Desalination最新文献

{"title":"Application of multi-criteria decision-making for seawater desalination: A review","authors":"Hiba Chebli ,&nbsp;Nicola Bellantuono ,&nbsp;Philip A. Davies ,&nbsp;Francesco Fornarelli","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seawater desalination is one of the most important alternatives for freshwater supply. Several technologies have been proposed to produce freshwater. Ranking, identifying, and selecting the most appropriate system and location for the desalination process among multiple options is challenging due to the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Mult-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods address this challenge by integrating economic, technical, environmental, and social criteria. This paper aims to review the scientific literature that has applied MCDM as a key tool to evaluate the alternatives. The results of the conducted research are categorized according to their primary objectives, and the criteria on which the evaluation was based are discussed. The paper also aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the MCDM methods used and to distinguish the main limitations of these methods in evaluating technologies and selecting desalination plant locations. The findings of this review indicate that the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is the most commonly employed method for assigning weights to the criteria, while the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is then used to rank the alternatives. Finally, this review highlights that identifying the best alternative is challenging due to the subjective nature of decision-making processes, which can result in varying rankings based on specific goals, available data, and expert judgments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119443"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface functional groups related organic fouling on polyamide membranes: A molecular dynamics study","authors":"Na Li ,&nbsp;Bingyan Wu ,&nbsp;Jiulong Yin ,&nbsp;Meng Li ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many applications, organic fouling poses a significant limitation to polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Extensive efforts in the past have mostly provided macroscopic-scale experimental validations; however, a deep understanding of the existing co-ion fouling mechanism is still in its infancy. Herein, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we report how specific surface functional groups (–COOH, –NH₂, and –CONH–) on the RO membrane surface work and contribute to organic fouling. Our results indicate that functional group-initiated organic fouling is mainly ascribed to electrostatic interactions, supplemented by ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the RO system containing carboxylic acid groups was subject to a “bridge-effect” to typical foulants (e.g., alginate) on the membrane surface, whereas the amino groups had an even increased probability of bonding to alginate in solution, both of which were markedly influenced by the electrostatic interaction, exacerbating the organic fouling. In contrast, a hypothetical RO system with neat amide linkages was proven to have the least number of interactions between the membrane surface and contaminants, resulting in notably enhanced fouling resistance. Overall, our simulations offer a dynamic framework for elucidating molecular-level fouling mechanisms, which may navigate the future development of antifouling reverse osmosis membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119446"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic removal of textile dyes: Analytical strategies for post-degradation evaluation","authors":"Md. Khalid Hossain Shishir ,&nbsp;Md. Shoyeb Akand ,&nbsp;Mohshin Maola ,&nbsp;Maria Ferdusi Monira ,&nbsp;Md. Rifat ,&nbsp;Nafis Rahman Sayeem ,&nbsp;Al Masud ,&nbsp;Sukanta Mondal ,&nbsp;Gazi Md. Arifuzzaman Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile dye pollution poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems due to the complex, stable and often toxic nature of synthetic dyes. Photocatalytic degradation, a green and efficient advanced oxidation process, has emerged as a promising solution for removing persistent dye pollutants. This systematic review critically explores the advancements in photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes, highlighting various catalysts, including semiconductors, doped semiconductors and composite nanomaterials. Key operational parameters, such as pH, light intensity, catalyst dosage and dye concentration, are examined for their influence on degradation efficiency. Additionally, this review focuses on post-degradation analytical strategies to evaluate the extent of mineralization and toxicity reduction. Identifying and analyzing degradation products is crucial to ensure complete mineralization and detect any harmful intermediates. However, limited knowledge of suitable analytical techniques often leads to challenges in accurate