South African Journal of Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Relationship between ground reaction force, landing kinematics of the ankle, knee, and hip joints, and lower back strength in university-level female netball players.","authors":"R Janse van Rensburg, H V Hammill, Y Willemse, M Kramer","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a21020","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a21020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Netball is a physical, high-intensity, team sport of high concentration movements such as jumping, landing, passing, and catching. The two most common mechanisms of injury in female netball tend to be from high ground reaction forces (GRF) coupled with an incorrect landing technique. The landing technique employed in netball is furthermore influenced by lower back strength (LBS).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess mean differences in ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics and ranges of motion between dominant and non-dominant limbs across different landing directions, and secondly, to evaluate the relationships between GRF and LBS in different landing directions during one season in university-level female netball players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional, repeated-measures design was employed for this study. University-level female netball players (n=11) were recruited for this study. The back-leg-chest (BLC) dynamometer was used to measure LBS. Different landing kinematics were analysed using a motion capture and force plate system to collect kinematic GRF data, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Negative (r=-0.01 to -0.51) and positive (r=0.02 to 0.43) correlations were found between GRF and joint ROM. Additionally, negative correlations (r=-0.02 to -0.18) and positive correlations (r=0.00 to 0.27) were found between GRF and BLC strength. Furthermore, negative correlations were found between joint ROM and BLC strength (r=-0.11 to -0.70).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The negative correlations found between joint ROM and BLC strength indicate that individuals with greater BLC strength require less joint ROM during multi-directional landing in elite female netball players. Furthermore, the positive and negative correlations found between GRF and BLC strength are only weak due to significant variability between participants. However, this information still highlights the importance of multi-directional landing within elite female netball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a21020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12435282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication use and fall risk among older adults in long-term care facilities: A cross-sectional analysis.","authors":"N Ebrahim, J Ras, R November, L Leach","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20605","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Falls among older adults are a major concern, frequently resulting in injuries and a decreased quality of life. While medication use is known to be a key contributor to fall risk, the specific medications have not been thoroughly investigated. This study is vital to investigate the relationship between specific medications and fall risk, aiming to strengthen safety measures and minimise falls among the elderly in care facilities.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the relationship between medication use and the risk of falling among the elderly living in Long Term Care (LTC) facilities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study used a cross-sectional design to investigate males and females, aged 60 years and older, living in retirement facilities in the City of Cape Town. A convenient sampling method was utilised to recruit a total of 258 participants from multiple long-term care facilities in Cape Town, South Africa. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine associations between falls, fall risk factors, and various medications used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Majority of participants were at low risk (81%; n=211), 15.1% (n=39) at moderate risk and 3.1% (n=8) at high risk for falling. Antidepressant [χ² (1)=4.941; p=0.026; OR=2.083 (95% CI: 1.082, 4.012)] and anti-diabetic [χ² (1)=4.097, p=0.043, OR=2.070 (95% CI: 1.013, 4.228)] medications were the only drugs significantly associated with falling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the significant association between antidepressant and anti-diabetic medications and an increased risk of falls. Effective medication management and fall prevention strategies are essential among this vulnerable population. Clinicians should carefully assess the risks of these medications when prescribing to older adults and consider alternative treatments when necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a20605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12435277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation into the player development pathway among youth soccer players in South Africa.","authors":"W Steenbok, H Morris-Eyton, A Kubayi","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20183","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Scant research has examined soccer player development trajectories in South Africa. Therefore, research on South African talent development may help create environments conducive to players' learning and growth.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The study aimed to investigate the factors affecting player development based on playing level (community team versus school academy) and playing phases (Youth Development Phase [YDP] versus Professional Development Phase [PDP]).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. A total of 112 male soccer players (M_age=16.2±1.2 years; 51 community-based team players and 61 school academy players; 73 YDP players and 39 PDP players) participated in the study. Data were collected using a 30-item Player Development Soccer Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that coaching (4.27±0.75 arbitrary units (AU)), personal mindset (4.24±0.63 AU) and social support network (4.17±0.63 AU) were perceived as the most important factors contributing to player development. The least important factor was sport psychology (3.62±0.83 AU). However, compared to school academy players, community team players recorded significantly (<i>p<</i>0.01) higher scores on all the factors of the player development pathway. None of the player development factors showed a significant (<i>p</i>>0.05) difference between YDP and PDP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current results may help teams support players psychologically so they can advance along their developmental pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a20183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12435278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the relationship between training load and injury in ultramarathon runners: a novel approach using Generalised Additive Models.","authors":"T L Burgess, P Durand, K Buchholtz","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20747","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ultramarathon running presents significant injury risks, and monitoring training loads may identify risk factors for injury. Injury surveillance studies are required to better assess injury prevalence and its relationship to training loads.