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The Crisis of Governance in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of Benazir Bhutto Government (1988-1990). 巴基斯坦的治理危机:贝娜齐尔·布托政府的批判性分析(1988-1990)。
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).02
Bakhtiar Khan, A. Khan, I. Khan
{"title":"The Crisis of Governance in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of Benazir Bhutto Government (1988-1990).","authors":"Bakhtiar Khan, A. Khan, I. Khan","doi":"10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).02","url":null,"abstract":"Democratic governance empowers and provides citizens the opportunity to live a life of their free will. Unfortunately, Pakistans democracy is confronted with numerous challenges. Among these challenges, governance issues are worthy of attention. The paper especially focuses on PPPs first tenure under Benazir Bhutto in terms of its commitment to democratic governance. It was expected that the norms of democracy would be strengthened, and the country would never see dictatorial rule again in any manifestation. This paper examines PPPs style of governance keeping in view its fragile position in the parliament and the all-over hostile working environment in the country in 1988-90. Centreprovincial relationship; especially Punjab, has also been taken into account. The study explores Benazirs claims and struggles for strengthening democracy. Furthermore, the paper highlights those factors that made the party to fulfil its commitments and to bring the systm of good governance in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86953779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Determining Achievements Motivation, Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture for Employee Performance with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening in the Education Depa 成就动机、变革型领导和组织文化对员工绩效的影响:组织公民行为的干预作用
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).02
Desi Indriati, Chablullah Wibisono, Indrayani
{"title":"Determining Achievements Motivation, Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture for Employee Performance with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening in the Education Depa","authors":"Desi Indriati, Chablullah Wibisono, Indrayani","doi":"10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).02","url":null,"abstract":"There are problems with the performance of the Riau Islands Province Education Agency Employees. This study uses the judgmental technique (purposive) to get a sample of 122 employees. The results of calculations assisted SPSS version 22 and AMOS (Analysis Moment of Structural) version 24. Square Multiple Correlation whose value is respectively for Performance = 0.828, for Organizational Citizenship Behavior = 0.826. Square Multiple Correlation value for the Performance variable 82.8%. Thus it can be stated that the change in performance is determined by Achievement Motivation, Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior by 82.8%. For Organizational Citizenship Behavior R2 = 82.6%. Thus it can be stated that the change in Organizational Citizenship Behavior is determined by Achievement Motivation, Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture by 82.6%. With this research, the problem of the performance of the Riau Islands Province Education Agency Employees performance has been answered.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84250699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Determinants of Industrial Sector Growth in Pakistan 巴基斯坦工业部门增长的决定因素
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).06
Mujib-ur Rahman, A. Hafeez, Wisal Ahmad
{"title":"Determinants of Industrial Sector Growth in Pakistan","authors":"Mujib-ur Rahman, A. Hafeez, Wisal Ahmad","doi":"10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).06","url":null,"abstract":"A strong industrial sector shows greater economic growth. To find industrial growth, this study hereby made an attempt. Time series data is used. Data is obtained from the years 1984 to 2018. The stationarity of the series is checked through Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF). Moreover, the ARDL approach is used to check short and long-run estimation of the model, estimating the determinants of the industrial sector growth in Pakistan. A long-run positive and significant associations between External debt (% of GDP), GDP (Annual Growth), FDI, Remittances (% of GDP) is identified, while trade has a negative effect on industrial growth. The factor remittances have an insignificant but positive influence on the industrial sector growth.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82635283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CASA-1000: ITS POTENTIAL FOR REGIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Casa-1000:区域贸易和发展潜力
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).05
Zaheer Abbas, Inayat Kalim, M. Shoaib Malik