identification, which can risk misinterpretation or overlook key byproducts. Techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, TOC analysis, HPLC, FTIR, ICP-MS and GC–MS are discussed in detail for their roles in monitoring dye breakdown, identifying intermediate products and assessing complete mineralization. The interplay between photocatalyst properties, operational parameters and analytical methodologies is highlighted, providing insights into optimizing degradation processes and ensuring reliable assessment of dye removal. By integrating photocatalytic performance with robust post-degradation evaluation, this review aims to guide future research toward more efficient, sustainable and analytically sound strategies for wastewater treatment in the textile industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119437"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of phosphoric acid fuel cells and humidification-dehumidification units for simultaneously electricity and freshwater production","authors":"Houcheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zepei Lang ,&nbsp;Huizhen Liu ,&nbsp;Changgan Lai ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Xinyan Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite extensive studies on phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) and humidification-dehumidification (HDH) units individually, their integrated operation remains unexplored. This study proposes and evaluates a novel hybrid system integrating a PAFC with a HDH desalination unit to simultaneously generate electricity and produce freshwater. A steady-state model, incorporating electrochemical, thermodynamic, and mass-transfer principles, is established and validated against independent experimental data for each subsystem. At the optimal operating temperature of 457 K, the hybrid system achieves a peak power density of 5532.35 W·m⁻², energy efficiency of 48.20 %, and exergy efficiency of 51.21 %, representing respective gains of 9.81 %, 9.89 %, and 14.08 % over a standalone PAFC. The HDH unit attains a maximum gain output ratio of 11.13 at 446 K, demonstrating substantial freshwater production capability from PAFC waste heat. Parametric and local sensitivity analyses reveal that electrolyte membrane thickness and operating current density are the most influential variables, followed by humidifier area and exchange current density. These findings underscore the potential of PAFC/HDH integration as a sustainable solution for decentralized power and water supply, particularly in energy- and water-scarce regions, and provide guidance for performance-oriented design and operational optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119442"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A flexible photothermal device based on silver nanoparticle-integrated cellulose matrix for interfacial solar steam generation: Rethink waste and reinvigorate water","authors":"Mina Shawky Adly ,&nbsp;Salma M. Abo Kamar ,&nbsp;Mohamed Noufal ,&nbsp;Soheir A. EL-Hakam ,&nbsp;Awad I. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Amr Awad Ibrahim","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most promising strategies for addressing the recent challenges in freshwater resources and energy consumption is interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG). An innovative photoreceiver constructed from a biochar (BC) matrix with Ag NPs for effective steam generation was studied to assess desalination efficiency under irradiation of one sun (1 kW m). The synthesized nanocomposites were embedded in rayon fibers, which were prepared using a simple and inexpensive cuprammonium process. The plasmonic effect of Ag NPs allows the Ag@BC-Rayon system to exhibit strong light absorption across a wide wavelength range of 280 to 2500 nm. The nanocomposite demonstrated exceptional efficiency, reaching 85.1 %, and an outstanding vaporization flux of 1.39 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ throughout one sun irradiation. Additionally, the fabricated photothermal device achieved a higher surface temperature of 44.0 °C after only 5 min of irradiation. The constructed ISSG device displayed good stability and durability after 10 cycles using saline water. The photothermal components require few and inexpensive materials, which will also bring significant economic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119441"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From chain length to ion diffusion: Molecular insights into phosphonium-based polymerized ionic liquid membranes for energy applications","authors":"Jun Ho Park ,&nbsp;Enrica Fontananova ,&nbsp;Francesco Galiano ,&nbsp;Alberto Figoli ,&nbsp;Raffaella Mancuso ,&nbsp;Bartolo Gabriele ,&nbsp;Tae Kyung Lee ,&nbsp;Chi Hoon Park ,&nbsp;Elena Tocci ,&nbsp;Sang Yong Nam","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of high-performance anion exchange membranes (AEMs) is essential for advanced electrochemical technologies such as alkaline fuel cells and water electrolysis. Here, we investigate the influence of phosphonium side chain length on structural hydration and chloride ion transport in polymerized ionic liquid (MPIL) membranes. