South African Journal of Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"The effectiveness of intratissue percutaneous electrolysis for the treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review.","authors":"D Augustyn,&nbsp;A Paez","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tendinopathy is highly prevalent in the general public and common in athletes. It makes up nearly 50% of all sport injuries. A number of treatment techniques with varying evidence of effectiveness are currently available. Intratissue percutaneous electrolysis (EPI) is one such modality, however little consensus exists for EPI's efficacy or the most effective treatment parameters.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review and appraise available evidence for Intratissue Percutaneous Electrolysis (EPI) in the treatment of tendinopathy, examining the effectiveness of EPI in conjunction with other modalities and identifying the strengths and limitations of the evidence base for EPI in order to make evidence-based recommendation for future studies of EPI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched with keywords related to EPI and tendinopathy. Grey literature searches were conducted with Embase, OpenGrey, and ProQuest. Extensive citation searching was undertaken. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), uncontrolled and observational studies of the application of EPI in patients aged 18-65 years with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or clinical Ultrasonography (US) confirmed diagnosis of tendinopathy were eligible.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven studies met inclusion criteria: six randomised control trials (RCTs) and five uncontrolled studies. Clinical trials of EPI as an adjunct modality with physical therapy reporting greater decreased pain and return to function than treatment with physical therapy alone. The evidence for EPI is limited and influenced by small sample sizes, varying treatment protocols, clinical heterogeneity and high risk of bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is currently not possible to conclude that EPI is an effective modality for the treatment of tendinopathy. RCTs with clearly described EPI treatment protocols, larger sample sizes and intervention reporting sufficient to support reproducibility are needed to determine the effectiveness of EPI for the treatment of tendinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a12754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10761904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does transversus abdominis function correlate with prone plank and bench bridge holding time in club cricket players?","authors":"K D Aginsky,&nbsp;K Keen,&nbsp;N Neophytou","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bridge and plank holding times are used to evaluate core stability. Transversus abdominis (TA) muscle function is assessed using ultrasound and also provides input on an individual's core stability.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>A correlation study comparing TA muscle function with bridge and plank holding time in club cricketers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventeen male, premier league cricketers (age: 22.1 ± 3.3 years) participated in this study. Ultrasound was used to measure bilateral TA, internal oblique (OI) and external oblique (OE) muscle thickness at rest and during abdominal hollowing. Muscle function was measured by means of a Pearson's correlation as the change in muscle thickness from rest to abdominal hollowing and compared to holding time of the bench bridge and prone plank (seconds).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TA muscle thickness was preferentially recruited bilaterally (p=0.00001) during abdominal hollowing. No significant correlations were found between TA muscle function and holding time for the bench bridge (dominant (D): r = 0.03 [95% CI:-0.46-0.50]; non-dominant (ND): r = -0.02 [95% CI:-0.50-0.47]) or prone plank (D: r = -0.16 [95% CI:-0.60-0.34]; ND: r = -0.13 [95% CI:-0.57-0.38]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prone plank and bench bridge holding times are not correlated with TA muscle function during abdominal hollowing. Core stability cannot rely on a single test to evaluate its effectiveness. In particular, the contribution of the local and global muscle system to 'core stability' needs to be evaluated independently. Therefore these tests are not sensitive enough to evaluate the contribution of the local muscle system to the global muscle system in a healthy, pain free, sporting population.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a12984"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10754705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1st Conference of the South African Society of Biomechanics 28–29 October 2021","authors":"H. Bayne, Y. Albertus, J. Cockcroft, Mark Kramer","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a13377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a13377","url":null,"abstract":"Abstracts for the Conference of the South African Society of Biomechanics","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47617151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain and physical activity levels among Rheumatoid Arthritis patients between the ages of 18 to 50 years in South Africa.","authors":"R M Wilkinson,&nbsp;L Smith,&nbsp;S Ferreira","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a11555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a11555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little epidemiological research on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been done in Africa, suggesting that it is an uncommon illness. In rural South Africa, RA has an overall prevalence of 0.07% and a prevalence of 2.5% in urban areas; therefore, it is not as uncommon as perceived by the lack of research. Patient-centred programmes to improve physical function have been lacking and, as a result, the prior assumption was that physical activity should be avoided.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine pain and physical activity levels among RA patients between the ages of 18 to 50 years in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A combination of two questionnaires were used, namely, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (2002) and the Pain Outcomes Questionnaire (2003). The collated questionnaires were distributed by rheumatologists and on social media platforms to RA patients between the ages of 18 to 50 years old living in South Africa. This study had a sample size of 105 participants, with participation occurring through the online Google forms platform.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred and five participants with RA were recruited with an average age of 38±9 years. Most of the participants were females (93.3%). Seventy-two percent of the sample was classified as physically active, where work, leisure and travel activities were considered. No significant correlation between pain and physical activity was evident (r=0.10; p=0.311). Results showed significant correlations between pain and personal grooming (r=0.30; p=0.002), pain and ambulation (r=0.60; p=0.000), and pain and stair climbing (r=0.60; p=0.000).