-based optical chemosensors in glucose detection","authors":"Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh ,&nbsp;Marzieh Golshan ,&nbsp;Vahid Haddadi-Asl ,&nbsp;Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.114008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Application of polymers in optical chemosensors for glucose detection has gained significant attention due to their versatility, sensitivity, and adaptability. These polymer-based sensors including molecularly imprinted polymers, polymer nanoparticles, conjugated polymers, and hydrogels leverage optical phenomena such as fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to achieve precise glucose detection in medical, biological, and environmental contexts. These materials are capable of binding glucose molecules with high specificity, facilitated by their tailored functional groups and advanced design. Optical chemosensors provide several advantages over traditional electrochemical sensors, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, label-free detection, and potential for remote sensing. Furthermore, they offer enhanced reproducibility and internal calibration, making them suitable for continuous and non-invasive glucose monitoring. Despite these advancements, challenges such as environmental stability, interference from biological molecules, and limitations in long-term performance are remained. Strategies to overcome these challenges include the development of multi-responsive polymers and hybrid materials that can adapt to varying conditions such as temperature, pH, and pressure. This review focuses on polymer-based optical sensors, including hydrogels, polymer nanoparticles, conjugated polymers, and molecularly imprinted polymers, which have demonstrated significant potential for glucose detection across a range of environments. The discussion emphasizes the current performance of these molecular probes and chemosensors, particularly in terms of their sensitivity and selectivity, in relation to practical application requirements. By analyzing these advancements, the review aims to inspire the development of next-generation systems with enhanced capabilities to address existing limitations and meet the growing demands of biomedical and diagnostic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 114008"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}