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the incidence and nature of running-related injuries and associated training loads in runners 12 weeks before and two weeks after the 2018 Comrades ultramarathon.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred and six participants were recruited. Their weekly injury and training load data (distance, duration, frequency and acute-chronic workload ratio) were obtained retrospectively over 14 weeks. The relationship between training load variables and injury risk was modelled using Generalised Additive Models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The running-related injury incidence was 8/1000 hours. The overall injury proportion was 40%. The commonly injured structures were muscles (47%) followed by tendons (24%). Commonly reported anatomical areas of injury were the knee (26%) and hip (19%). Lower training load distance in the 12 weeks leading up to the race was linked to a higher risk of injury (p=0.02), primarily occurring during or after the race. Weekly training frequency and injury risk showed a significant heterogeneous relationship (p=0.02). The effect of the acute to chronic workload ratio on injury risk was minimal (p=0.3).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower training loads were associated with a higher risk for injury, and the frequency of running training per week influenced injury risk. Insufficient training may not prepare the runners for the demands of the ultradistance race. Sudden changes in training load (evident in the acute training load measurements) appeared to have a minimal effect on injury risk. The non-linear relationship between several training load variables and injury risk can successfully be modelled using Generalised Additive Models, which may improve the accuracy of injury prediction modelling in ultramarathon runners.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a20747"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report - midfoot pain in a collegiate athlete with polycystic ovaries: digging deeper into bones and hormones.","authors":"Jer Henderickx, P L Viviers, J H Kirby","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20221","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 22-year-old female ultimate frisbee player, known with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), presented with chronic midfoot pain. Suspecting a bone stress injury, imaging showed bone marrow oedema of the navicular and accessory navicular bones. Conservative management included anti-inflammatories, load reduction, physiotherapy, orthotics and nutritional support. This case discusses the accessory navicular bone and highlights the significance of the interplay between PCOS and bone health in female athletes. Understanding these factors is important for injury prevention and optimal management in female athletes with PCOS.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a20221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical performance in basic functional tests in premenopausal, perimenopausal and post-menopausal women.","authors":"H Hove, A Zulu, N Khoza, L Smith","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a19964","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a19964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the hormonal fluctuations and changes in the musculoskeletal system during menopause is important for health promotion and improving quality of life.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to determine the physical ability of sedentary premenopausal, perimenopausal, and post-menopausal women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female participants between the ages of 37 and 65 years (n=53) were divided into three groups according to menopausal transition guidelines and underwent anthropometric and physical tests. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed, including <i>post-hoc</i> pairwise comparisons and ANOVA for significance between the three groups (p<0.05). The Bonferroni correction for multiple tests was applied. Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant differences were observed in weight (0.010) and waist circumference (0.0001) among the three groups. For the timed up-and-go test, premenopausal women performed significantly better than both perimenopausal (p=0.027) and postmenopausal women (p=0.0001). The one-minute push-up test showed a significant reduction in upper body strength from premenopause to postmenopause (p=0.002). The one-minute sit-up test showed significant declines between premenopause and postmenopause (p=0.001) and between perimenopause and postmenopause (p=0.030). The single-leg balance showed significant impairments in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women (p≤0.008 for both legs), and the sit-to-stand test revealed significant differences between premenopause and postmenopause (p=0.0001) and perimenopause and postmenopause (p=0.025).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Premenopausal women exhibited the highest <i>p</i>-value significance and mean scores in various parameters, followed by the perimenopausal and post-menopausal groups. Physical performance in basic muscle function tests suggests a decline in muscle strength and endurance during the menopausal transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a19964"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing normative flexibility values for the thoracic spine of competitive male South African golfers.","authors":"B E Bloemhof, C A Volkwyn, S Ferreira","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a21108","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a21108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The golf swing involves complex, multi-joint movements that require flexibility, strength, and power. However, there is limited research on thoracic spine flexibility norms among competitive male golfers in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to establish thoracic spine flexibility values and compare the movements on the left and right sides.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-eight male golfers aged 18 and older with no spine or hip injuries participated in this descriptive, comparative, and quantitative study. Thoracic spine movements, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, and kyphosis, were measured using the EasyAngle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average values for thoracic kyphosis were 33.6°±9.7°, flexion 32.5°±11.7°, and extension 50.2°±16.4°. Left rotation averaged 36.6°±9.8° and right rotation 38.8°±10.5°, with a significant difference between the two sides (-2.2°±9.5°; p=0.024). No significant difference was found for lateral flexion. Thoracic flexion showed a weak positive correlation with left rotation and right lateral flexion, while thoracic extension had a strong correlation with thoracic flexion ROM. Excessive thoracic flexion predicted limited extension.