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Physical activity has proven to have multiple benefits for those suffering with RA. In this South African sample of RA patients, the majority were classified as physically active, and pain did not affect the activity levels of the involved participants. This study opens further research questions regarding RA prevalence in South Africa, and the type and intensity of physical activity that would be beneficial for RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a11555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10754706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteoarthritic changes in the knees of recently retired male professional footballers: a pilot study.","authors":"S Carmody, H Aoki, O Kilic, M Maas, A Massey, G M Kerkhoffs, V Gouttebarge","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12816","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is common amongst retired male professional footballers. There is limited understanding with respect to the interplay between imaging findings, clinical presentation and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in retired professional footballers with knee OA.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This pilot study aimed to evaluate the extent of radiological and clinical knee OA in a cohort of retired male professional footballers, and to explore the relationship between these findings and knee-related PROMs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen retired male professional footballers underwent knee radiographs and were surveyed on their history of clinical OA, severe knee injury and previous knee surgery. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical Function Short Form (KOOS-PS) and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Health (PROMIS-GH) were used to assess health outcomes, such as level of function and pain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Radiological knee OA was diagnosed in six out of 15 participants. Seven of the participants had a clinical diagnosis of knee OA. Evidence of clinical and radiological OA was present amongst four participants. Radiological knee OA and clinical OA was significantly associated with a history of severe knee injury and previous knee surgery. Low correlations (ρ<-0.40) were found between knee OA severity and knee-related PROMs. Moderate correlation (ρ=-0.65) was found between clinical knee OA and KOOS-SP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Clinical knee OA correlates with PROMs amongst retired professional footballers but radiological OA does not. Further studies are required to understand the relationship between imaging findings, clinical presentation and PROMs amongst retired professional footballers with knee OA.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a12816"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924553/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10761907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"If money was no object\": A qualitative study of South African university office workers' perceptions of using height-adjustable sit-stand desks.","authors":"P J Gradidge,&nbsp;M Phaswana,&nbsp;J Y Chau","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a13881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a13881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Data from empirical investigations on the feasibility and acceptability of using sit-stand desks in an office-based setting in low- and middle-income settings are limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore the perceptions of South African office workers towards using height-adjustable sit-stand desks to reduce sitting time during vocational hours.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Self-reported sedentary behaviour and in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in December 2020. Thematic content analysis approach was used to develop themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven office workers with a work-time sitting time of 8 (6-8) hours were interviewed (age 40.5 ± 12.6 years), most (91%) were female. The main themes emerged and included: overall impressions of the height-adjustable sit-stand desks; enablers versus barriers to using the desk and readiness to continue using sit-stand desks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this research add to the evidence on environmental workstation modifications for reducing sedentary behaviour. Further investigations on the efficacy of sit-stand desks are recommended in South African university office workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a13881"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10771133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary supplements and beverages: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among semi-professional soccer players in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","authors":"S Nyawose, R Naidoo, N Naumovski, A J McKune","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a14018","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a14018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ingestion of dietary supplements and beverages is prevalent in soccer, at the amateur and professional level. The absence of professional advice at non-professional level makes amateur soccer players susceptible to ingesting unsafe supplements.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of ABC Motsepe League (semi-professional) players in KwaZulu-Natal regarding the use of dietary supplements and beverages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three hundred and forty-three soccer players participated in a cross-sectional study. Knowledge, attitudes and practices were determined using a questionnaire. Researchers visited twelve teams. On the day of the visit to each team, information sheets and questionnaires were given to participants. Questionnaires were collected immediately following completion. Descriptive statistics were used, including means and standard deviations, where applicable. Inferential statistics, Chi-square and binomial tests were used to analyse the results. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sports beverages were the most recommended and commonly used, followed by energy beverages. Dietary supplements were the least-known used. Participants used beverages and dietary supplements to assist in providing more energy (67%), improve health (65%) and improve performance (55%) (p<0.001). Seventy-three percent of participants lacked knowledge about the anti-doping policy (p<0.001), with 87% having never attended a workshop on the safe use of supplements and beverages, or anti-doping awareness campaigns (p<0.001). Thirty-eight percent had not heard of the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport (SAIDS), and 84% were not familiar with the yearly updated World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) prohibited list (p<0.001). Of the 59% who did not take dietary supplements or beverages, 75% had insufficient information regarding them (p<0.001), 66% indicated that dietary supplements and beverages were costly (p=0.001), and 55% indicated they did not need dietary supplements and beverages (p=0.32).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a need for an educational programme on the safe use of dietary supplements, and sports and energy beverages among KwaZulu-Natal semi-professional soccer players.