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are conducted on hydrated MPIL systems with ethyl, butyl, and octyl n-alkyl substituents, and simulation results are validated against experimental data for water uptake and ionic conductivity.</div><div>Shorter side chains (ethyl) significantly enhance water uptake (≈81 wt%) and promote the formation of interconnected hydrophilic channels, resulting in markedly higher Cl⁻ ionic conductivity. In contrast, longer chains (octyl) restrict water accessibility and confine ion diffusion within localized hydrophilic domains, favoring ion retention tendency at the expense of transport efficiency. Intermediate chain length (butyl) yields a balanced morphology, combining moderate hydration with controllable ion mobility.</div><div>Quantitative analyses, including pore connectivity descriptors, ion–ion association free energies from RDF integration, and backbone–water interaction profiles, consistently confirm that steric hindrance modulates hydration shell formation, ion pairing, and channel percolation. This molecular-level insight suggests that alkyl chain engineering provides a tunable parameter for optimizing trade-offs between ion conductivity and relative mobility control in MPIL-based AEMs. The combined computational and experimental results provide practical guidelines for designing next-generation membranes for desalination, electrochemical conversion, and energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119434"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial photothermal solar desalination: A call to repentance","authors":"Christopher M. Fellows ,&nbsp;Mustakeem Mustakeem ,&nbsp;Ahmed S. Al-Ghamdi ,&nbsp;Trevor C. Brown ,&nbsp;Seungwon Ihm","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interfacial photothermal solar evaporation (IPSE) is a process that uses direct solar heating to generate water vapour. Research in this process has grown explosively in the past decade and claims about its relevance to commercial application as a desalination method appear with extreme frequency. However, published systems using 2D materials are approximately two orders of magnitude less efficient than current best practice solar energy utilization using photovoltaic technology coupled with reverse osmosis (PV-RO) and there is no realistic prospect of this gap being closed. Large scale pilot trials of IPSE systems have obtained approximately 0.7 kg.m⁻².h⁻¹ of purified water at 1 kW.m⁻² solar illumination, while a commercial PV-RO seawater desalination plant running with commercially available photovoltaic panels would achieve approximately 65 kg.m⁻².h⁻¹ of water at 1 kW.m⁻² solar illumination. The IPSE literature rarely considers the additional energetic and capital requirements for condensation that must accompany any evaporation process, which are substantial. The IPSE literature is also unaware of the state of the art and challenges in thermal desalination, where the issue is not reducing the enthalpy of vaporization, but efficiently capturing and re-using the enthalpy of condensation. While inefficient compared to PV-RO, direct use of concentrated solar power to drive existing thermal desalination processes is also significantly more efficient than IPSE processes. Most IPSE literature also relies on methods for the calculation of ‘effective enthalpy of vaporization’ which have serious conceptual and methodological errors. This review quantitatively addresses these issues and suggests alternative directions for IPSE researchers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119433"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary steam flow characteristics and heat transfer effects in a horizontal tube falling film evaporator based on CFD-distributed parameter model","authors":"Chao Li,&nbsp;Luyuan Gong,&nbsp;Xingsen Mu,&nbsp;Yali Guo,&nbsp;Shengqiang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study establishes a three-dimensional Distributed Parameter(DP) model for a horizontal tube falling film evaporator(HTFFE) in a Low-Temperature Multi-effect Desalination (LT-MED) system. An innovative computational method integrating the DP model and Computational Fluid Dynamics methods is proposed, which fully couples the flow and heat transfer processes inside, outside, and between the tubes. This method effectively resolves the simulation problems in previous studies where secondary steam flow process were either uncalculable or oversimplified. Using an actual two-pass HTFFE as a case study, the model reveals distributions of inter-tube pressure, secondary steam velocity, and other thermal parameters. The concept of a “flow center” for secondary steam was defined, and it was found that over 70 % of the secondary steam exits through the side boundary of the tube bundle. The study clarifies the mechanism by which secondary steam influences evaporator performance: an increase in inter-tube pressure elevates