Annals of Tropical Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Indications and patterns of blood transfusion in neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in North West Nigeria","authors":"I. Kusfa, A. Mamman, I. Ibrahim, A. Benjamin, G. Yahaya, S. Musa, A. Abubakar, S. Aminu, A. Hassan, Muhammad Shakir Balogun","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_69_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_69_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Neonates requiring intensive care are among the most frequently transfused group of patients. Indications for blood transfusion in neonates could be physiological or pathological. However, despite frequent blood transfusions in neonates in Zaria, there is a paucity of studies on its indications and patterns among neonates in our setting. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the indications and patterns of blood transfusions among neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on neonates in the NICU of ABUTH, Zaria. A pro forma was used to collect information from the mothers and neonates' case notes. Charts and table were used to show frequencies and proportions on the indications and types of blood transfusion given. Results: A total number of 172 neonates were admitted during the study period among whom 60 had blood transfusion. The median age (interquartile range) of the neonates was 2.5 (27) days, and the mean (± standard deviation) birth weight and hematocrit of the neonates were 2432.5 ± 722.9 g and 37.19 ± 8.76%, respectively, with 32 (53.3%) being males. Neonatal anemia (30, 50%), neonatal jaundice (25, 41.7%), neonatal sepsis (3, 5%), and preparation for surgery (2, 3.3%) were the indications for blood transfusion. Thirty-nine (65.0%) and 21 (35.0%) of the neonates had top-up and exchange blood transfusion, respectively. Conclusions: Neonatal anemia and jaundice were the major indications for blood transfusion while simple top-up was the main type of blood transfusions among the neonates in this study.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128406670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological pattern of prostatic lesions in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria: A 14-year review","authors":"A. Abubakar, S. Alhaji, H. Sanusi, S. Aliyu, M. Musa, A. Abdullahi","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_24_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_24_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prostatic lesions are major afflictions of the aging men worldwide. High prevalence of prostatic neoplasm among the aged, their high incidence in the instances of obstructive uropathy, and many other complications with ensuing morbidity and mortality earn them a unique urologic placement. The epidemiological appraisals on the histology of prostatic lesions among men in Kano are not conclusive. The aim of this study was to review the spectrum of prostate lesions diagnosed with histopathology in Kano. Methodology: This was a retrospective review of histologically diagnosed prostatic lesions at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Northwestern Nigeria, from 2005 to 2018. The data collated and analyzed were the age of patients and histological diagnoses. Summaries of these results were shown as mean of patients' age, patients' age range, frequency distribution tables, and some photomicrographs of the lesions. Results: A total of 4292 prostatic specimens were histologically diagnosed in the study. Nodular hyperplasia was the most common histological conclusion (75.9%), followed by invasive prostate cancer (23.5%). Many prostate cancer specimens have Gleason's scores of the poorly differentiated tumor (48.0%). The patient's age in both peaked at the age group of 60–69 years. Few specimens had prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and inflammatory process. Conclusion: Nodular hyperplasia specimens had the highest of histological conclusions. The age profiles of prostate cancer patients were lower than those of the Western world. High-grade tumors weigh heavy among malignancies and hence the need for better biomarkers which may enhance early diagnosis and better treatment outcome.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"334 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123519671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of Chlamydia trachomatis among gynecology clinic attendees in a tertiary institution in Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"T. Ajani, C. Elikwu, C. Anaedobe, Timothy Olusesan Oluwasola, M. Ajani","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_17_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_17_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most prevalent bacterial-causing urogenital infections in men and women worldwide. There have been increasing reports of the prevalence of C. trachomatis in Nigeria. Aims: This study aimed to detect the prevalence of C. trachomatis seromarkers immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and also to determine their associated risk factors among gynecology clinic attendees in the Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 145 consenting attendees of gynecology clinic of the hospital. Blood samples were collected and tested for C. trachomatis IgG and IgA using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Sociodemographic and sex behavioral factors were obtained by the interviewer-based questionnaires, whereas statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Results: Overall prevalence of combined IgG and IgA was 46 (31.7%). Among the infected, 30 (65.2%) were young women aged 15–25 years and majority, 109 (75%), had never used condom while 83 (57.2%) had only one sex partner in the preceding 3 months. Twenty-three (15.9%) had a positive history of sexually transmitted infection (STIs), whereas 75 (51.7%) had ≥2 lifetime sex partners. Factors associated with the occurrence of both seromarkers on bivariate analysis included the previous history of STI and number of lifetime sex partners (P < 0.05), but with further analysis, only lifetime sex partners remained statistically significant (odds ratio = 5.63, confidence interval = 1.09–29.05, P = 0.007). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of active, chronic, and persistent C. trachomatis infection with number of lifetime sex partner being a significant risk factor among our clinic attendees in Ogun State. Appropriate sex education should be encouraged among young people to reduce the burden of the infection and its attendant sequelae in our community.