Environmental Pollution最新文献

{"title":"An investigation of microbial groundwater contamination seasonality and extreme weather event interruptions using “big data”, time-series analyses, and unsupervised machine learning","authors":"Ioan Petculescu, Paul Hynds, R. Stephen Brown, Kevin McDermott, Anna Majury","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125790","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal studies of groundwater potability have historically focused on <em>E. coli</em> detection rates, with non-<em>E. coli</em> coliforms (NEC) and microbial concentrations remaining understudied by comparison. Additionally, “big data” (i.e., large, diverse datasets that grow over time) have yet to be employed for assessing the effects of high return-period extreme weather events on groundwater quality. The current investigation employed ≈1.1 million Ontarian private well samples collected between 2010 and 2021, seeking to address these knowledge gaps via applying time-series decomposition, interrupted time-series analysis (ITSA), and unsupervised machine learning to five microbial contamination parameters: <em>E. coli</em> and NEC concentrations (CFU/100 mL) and detection rates (%), and the calculated NEC:<em>E. coli</em> ratio. Time-series decompositions revealed <em>E. coli</em> concentrations and the NEC<em>:E. coli</em> ratio as complementary metrics, with concurrent interpretation of their seasonal signals indicating that localized contamination mechanisms dominate during winter months. ITSA findings highlighted the importance of hydrogeological time lags: for example, a significant <em>E. coli</em> detection rate increase (2.4% vs 1.8%, p = 0.02) was identified 12 weeks after the May 2017 flood event. Unsupervised machine learning spatially classified annual contamination cycles across Ontarian subregions (n = 27), with the highest inter-cluster variability identified among <em>E. coli</em> detection rates and the lowest among NEC detection rates and the NEC:<em>E. coli</em> ratio. Given the spatiotemporal consistency identified for NEC and the NEC:<em>E. coli</em> ratio, associated interpretations and recommendations are likely transferable across large, heterogeneous regions. The presented study may serve as a methodological blueprint for future temporal investigations employing “big” groundwater quality data.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractal Spatial Heterogeneity of Trace Element Abundance in Pristine Surface Soils: Implications for Pollution Assessment and Source Apportionment","authors":"Yiming Huang, Yuanan Hu, Hefa Cheng, Shu Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125817","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial heterogeneity of trace element geochemical backgrounds in surface soils poses a significant challenge for accuratly assessing the anthropogenic contributions to soil pollution. To evaluate the natural variation in trace element abundance, the composition and spatial distribution of 50 trace elements across 153 sites in the Hoh Xil Nature Reserve, a pristine region in western China, were determined. While the contents of the rare earth elements and heavy metal(loid)s closely mirror the composition of continental crust, moderate to extremely high spatial heterogeneity was found for these elements. The coefficients of variation (CV) indicate that 46 of the 50 trace elements display moderate to high spatial heterogeneity (10% &lt; CV &lt; 100%), while the remaining ones show extreme spatial heterogeneity (CV &gt; 100%). Notably, the chalcophile elements exhibit particularly high spatial heterogeneity, and the spatial heterogeneity in trace element abundance increased with the geospatial scale of assessment. Normalization of the contents of trace elements with those of rock-forming element, Ti, under different geospatial scales reveals that the intrinsic crustal heterogenity in elemental abundance and the preferential enrichment or depletion of elements due to regional geological processes are the primary factors shaping the spatial viariation in their distribution in the pristine surface soils. The significant spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of trace elements and its fractal characteristics have important implications for evaluating the pollution of surface soils by trace elements and apportioning the contribution of anthropgenic activities based on subtraction of the regional background values.