the seawater temperature, which thereby reduces the effective heat transfer temperature difference(Δ<em>T</em>_eff), leading to thermal parameter inhomogeneity along the tube bundle. The impact of secondary steam flow on Δ<em>T</em>_eff was quantified under varying apparent heat transfer temperature differences(Δ<em>T</em>_ap) and total tube column numbers. It demonstrates a reduction in Δ<em>T</em>_eff of up to 17.32 %, with a local loss reaching 56.04 % when combined with seawater boiling point elevation under certain conditions. Furthermore, local and overall relative change rate indicators of thermal parameters were defined. These indicators reflect that the location of the local Δ<em>T</em>_eff loss occurs in the region near the heating steam outlet for each pass, while the secondary steam flow enhances the overall heat transfer coefficient but reduces both the average Δ<em>T</em>_eff and the total water production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119422"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping inland global solar desalination demand using an updated global salinity dataset and geospatial multicriteria analysis","authors":"O. Sanan,&nbsp;G. Pertuz,&nbsp;A. Winter,&nbsp;J. Bessette","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global demand for inland, solar-powered water desalination technology is rapidly evolving, driven by increasing water scarcity, climate change, and population growth. However, this demand, especially in Low- and middle-income countries, remains poorly quantified due to the lack of comprehensive global data and analysis of these regions. This study aggregates and interprets data using diverse computational methods to create a high-resolution global map identifying locations of high potential for inland, solar-powered water desalination. To the authors’ knowledge, we compiled one of the most extensive inland water salinity datasets to date – exceeding 1.1 million georeferenced points – and analyzed it alongside several key localized metrics including water stress, population density, solar irradiance, water cost, and electricity prices. By benchmarking five different statistical and machine learning approaches side-by-side, we developed a holistic feasibility score for solar desalination, identifying high-potential areas in regions including Africa, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, Central America, Mexico, and southern Europe at 1-degree spatial resolution. Our binning methodology revealed that approximately 22% of global land area shows high feasibility scores, with peak values concentrated in the Middle East, Western Africa and Northern Africa regions. The Top 6 regions displayed a mean desalination feasibility score (using binning method) of 77.7%, which was approximately 50% higher than the feasibility score of 51.8% for the Rest of the World. This research provides an updated pointwise global groundwater salinity dataset, novel geospatial multicriteria computational methods, and new insights into global solar desalination potential via a high-fidelity map.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119355"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the desalination performance through conical nanochannels of multilayer oxidized graphene membranes by making a trade-off between the water permeability and salt rejection","authors":"Changzheng Li ,&nbsp;Tao Rui ,&nbsp;Fuyuan He ,&nbsp;Mengzhen Liao ,&nbsp;Jingying Dai ,&nbsp;Tangming Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination, renowned for its exceptional energy efficiency and superior purification efficacy, has emerged as a pivotal technology for mitigating freshwater deficits. Graphene-based membranes are recognized as prime candidates for RO desalination implementation due to its remarkable water permeability characteristics. Herein, we propose a conical nanochannel of multilayer oxidized graphene membranes to improve desalination performance by balancing water permeability and salt rejection. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of nanochannel geometry and oxidation positions on water flux and water molecular transport. The results demonstrate that conical nanochannels exhibit lower energy barriers of approximately 3.2 kJ/mol for water molecule permeation compared to cylindrical nanochannels, with a maximum increase in water flux of approximately 80 %. Oxidized graphene not only attracts water molecules but also reduces the energy barriers for water entry/exit from the channels, while simultaneously exerting ion rejection effects. Specifically, the conical nanochannel with the last-layer oxidized graphene (CyC-LGO) maintains high water flux while improving ion rejection rates. These findings provide critical insights into regulating ion and water molecular transport, offering significant implications for improving the water permeability and salt rejection of reverse osmosis membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"617 ","pages":"Article 119432"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}