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132447938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-related complications among individuals with sickle cell anemia attending a tertiary health facility in Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"H. Bello-Manga, S. Awwalu, I. Ijei, Livingstone Gayus Dogara","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_9_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_9_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common monogenetic disorder worldwide. With an annual birthrate of approximately 150,000 in Nigeria, the burden is expected to increase by 75% in 2050. With improved care, patients live longer but may have more complications. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of some complications of sickle cell anemia (SCA) and how age relates to these complications. Methods: This was a 2-year retrospective review of clinic records of patients with SCA attending the hematology clinic of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Data on sex, age at last birthday, age at diagnosis of SCA, number of crises in past 6 months, proteinuria, steady-state hemoglobin concentration, chest infections, stroke, and oxygen saturation (SPO2) were collated. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., 2012, Armonk NY, USA). Continuous and categorical variables were assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test and percentages. Differences in presenting ages between variables were determined using Mann–Whitney U-tests. Level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 109 patients were retrieved, 68.8% (75/109) were females with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 22(18, 29) years. The median (IQR) number of crises in the preceding 6 months was 0 (0, 3). The prevalence of proteinuria, chest infections in the preceding 6 months, severe anemia, low oxygenation, and stroke were 9.5% (4/42), 6.5% (5/77), 7.0% (5/71), 58.9% (33/56), and 1.3% (1/77), respectively. A positive correlation existed between number of crises and presenting age (r = 0.317; P = 0.005). Patients with proteinuria, severe anemia, chest infections, and low SPO2had higher mean rank presenting age while patients with stroke had lower mean rank presenting age. Conclusion: Older age is significantly associated with severity of SCD. Age-targeted interventions guided by evidence-based practices are important in slowing down disease progression and severity.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127801635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The total antioxidant status and antioxidant vitamins in Gombe, Nigeria","authors":"S. Adamu, O. Akinosun, F. Abbiyesuku, J. El-Bashir, J. Abubakar","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_13_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_13_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Measuring individual oxidants and antioxidants as markers of oxidative stress may be expensive, time-consuming, and open to a great deal of errors. In addition to freedom from the above, total antioxidant status (TAS) combines the synergistic effects of all the antioxidants in the system including those yet to be discovered. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins (Vitamins A, C, and E) and TAS in Gombe, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Pearson's correlation was used to correlate between plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins (Vitamins A, C, and E) and TAS among 180 people. Antioxidant vitamins (Vitamins A, C, and E) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and TAS was analyzed using standard colorimetric methods. Results: The mean age of the participants is 29.14 ± 3.6 years, and the mean body mass index is 23.26 ± 3.1. There was a significant strong (P < 0.001) positive correlation between TAS and Vitamin A (r = 0.59), Vitamin E (r = 0.52), and Vitamin C (r = 0.62). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a high level of correlation between plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins (Vitamins A, C, and E) and TAS. This is an indication that TAS may assume a clinical status as a marker of oxidative stress. It may reduce the number of analytes, cost, time, and errors involved in assessing individual oxidants and antioxidants as markers of oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127111079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epstein–Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: A diagnostic challenge","authors":"P. Sinha, Sarika Singh, L. Dhar, Kirti Balhara","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_31_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_31_19","url":null,"abstract":"Epstein–Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (EBV + DLBCL) is a new separate entity included in 2016 WHO classification with dismal prognosis. Hence, awareness is needed for prompt diagnosis and swift treatment. Here, we present a case of a 48-year-old male with multiple cervical lymphadenopathy for 5 months. On examination, the patient had severe pallor and multiple firm to hard nontender cervical lymph nodes. Bone marrow aspiration was a dry tap. Bone marrow biopsy revealed nodular collection of atypical monomorphic lymphoid cells admixed with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells in the background. Lymph node biopsy demonstrated total effacement of normal lymph node architecture with atypical lymphoid cells. These cells were positive for CD20, CD30, and CD38, LMP1, myc, IRF4/MUM1, and FOXP1 and were negative for anaplastic lymphoma kinase, CD3, CD10, bcl2, bcl6, and CD15. Diagnosis of EBV-positive DLBCL was rendered.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130214004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of sunflower agar for laboratory detection of Cryptococcus neoformans","authors":"S. Zainu, M. Grace, Y. Mohammed, BA Sani, Aliyu Kangiwa","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_29_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_29_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Early diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis is associated with good prognosis and long-term survival. Culture methods have been found to be promising and definitive in the diagnosis of many infectious diseases. We look at the sunflower agar (SFA) cultural method for detection Cryptococcus neoformans, the causative agent of cryptococcal meningitis. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Nigeria, to find out the performance of SFA for the detection of C. neoformans. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) of the study subjects were collected, subjected to Indian ink microscopy, inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and SFA for identification of C. neoformans. Results: A total of 90 CSF samples were analyzed for the identification of C. neoformans. SFA and SDA were able to confirm 8 (50%) and 7 (43%) of the 16 capsulated yeast cells detected by Indian ink microscopy as C. neoformans. Both media were found to have similar sensitivity (100%), specificity (91.3%), positive predictive value (80%), and negative predictive value (100%) in comparison with Indian ink microscopy. In terms of turnaround time, 6 isolates were identified within an average of 48 h (P = 0.017) by SFA, while SDA detects 2 isolates (P = 0.111) at the stipulated period. Conclusion: SFA can be a good routine conventional culture media for laboratory detection of C. neoformans.