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a14018"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10761909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The core of performance in adolescent cricket pace bowlers: Trunk muscle stability, maybe, but not strength-endurance and thickness.","authors":"F M Olivier,&nbsp;B Olivier,&nbsp;N Mnguni","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The trunk connects the upper and lower limbs and transfers energy during movement. Exploring the role of the trunk muscles in bowling performance affords us the opportunity to uncover potential mechanisms to improve bowling performance.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the association between bowling performance and trunk muscle stability, strength-endurance and thickness in adolescent pace bowlers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adolescent pace bowlers participated in this cross-sectional study. Trunk muscle stability was measured using Sahrmann's Stability Scale, strength-endurance using the Bourbon Trunk Muscle Strength Test and thickness of the abdominal wall and lumbar multifidus muscles using ultrasound imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-six pace bowlers with a mean age of 15.9 ±1.2 years participated. The average ball release speed was 109.2±11.8 km.h^-1. This measurement was higher in level four of stability than in level two (mean difference 22.2 ± SD 6.8 km.h^-1; p= .018). No link between ball release speed and strength-endurance could be found. Multiple correlations of moderate strength (r > 0.4) exist between ball release speed and absolute trunk muscle thickness with height and weight as confounding factors. The relationship between accuracy and the trunk muscle variables investigated in this study is weak.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bowlers with better trunk muscle stability bowled faster than those with a lower level of trunk stability, irrespective of their age, height and weight. Trunk muscle thickness correlated with ball release speed; however, confounding factors such as height and weight play a role and therefore, findings need to be interpreted with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a12521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10771128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sport supplement use among high school rugby players in South Africa: A scoping review.","authors":"B Harmse, H Noorbhai","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a13348","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a13348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of sport supplements has increased for all types and levels of sport, with an estimated increase of 5.8% annually. Sport supplement usage and doping among high school athletes has increased over the years to meet the demands of the sports.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This scoping review identifies the trends and gaps in current literature regarding sport supplement use among high school rugby players in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted using six electronic databases, namely Oxford Academic, Emerald Publishing, ResearchGate, SABINET, PubMed and Google Scholar. The eligibility of the articles was determined by means of a PRISMA flow diagram with the following inclusion criteria: (1) research concerning supplement use among rugby players, (2) research concerning supplement use among high school rugby players. Five articles all comprising of cross-sectional study designs were included in this scoping review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of sport supplement use among adolescent rugby players ranged from 30% to 45%. Protein supplements (31% - 79%) were the most commonly identified supplement used among adolescent rugby players with the aim to improve sport performance as the most common reason for use. The internet (74%) and magazines (72%), followed by coaches comments (28% to 30%), were given as the most common sources of information.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of sport supplements is increasing among high school athletes due to the belief that these substances will provide sporting performance benefits or enhance the competitive 'edge' of these athletes. Additional education regarding the safety of supplements is necessary to lower the incidences of doping among young athletes and avoid the adverse health effects that uncontrolled supplement use can cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a13348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924539/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10270243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the knowledge of South African high school rugby coaches on concussion and the return-to-play protocol.","authors":"N C Abel,&nbsp;C C Grant,&nbsp;D C Janse van Rensburg","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2022/v34i1a12255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coaches are pivotal in the management of concussed players. Assessing the knowledge of high school rugby coaches with regard to concussion management will enable relevant future education on this topic to be covered.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the knowledge of South African high school rugby coaches on concussion symptom recognition, knowledge and stepwise return-to-play (RTP) protocols.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 143 first team, high school rugby coaches was completed via an electronic questionnaire. Independent variables included coach demographics, qualifications, experience, BokSmart accreditation, and school size. Dependent variables included knowledge scores on concussion symptoms, general concussion knowledge, stepwise RTP and Maddocks questions. Relationships between total scores for different demographic groupings were established using non-parametric techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The coaches had high general, symptom and overall concussion knowledge scores (77% - 80%) in contrast with low RTP scores (62%) and very low Maddocks questions knowledge scores (26%). The 35-44-year age group received top scores for symptom recognition (p=0.034) and total concussion knowledge (p=0.041). Larger category school coaches (p=0.008) and BokSmart accredited coaches (p=0.041) outperformed all other coaches in general concussion knowledge and total knowledge, respectively. However, respondents were not familiar with emotional symptoms or the importance of cognitive rest after a concussion. Educational programmes were the most popular knowledge source for coaches.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In general, coaches presented with good general concussion knowledge but lesser expertise on emotional symptoms, cognitive rest and RTP management. Modifiable predictors of knowledge included the expansion of BokSmart accreditation, focussing information sessions on smaller rugby size schools and the education of coaches younger than 35 years or older than 45 years of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"34 1","pages":"v34i1a12255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9924564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10761902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}