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statewide cumulative human health risk assessment of inorganics-contaminated groundwater wells, Montana, USA","authors":"Margaret J. Eggers, W. Adam Sigler, Nicklas Kiekover, Paul M. Bradley, Kelly L. Smalling, Albert Parker, Robert K.D. Peterson, John I. LaFave","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125810","url":null,"abstract":"Across the United States, rural residents rely on unregulated and generally unmonitored private wells for drinking water, which may pose serious health risks due to unrecognized contaminants. We assessed the nature, degree, and spatial distribution of cumulative health risks from inorganic contaminants in groundwater. Our analysis included nearly 84,000 data points from 6,500+ wells, across 51 of Montana’s 98 watersheds, using a public groundwater database. We compared a drinking water screening level cumulative risk assessment (CRA) for inorganics based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protective health thresholds (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, Health Advisories [MCLG-HAs]) to a CRA based on EPA public supply enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). Based on median concentrations of 19 inorganics (antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nitrate, lead, selenium, strontium, thallium, uranium, zinc), 75% of watersheds had MCLG-HA-based cumulative risk values &gt; 1.0; arsenic and uranium contributed the most risk, followed by strontium, fluoride, manganese and boron. Hence, this screening level (Tier I) CRA indicated widespread potential for unrecognized human health risk to private well users from inorganic contaminants considering both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Sensitivity analysis showed that benchmarks applied (MCLG-HAs versus MCLs) exerted the largest control on results. Our findings identify priority regions for Tier 2 risk assessments to elucidate local sources and distributions of geogenic versus anthropomorphic contaminants. Our study is the first statewide assessment of cumulative health risk from groundwater that we are aware of, and results support increased statewide drinking water education and testing to reduce human health risks from contaminated private well water.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Distribution and Potential Toxicity of PAHs in Contaminated Sediments in Korea Using a Passive Sampler-Based Approach","authors":"Na Yeong Kim, Joonhyeong Park, Youngnam Kim, Seongjin Hong, Taeha Kim, Gi Beum Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125811","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the bioaccumulation and adverse health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on aquatic organisms, evaluating their potential toxicity in sediments is essential. Particularly, as industrial activities and urbanization expand, PAHs are increasingly being introduced into marine ecosystems. Passive samplers (PS) have been widely used to measure the concentration of freely dissolved (C_free) PAHs and assess their potential toxicity in sediment porewater. In this study, C_free was measured using passive samplers to assess the potential toxicity of contaminated sediments near industrial facilities in Korea. The maximum C_free levels in OS, JS, and OP were 201 ng/L, 70 ng/L, and 77 ng/L, respectively, indicating relatively high levels compared to other areas in Korea. Additionally, the spatial distribution of C_free was influenced by regional characteristics and sediment properties. The potential toxicity was evaluated using four key factors: C_free, biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), interstitial water toxicity units (IWTUs), and chemical activity (a). Although the sedimentary PAH levels in these three harbors may not currently exhibit adverse effects on organisms based on these factors, inner sites could pose potential toxicity risks in the future. The findings of this study suggest the necessity for further research using PS techniques at potentially contaminated sites to enhance understanding of ongoing contamination, ecological risks, and strategies for improving sediment management.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"79 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-lethal exposure to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid disrupts nursing and foraging behaviors in honey bees","authors":"Hyunjee Kim ,&nbsp;Olga Frunze ,&nbsp;Kwang-Ho Kim ,&nbsp;Hyung-Wook Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A popular herbicide from the chlorophenoxy group, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) effectively controls broadleaf weeds in agricultural environments. However, its application threatens honey bee habitats and has been implicated in colony collapse disorder (CCD) due to its toxic effects. While the general hazards of 2,4-D to honey bees are recognized, its specific impact on nursing and foraging behaviors remains poorly understood. This study quantified the lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 2,4-D for honey bees across developmental stages, finding LD₅₀ values of 104.1 μg/bee for newly emerged bees, 456.6 μg/bee for nurse bees, and 221.6 μg/bee for foragers. We further investigated sub-lethal effects on nursing and foraging, observing that exposure led to significant reductions in hypopharyngeal gland (HG) acini size, essential for brood care, and decreased expression of <em>AmGr10</em>, an amino acid receptor gene linked to nursing behavior. For foragers, sub-lethal 2,4-D exposure impaired gustatory responsiveness to key feeding stimuli, such as sucrose and glucose. This impairment corresponded with a decrease in <em>AmGr1</em> expression, a taste receptor gene critical for resource detection. Additionally, affected foragers showed reduced olfactory learning and memory, likely due to decreased expression of the octopamine receptor <em>AmOA1</em>, essential for associative