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These normative values enhance understanding of thoracic spine flexibility among South African golfers and provide a reference for biokineticists to tailor training programs to improve flexibility, reduce injury risk, and optimise performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a21108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12327880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An injury profile of musculoskeletal injuries in CrossFit athletes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","authors":"N A Simmons, J D Pillay","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a18993","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a18993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>CrossFit is a strength and conditioning program identified as a relatively new sport. It has gained widespread popularity since its inception in South Africa in 2007. Consequently, there is growing interest in the types of injuries and injury profiles associated with the sport.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to determine the prevalence and injury profile of musculoskeletal injuries among CrossFit athletes in KwaZulu-Natal, and to identify associations between the injury profile and selected risk factors, as well as the type of professional care sought following an injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A questionnaire-based study involving 181 CrossFit athletes in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, was conducted and included sections on demographics, injury characteristics, and professional care sought. The data were analysed using SPSS Software version 28. Categorical variables and frequency tables summarised the prevalence, selected risk factors, site of injuries and management of musculoskeletal injuries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 181 participants, 29% (n=53) reported musculoskeletal injuries. The most frequently reported type of injury was a strain/tear (64%, n=34), with the shoulder being the most injured site (38%, n=20). Participants reported moderate pain levels in 49% (n=26) of cases; most injuries (73%, n=39) were caused by weightlifting.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Injuries are relatively common in CrossFit. This study highlights the prevalence, causes, and management of musculoskeletal injuries in a fairly new yet increasingly popular fitness programme. It highlights the need for injury prevention strategies and proper training techniques to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals participating in this sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a18993"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12200341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between attention control, emotion regulation and mental toughness among competitive female cricketers.","authors":"S P Walker, S D Galhenage","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20270","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a20270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mental toughness is widely accepted as integral to consistent sporting performance. It has been proposed that attention control and emotion regulation contribute to mental toughness in several sporting populations, including elite cricketers. To date, there has not been any empirical attempt to test this proposed link among cricketers. Furthermore, no mental toughness research appears to have been conducted among female cricketers.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine whether attention control and emotion regulation predict mental toughness among high-level female cricketers in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>High-level female cricketers (n=76) completed measures of attention control, emotion regulation and mental toughness. Descriptive statistics, reliability indexes and intercorrelations were calculated. A simple regression analysis was used to determine the contributions of attention control and emotion regulation in explaining the variance in the mental toughness of the participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only the emotion regulation strategy of cognitive reappraisal demonstrated a positive correlation with mental toughness. In the regression model, attention control and emotion regulation accounted for 25% of the variance in the participants' mental toughness scores (<i>R</i> ²=0.250, <i>p</i><0.001). However, cognitive reappraisal was the only psychological process to individually account for a statistically significant proportion of the variance in the female cricketers' mental toughness scores (<i>β</i>=0.463, <i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While a combination of attention control and emotion regulation appears to positively impact mental toughness among high-level female cricketers in South Africa, cognitive reappraisal seems to exert the strongest influence. Consequently, cognitive behavioural interventions aimed at fostering cognitive reappraisal skills could be beneficial for improving mental toughness in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a20270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12200345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The perceptions of players and their parents/guardians regarding the effectiveness of Cricket South Africa's Hub programme in the Western Province region of South Africa.","authors":"L Sibeko, J Gray, M S Taliep","doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a18562","DOIUrl":"10.17159/2078-516X/2025/v37i1a18562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In South Africa, the Cricket Hub development programme seeks to address the lack of access to cricketing excellence in disadvantaged communities by offering coaching, facilities, and support to the players.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the effectiveness of the Hub programme through evaluating the perceptions of the players and their parents/guardians.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used Likert-scale questionnaires to systematically capture the perspectives of the players and their parents/guardians. A total of 230 questionnaires were issued to players and their parents/guardians. There was a 46% response rate for the players and a 44% response rate for the parents/guardians.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The perception of the players and their parents/guardians was overwhelmingly positive across all key themes. These themes included player development, training environment and resources, match exposure, holistic impact, safety, and communication.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Hub programme advances the agenda of Cricket South Africa by fostering cricketing excellence in disadvantaged communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":31065,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":"v37i1a18562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12200342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144508716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}