{"title":"CASA-1000: ITS POTENTIAL FOR REGIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT","authors":"Zaheer Abbas, Inayat Kalim, M. Shoaib Malik","doi":"10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).05","url":null,"abstract":"The Central Asia South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (CASA-1000) is a trans-regional project aiming transition of 1300 megawatts hydroelectric power from Central Asian states; Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic, to South Asian countries; Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is not merely an energy project transiting electricity but having potential to enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation among participating states beyond the regional level. After its successful completion, the project will help increasing regionalism to connectivity, surge development to mutual trade and serve energy complementary situation to new openings in multidimensional fields. The paper aims to highlight the likely opportunities and benefits of realization of the project.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90057491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Risk Mitigation in an Interest Free and Non- Speculative Financial System: A Critical Review and Regulatory Framework for Shari'ah Compliant Risk Management 风险缓解在无息和非投机的金融体系:一个关键的审查和监管框架，符合伊斯兰教的风险管理
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).08
Qazi Sikandar Hayat, Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan, Brekhna Gul
{"title":"Risk Mitigation in an Interest Free and Non- Speculative Financial System: A Critical Review and Regulatory Framework for Shari'ah Compliant Risk Management","authors":"Qazi Sikandar Hayat, Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan, Brekhna Gul","doi":"10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).08","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically and systematically reviews previous literature on Risk Mitigation in an interest free banking system. The paper, through a study of literature,identifies different forms of risks that are general to all financial institutions and are largely systematic. The review highlights unique risks and unique risk management practices which are specific to Islamic Banking and Financial system. The review enables us by highlighting the importance of the Islamic financial system in the form of real economic activity it performs, unlike the conventional financial system. The Islamic banking system does not permit the use of conventional risk management practices and therefore require risk mitigation practices that are distinctive and particular to Islamic Financial Institutions. A conceptual framework is proposed based on the review of literature proposing three main regulatory variables comprising of Shari'ah Compliant Prudent investing, financing and transactions, Separate Advisory of Scholars and, Integrated Accounting, Auditing and Financial Systems. All these three variables,when implemented, results inadequate capital for absorbing risks,Shari'ah Compliant business practices and monitoring and,identification and controlling of risk factors. This leads to managing unique risks particular to Islamic Financial System through policies and regulations, resulting in sustained profits of the business by avoiding adverse effects on institutions, thus ensuring long term stability and growth. Furthermore, methodology and directions for future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81265988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Administration of the Indigenous Entrepreneurship Model on a Sample of Young Entrepreneurs 以青年企业家为样本的本土创业模式管理
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).04
Shahid Qureshi, A. Mustafa, Misbah Amin
{"title":"Administration of the Indigenous Entrepreneurship Model on a Sample of Young Entrepreneurs","authors":"Shahid Qureshi, A. Mustafa, Misbah Amin","doi":"10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).04","url":null,"abstract":"This research applies the indigenous entrepreneurship model developed at the center for entrepreneurial development at IBA Karachi. This model is based on the pre-effectuation principles and effectuation theory of entrepreneurship. The model is different from the existing utilitarian models. The model signifies the importance of nation-building and family orientation to pursue an entrepreneurial journey. The efficacy of the model has been tested on a sample of 500 young participants (men and women) during the Entrepreneurship Programs. Effectuation and Pre-effectuation have been tested on a sample of 500 participants (including both men and women), and Nation-building and Family orientation is tested amongst the sample of women only. The paper reveals the impact of entrepreneurial mindset training and coaching in Karachi and Faisalabad. For the efficacy of the indigenous entrepreneurship model, the research paper presents the sample case studies.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73440108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Advancing the Field of Social Marketing Through the Lens of Group Dynamics: An Overview and Research Agenda 通过群体动力学的镜头推进社会营销领域:概述和研究议程
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).01
Farooq Ahmad, Syed Ali Raza Hamid, M. Qaisar