learning processes. These findings provide compelling evidence that sub-lethal abdominal exposure to 2,4-D disrupts both nursing and foraging behaviors by impairing physiological and cognitive functions, ultimately jeopardizing colony health and resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 125812"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143124457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term effectiveness of heavy metal(loid) stabilization: Development of an assessing method","authors":"Yanqing Liu, Zewen Wang, Xiao Tan, Deyi Hou, Liping Fang, Aijun Lin, Fangbai Li, Guilan Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125798","url":null,"abstract":"In-situ stabilization technology offers a cost-effective solution for the remediation of heavy metal(loid) (HM) contaminated soils. However, the lack of a reliable method to assess the long-term effectiveness of HM stabilization significantly impedes the practical application of this technology. To address this gap, we have devised an innovative method that integrates acid rain leaching with dry-wet alternation to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of HM stabilization. We initiate the acid rain leaching process by adding 200 mL of a H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ solution, with a pH of 3.20, to 20 g of tested soil and stirring at 30 ± 2 rpm for 2 hours. After decanting the supernatant, we dried the soil in a water bath at 60°C. Then repeat this leaching and drying cycle until HM in the leachate either exceed the preset thresholds or become stable. The time-dependent effectiveness of the stabilization is calculated based on the annual average rainfall, and the number of cycles. By using multiple types of soils contaminated with various HM, we demonstrated that this method is versatile and not limited by the types of soil or HM, and exhibits excellent multi-laboratory precision. The method exhibited excellent multi-laboratory precision, with over 82% of samples having a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 30%. This method is of significance for not only mitigating the risk of re-contamination from HM reactivation post-remediation, but also broadening the disposal options for remediated soils beyond landfill, thereby fostering environmentally sustainable practices.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic neurotoxicity of clothianidin and photoaged microplastics in zebrafish: Implications for neuroendocrine disruption","authors":"Ping Ding ,&nbsp;Yajing Han ,&nbsp;Yanan Sun ,&nbsp;XiaoXia Chen ,&nbsp;Qing Ge ,&nbsp;Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Lijuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Adela Jing Li ,&nbsp;Guocheng Hu ,&nbsp;Yunjiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs), widely found in aquatic environments, pose a growing threat to environmental and biological health due to their complex interactions with pollutants and microorganisms. This study investigates the adsorption characteristics of clothianidin (CLO) on polystyrene (PS) and photoaged polystyrene (P-PS) and explores the neurotoxic effects of CLO combined with PS/P-PS in larval zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). Adsorption kinetics and isotherms showed that P-PS exhibited a higher adsorption capacity and faster equilibrium compared to PS, indicating the significant role of photoaging in enhancing CLO adsorption. Exposed to CLO combined with PS/P-PS resulted in reduced locomotor activity, particularly in the P-PS + CLO group, suggesting amplified neurotoxicity due to P-PS. Analysis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis revealed elevated levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, along with downregulated expression of stress-related genes in co-exposed zebrafish, indicating disruption of neuroendocrine function. Neurotransmitter analysis showed significant changes in acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, further confirming the neurotoxic impact of co-exposure. The findings highlight the synergistic neurotoxicity of CLO and photoaged MPs, with potential implications for aquatic ecosystems. This study advances the field of environmental science by addressing critical knowledge gaps in pollutant-microplastic interactions, providing a foundation for developing targeted mitigation strategies and enhancing ecological risk management frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 125797"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aluminum promotes B1 cells to produce IL-10 and impairs adaptive immune system","authors":"Ting Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Du ,&nbsp;Hongyue Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Wu ,&nbsp;Chuanxuan Wang ,&nbsp;MengKe Tang ,&nbsp;Yalin Liu ,&nbsp;Yingzi Ju ,&nbsp;Weidong Qu ,&nbsp;Jianheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Yifan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yubin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum (Al) is a metal existing in the human body, yet the immunotoxicity of Al remains elusive. To investigate the immunotoxicity of Al, C57BL/6 mice were treated with 200 or 800 ppm Al via drinking water