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132002908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance pattern of enterococci isolated from stool samples in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria","authors":"S. Shettima, K. Iregbu","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Enterococci cause infections both in and out of the hospital setting and have demonstrated resistance to almost all classes of drugs. A combination of cell wall acting agents and high-level aminoglycosides is a commonly used regimen for serious infections, but resistance to either renders the synergism ineffective. Vancomycin is the drug of choice for life-threatening infections, but there have been increasing reports of resistance to the drug. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) infection is usually preceded by gastrointestinal colonization. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus species isolated from stool and the prevalence of VRE. Materials and Methods: Enterococci were identified from stool samples based on characteristic growth patterns on Bile Esculin Agar and MacConkey agar and growth in 6.5% sodium chloride broth. Speciation was by conventional biochemical identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and screening for high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) were done by modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. Susceptibility of isolates to linezolid, penicillin, nitrofurantoin, high-level gentamicin and streptomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin was tested. VRE screening was done using a chromogenic agar. The polymerase chain reaction was used for confirmation. Results: Nine species of Enterococcus were identified from 561 isolates. The most common species were Enterococcus faecium (46.0%), Enterococcus faecalis (21.6%), Enterococcus gallinarum (18.5%), and Enterococcus casseliflavus (5.2%). Resistance was highest to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin. Lowest resistance was to vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin, and linezolid. VRE prevalence rate was 1.1% and that of HLAR was 20.7%. All VRE had vanA gene. Conclusion: Overall, E. faecium was the predominant species. Highest resistance was to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123614391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraoperative surgical pathology consultation (frozen section) in resource-limited setting","authors":"S. Sahabi, U. Mohammed, K. Abdullahi, Abdulkadir Aminu, K. Ekochin, A. Kofi, L. Olayinka, Ajayi Samuel","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_70_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_70_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intraoperative consultation aims at guiding decision during surgeries. Frozen section (FS) technique is a valuable tool used to rapidly prepare slides from tissues for microscopic interpretation. Over the past 100 years, FS diagnosis of surgically resected tumors and tissue has become a well-established practice in developed countries. On the other hand, developing countries only relatively recently got introduced to this technique. However, it remains unpopular due to a number of factors. This study strives to show that an alternative means in terms of reagents can easily be sought when the challenge of resource limitation is encountered. To the best of our knowledge, such a study has not been conducted in Nigeria. Methods: This was a prospective study over 12 weeks in which a comparison was made from surgical biopsy specimens received for intraoperative consultation. Using commercially available cryocompound, optimal cutting temperature (OCT) and readily available, less expensive, easy to handle alternative to embedding media: water and office glue. Staining was by conventional hematoxylin and eosin. Both groups were then viewed with the light microscope and findings were reported and compared. Results: Fifty-seven cases were studied, of which 24 were positive for tumor. Thirty cases were negative for tumor, and three cases had features consistent with metastatic tumor. Freezing time was 1–2 min for OCT and the glue alternative, while a third group was in frozen water for 2–3 min. The slides' quality was satisfactory for tissues processed in the OCT and glue; however, those processed in water had the worst outcome in terms of artifacts. Freeze and staining artifact were minimal in tissues processed using OCT and glue, whereas tissues processed using water was worst. Conclusion: Office glue is a readily obtainable alternative medium for FS and can provide satisfactorily comparable results to the conventional OCT in a resource-limited setting and is in the opinion of the authors, a good alternative.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121819023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of gonococcal urethritis coexisting with genital warts in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative man","authors":"O. Jimoh, J. Ejembi, S. Aliyu, Ibrahim Abdulrasul, T. Mba, A. Olayinka","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_25_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_25_18","url":null,"abstract":"Gonorrhoea is an important sexually transmitted infection in both males and females which could consequently lead to different complications affecting both sexes. Despite availability of antimicrobials to treat the disease, transmission of the agent Neisseria gonorrheae (NG) is still prevalent. The ability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to rapidly develop resistance to routinely used antimicrobials has made it a global public health challenge. We present a 26 year old single, male, professional who presented to our facility with a five weeks history of urethral discharge and painful micturition. He was initially managed at a private hospital with ciprofloxacin for 20 days with no improvement in symptoms. The patient then presented at our facility where he was diagnosed and managed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae urethritis after laboratory investigations. Susceptibility tests revealed penicillin and ciprofloxacin resistant NG. However, molecular characterization was not done as the stored isolate could not be reactivated for further analysis. We advocate for a review of the syndromic management of STIs in the country and a national surveillance on NG susceptibility profile. There is an urgent need to upgrade laboratory facilities to perform both cultural and molecular identification for sexually transmitted infections.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115377607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}