{"title":"Advancing the Field of Social Marketing Through the Lens of Group Dynamics: An Overview and Research Agenda","authors":"Farooq Ahmad, Syed Ali Raza Hamid, M. Qaisar","doi":"10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(iv-iii).01","url":null,"abstract":"Social marketing is an emerging sub-discipline of marketing. Social marketing deals with attitudinal reconstruction and helps to augment behavioral changes to address various social issues. Social marketing also uses conventional elements of 4Ps to influence behavior change. In this study, a systematic literature review was examined from peer-reviewed journals on social marketing. The focus of this literature review was on important theoretical contributions and theories used in the social marketing domain. Social marketing employed the theories initially developed in psychology and social psychology to study the phenomenon of behavior change as a function of intra-individual processing, persuasive techniques, and one-way communication. Individual centered approaches have been used in this context. The role of group dynamics a strategic tool has not been explored in the domain of social marketing. The research paper has identified possible future research areas in the domain of social marketing in the context of group dynamics.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88104321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analysis of Pakistan's Policy Towards Afghan Refugees: A Legal Perspective 巴基斯坦对阿富汗难民政策分析:法律视角
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).04
M. Zubair, Muhammad Aqeel Khan, M. Shah
{"title":"Analysis of Pakistan's Policy Towards Afghan Refugees: A Legal Perspective","authors":"M. Zubair, Muhammad Aqeel Khan, M. Shah","doi":"10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).04","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores Pakistan’s policy towards Afghan refugees since their arrival into Pakistan in 1979. As Pakistan has no refugee related law at national level nor is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its Protocol of 1967; but despite of all these obstacles it has welcomed the refugees from Afghanistan after the Russian aggression. During their stay here in Pakistan, these refugees have faced various problems due to the non-existence of the relevant laws and have been treated under the Foreigner’s Act of 1946, which did not apply to them. What impact this absence of law has made on the lives of these Afghan refugees? Here various phases of their arrival into Pakistan as well as the shift in policies of the government of Pakistan have been also discussed in brief. This article explores all these obstacles along with possible legal remedies.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77013653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Post Transition Challenges to Emergent Democracy: A Study of 2008 Transition in Pakistan 转型后对新兴民主的挑战:2008年巴基斯坦转型研究
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).08
A. Khan, Muhammad Imran, Nazakat
{"title":"Post Transition Challenges to Emergent Democracy: A Study of 2008 Transition in Pakistan","authors":"A. Khan, Muhammad Imran, Nazakat","doi":"10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).08","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan's history is witness to the fact that in all cases of the military takeover, though Military Regimes initially were able to consolidate, yet with the passage of time, growing discontent, desire for change, and the gradual erosion of legitimacy pose a serious threat to not only the regime but also the institutional interests of the military. International allies of the regime also feel it difficult to support an unpopular regime at home. Thus the combination of internal and external pressures compels the regime to transfer power to civilian leadership. Emerging democracy, in the post-transition period, faces a multitude of challenges. This paper investigates various challenges posed to the newly installed government of the PPPP led alliance after the transition of 2008. The paper is based upon the juxtaposition of primary and secondary sources to enrich and substantiate the arguments.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85681030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Complex Knot between Sovereignty of States and Secession in International Law: Evidence from Around the World 国际法上国家主权与分离的复杂结:来自世界各国的证据
Palestrica mileniului III Pub Date : 2019-09-30 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).07
A. Shah, Nilofar Ihsan, Hina Malik
{"title":"The Complex Knot between Sovereignty of States and Secession in International Law: Evidence from Around the World","authors":"A. Shah, Nilofar Ihsan, Hina Malik","doi":"10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).07","url":null,"abstract":"It is interesting to note that international law doesn't talk about the secession of any group from the parent state in express words. However, at the same time, it doesn't deny people's right to self-determination too. Despite all this ambiguity about secession in international law, state dissolution hasn't stopped. This secession is justified on two strands of theoretical arguments. The first one suggests that it is everyone's fundamental right to live or not to live in a particular state by forming a state of their own. The second one suggests that if a state commits atrocities on a particular community, and the victims exhaust all legal and democratic means to emancipate themselves and their community, they can resort to secession and separation from the parent state in the last resort. However, secession on such grounds is covered by norms and provisions of international law in the post-colonial world.","PeriodicalId":30483,"journal":{"name":"Palestrica mileniului III","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88332012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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