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A logical framework for democratic decision-making: epistemic logic and liquid democracy 民主决策的逻辑框架:认知逻辑和流动民主
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I2.558
Simone Cuconato
{"title":"A logical framework for democratic decision-making: epistemic logic and liquid democracy","authors":"Simone Cuconato","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I2.558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I2.558","url":null,"abstract":"Since Hintikka’s epistemic logic, the logic of knowledge, has been a subject of research in philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence and game theory. This paper presents a framework of dynamic epistemic logic capable of investigating interactive voting decisions in liquid democracy.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"36 1","pages":"181-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80951678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Insights in how computer science can be a science 关于计算机科学如何成为一门科学的见解
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I2.531
R. Luk
{"title":"Insights in how computer science can be a science","authors":"R. Luk","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I2.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I2.531","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, information retrieval is shown to be a science by mapping information retrieval scientific study to scientific study abstracted from physics. The exercise was rather tedious and lengthy. Instead of dealing with the nitty gritty, this paper looks at the insights into how computer science can be made into a science by using that methodology. That is by mapping computer science scientific study to the scientific study abstracted from physics. To show the mapping between computer science and physics, we need to define what is engineering science which computer science belongs to. Some principles and assumptions of engineering science theory are presented. To show computer science is a science, we presented two approaches. Approach 1 considers computer science as simulation of human behaviour similar to the goal of artificial intelligence. Approach 2 is closely related to the actual (scientific) activities in computer science, and this approach considers computer science based on the theory of computation. Finally, we answer some of the common outstanding issues about computer science to convince our reader that computer science is a science.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"8 1","pages":"17-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91242672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The logical perception of the pure consciousness 纯粹意识的逻辑知觉
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I2.551
Y. Segman
{"title":"The logical perception of the pure consciousness","authors":"Y. Segman","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I2.551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I2.551","url":null,"abstract":"Does pure consciousness exist without being hooked to a physical mechanism (e.g. human body)? Can such claim be proven logically? The magnitude of asking this sort of question is similar to asking: Is it logical that matter exists out of the total void? The answer to both questions is yes. The aim of this paper is to show that, the existence of pure consciousness is a logical state, it is not energy, and it exists timelessly and can be experienced beyond the physical body. Furthermore, we show that pure consciousness (the soul) is a virtual junction on the metaphysical virtual net where each junction incorporates a set of cords of consciousness. The set can be limited, unlimited or uncountable. Cords of consciousness is treated as brain neural patterns and as such the brain can easily be manipulated by an external device which may transmit neural patterns in order to generate artificial scenes. A computation example was provided to elaborate the neural patterns and cords of consciousness. Finally, we discuss the opportunity rather than the possibility to visit the metaphysical virtual space. In that sense, if it is possible, should we grab the opportunity and expend our science beyond physics, into the metaphysics?","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"12 1","pages":"71-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83483322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Idealization, scientific realism, and the improvement model of confirmation 理想化、科学实在论与确认的改进模型
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I2.555
Billy Wheeler
{"title":"Idealization, scientific realism, and the improvement model of confirmation","authors":"Billy Wheeler","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I2.555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I2.555","url":null,"abstract":"That many of our most successful scientific theories involve one or more idealizations poses a challenge to traditional models of theory confirmation. One popular response amongst scientific realists is the “improvement model of confirmation”: if tightening up one or more of the idealizations leads to greater predictive accuracy, then this supports the belief that the theory’s inaccuracy is a result of its idealizations and not because it is wrong. In this article I argue that the improvement model is deeply flawed and that therefore idealizations continue to undermine “success-to-truth” arguments for scientific realism.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"40 1","pages":"7-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76312463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
1918-2018: Cantor and infinity in today’s high school 1918-2018:康托和无限在今天的高中
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-07-18 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I1.515
C. Toffalori
{"title":"1918-2018: Cantor and infinity in today’s high school","authors":"C. Toffalori","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I1.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I1.515","url":null,"abstract":"In the first centenary of Cantor's death, we discuss how to introduce his life, his works and his theories about mathematical infinity to today's students. Keywords: proper and improper infinite, cardinal number, countable set, continuum, continuum hypothesis.  Sunto Nel primo centenario della scomparsa di Cantor, si discute come presentare la sua vita, le sue opere e le sue teorie sull’infinito agli studenti di oggi. Parole chiave: infinito proprio e improprio, numero cardinale, numerabile, continuo, ipotesi del continuo.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"40 1","pages":"119-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74601548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Origin of Matter and the outside of the Universe 物质的起源和宇宙的外部
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-07-18 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I1.513
Y. Segman