for 3 months, and thereafter the adaptive immune system was evaluated. In addition, mouse splenocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were treated with Al in vitro to assess the impact of Al in vitro. Treatment with Al reduced the production of IgM and IgG in the serum, and the activation of B cells, CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells in the spleen of mice; treatment with Al in vitro suppressed the production of IgM and IgG, and the activation of B cells, CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells in mouse splenocytes and human PBMC. In vitro co-culture assays suggested that the suppressed adaptive immunity was due to B cells modified by Al. In terms of mechanism, a direct action of Al on B1 cells induced the B1 cells to be IL-10-producing cells and thereby suppressed the adaptive immune system, which was critically dependent on the Jak1/3-STAT signaling. This study reveals that Al suppresses the adaptive immunity via induction of IL-10-producing B1 cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"368 ","pages":"Article 125791"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure Assessment of Metals in Cave-Dwelling Bats: Worldwide Relevance of Local Knowledge","authors":"Joana Alves, Ana Daniela Pavón, Daniel Ricardo, António Alves da Silva, Tiago Natal-da-Luz, Rúben Mina, Fernanda Garcia, Paulo Barros, João Alexandre Cabral, José Paulo Sousa","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125807","url":null,"abstract":"Bat populations are decreasing worldwide, mainly due to anthropogenic influence, climate changes, urbanisation, agricultural intensification, and industrial exploitation of natural resources. Colonies have been displaced from caves and other natural roosts, leaving mines (including metal extraction mines) as key remaining roosts for cave-dwelling bats in many regions. Consequently, mines have become important for global conservation efforts. The persistence of metals in these environments might affect biota even after exploitation activities have ceased. This study investigates potential metal exposure in cave-dwelling bats roosting in abandoned mines. Non-invasive samples of fur, wing, and faeces from 140 individuals of four insectivorous cave-dwelling bat species (<em>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus euryale, Rhinolophus hipposideros, and Miniopterus schreibersii</em>) were collected in four abandoned mines in northern and central Portugal, frequently used as hibernation roosting sites. Soil, rock, and water samples were also collected in each mine to characterise the exposure source. Concentrations of 13 metals (As, Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, Sn, and W) were measured by ICP-MS spectrophotometer. Metals were detected in the wings and fur of all bat species, confirming metal exposure. The highest concentrations were mainly found in the wing membranes. <em>M. schreibersii</em> presented the highest metal concentrations in fur. Differences in metal concentrations between species might be related to foraging behaviour and habitat use, linked to distinct anthropogenic activities. These results reinforce the importance of monitoring metal exposure in cave-dwelling bats roosting in abandoned mines, as this exposure may help to understand the decreases in bat populations and to support measures to prevent their decline.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimedia Distribution and Exchange Characteristics of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in a Typical Semi-Arid City in China","authors":"Junwen Tang, Yuan Zhao, Li Wang, Zhiyuan Tang, Xiaoxuan Mao, Yuxuan Guo, Baicheng Hu, Guolong Li, Hong Gao, Tao Huang, Jianmin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125809","url":null,"abstract":"After the ban on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the replacement of these compounds with organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) has drawn widespread attention worldwide. In arid/semi-arid regions, characteristics such as low precipitation, frequent strong winds, and low soil organic carbon content potentially influence the environmental fate of OPFRs. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of nine OPFRs in water, sediment, soil, air, and dry deposition in Lanzhou, an arid/semi-arid region in China. The total concentration of OPFRs (Σ₉OPFRs) were 54.8 – 334 ng/L in water, 37.3 – 484 ng/g (dry weight, dw) in sediment, 134 – 510 ng/g (dw) in urban soil, 1.53 – 6.22 ng/m³ in urban air, and measured dry deposition fluxes were 119 – 681 ng/(m²·d). TPrP, TDCPP and TCPP were the primary OPFR individuals in water and sediment, while TPrP, TDCPP and TPPO predominated in urban soil and air. The fugacity approach revealed the environmental fate of OPFRs were mainly: soil-to-air, air-to-water and sediment-to-water. Ulteriorly, intermediate exchange fluxes were calculated. This study reveals that in this climatic region, urban soil acts both as a \"sink\" for emissions and a \"source\" for re-emissions into the atmosphere, further emphasizing the significance of atmospheric transport as a critical pathway in this area.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}