{"title":"Origin of Matter and the outside of the Universe","authors":"Y. Segman","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I1.513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I1.513","url":null,"abstract":"This short paper is to provide answer to the question what is there outside the Universe? If the Universe is expending, what does it expend into? An answer was provided, the universe is expanding into its complementary universe. If that is so, then what the complementary universe is? A new perception is provided that matter exist as a logical state. What is the logical state creating matter? This question is being answered by the relationship between the universe and its complementary universe satisfying the equilibrium equation that total matter of both universes, the inner universe (our universe) and the complementary universe (everything which is not the inner universe e.g. the outside universe), collapse into zero, i.e. no matter. Furthermore, the existence of matter out of void is a logical state resulted from the void existence.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"51 1","pages":"31-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86636033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The history and the meaning of Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence 爱因斯坦等效原理的历史和意义
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-07-18 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I1.525
A. Feoli
{"title":"The history and the meaning of Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence","authors":"A. Feoli","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I1.525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I1.525","url":null,"abstract":"We review from a historical and a didactic point of view the Equivalence Principle, which was considered by Einstein as the corner stone of his new theory of Gravitation: the General Relativity. Before and after the enormous success of his theory, this principle was the subject of studies and discussions. Still today, after more than one century, the debate about its interpretation, application and generalization is very fertile. Einstein soon understood the revolutionary significance of his idea and defined it as “the happiest thought of my life”.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"56 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90356522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low Solar Activity, Winter Flu Conditions, Pandemics and Sex Wars: A Holistic View of Human Evolution 低太阳活动，冬季流感条件，流行病和性战争:人类进化的整体观点
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-07-18 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I1.514
R. Barzilai
{"title":"Low Solar Activity, Winter Flu Conditions, Pandemics and Sex Wars: A Holistic View of Human Evolution","authors":"R. Barzilai","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I1.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I1.514","url":null,"abstract":"The current spread of coronavirus has caught our modern world by surprise, which leads to widespread panic, fear and confusion. However, if we view the unfolding of these events from a scientific historical perspective of past human evolution, we may discover the reoccurring patterns of the environmental conditions that give rise to such epidemics. Hence, we can figure out better methods to prepare and react to the infectious agents that spread diseases that have shaped the course of human history before. Here, I propose a holistic view of human evolution, with an interdisciplinary approach that studies how cyclic variation in solar UV energy affects the evolution of viruses and shapes the symbiotic dynamics of human life on earth.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"45 1","pages":"105-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85292408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Updating Statistical Measures of Causal Strength 更新因果强度的统计测量
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-07-18 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I1.497
H. Vinod
{"title":"Updating Statistical Measures of Causal Strength","authors":"H. Vinod","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I1.497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I1.497","url":null,"abstract":"We address Northcott’s (2005) criticism of Pearson’s correlation coefficient ‘r’ in measuring causal strength by replacing Pearson’s linear regressions by nonparametric nonlinear kernel regressions. Although new proof shows that Suppes’ intuitive causality condition is neither necessary nor sufficient, we resurrect Suppes’ probabilistic causality theory by using nonlinear tools. We use asymmetric generalized partial correlation coefficients from Vinod [2014] as our third criterion (denoted as Cr3) in addition to two more criteria (denoted Cr1 and Cr2). We aggregate the three criteria into one unanimity index, UI in [-100; 100], quantifying causal strengths associated with causal paths: Xi -> Xj , Xj -> Xi, and Xi Xj .","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"41 1","pages":"3-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86883703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Some critical remarks on the epistemology of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 对功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)认识论的几点批判
Science Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-07-18 DOI: 10.23756/SP.V8I1.493
A. Métraux, S. Frisch
{"title":"Some critical remarks on the epistemology of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)","authors":"A. Métraux, S. Frisch","doi":"10.23756/SP.V8I1.493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23756/SP.V8I1.493","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines epistemological and ontological underpinnings of reasearch performed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It takes as its guiding line the important distinction between instruments and apparatuses drawn by Rom Harre. According to Harre, instruments such as barometers or thermometers do not cause the states they measure into existence. Apparatuses, in contradistinction, cause material states into existence to begin with, whereby theses states are subsequently processed (treated, measured, etc.) according to suitable methods (e.g. algorithms). Thus, when the objects of examination (human and animal brains, e.g.) are subjected to 2 or more Tesla in fMRI, a strength of magnetic field never occuring in earthly nature, technical means literally create the states to be examined (measured, graphically represented, etc.). Close examination of the functioning of MRI and fMRI indicates that brain states, e.g., are not simply read, or perceived (on screens) as degrees of temperature are read on scale. Hence, one does not see any mental funtion when looking at fMRI outputs, for the visible output has been semantically processed on the basis of invisible quantum mechanical processes that have undergone translations into digital data caused by the fMRI device itself.","PeriodicalId":31494,"journal":{"name":"Science Philosophy","volume":"116 1","pages":"63-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81775358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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