François Frassati;Mélanie Descharles;Martin Gauroy;Agathe Yvinou;Eric Stindel;Guillaume Dardenne;Guillaume Nonglaton;Pierre Gasnier
{"title":"Powering Smart Orthopedic Implants Through Near-Field Resonant Inductive Coupling","authors":"François Frassati;Mélanie Descharles;Martin Gauroy;Agathe Yvinou;Eric Stindel;Guillaume Dardenne;Guillaume Nonglaton;Pierre Gasnier","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3406331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3406331","url":null,"abstract":"Our research aims to enhance smart orthopedic knee implants used in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). With the projected quadrupling of TKA demand by 2030 due to factors like aging populations, rising obesity rates, and broader indications for younger patients, our focus is on instrumented medical implants to measure knee parameters. In this paper, we report the optimization of a wireless power transmission system for powering smart knee implants, employing an established HF Near-field Resonant Inductive Coupling (NRIC) technique at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 inside the stem of a tibial knee implant. We propose a pragmatic optimization approach in this study, guided by the integration constraints of a knee implant and validated by orthopedic surgeons through cadaveric specimen testing. Finite Element simulations guided the selection of a frontal 3-turn solenoid (called “paperclip” coil) at the Rx side, located at the tip of the stem, which demonstrated balanced performance metrics and reasonable volume occupancy (1.6 cm\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000). Power transfer measurements were conducted through conductive solutions mimicking skin, muscle, and bones. At \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, a power transfer efficiency \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$eta$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of 30% and 7.5% (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$300 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$75 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 input power) was achieved at Tx-Rx distances of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$25 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$40 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 respectively. The proposed solution was implanted in a cadaveric specimen : \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$250 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 was obtained at an estimated \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$30 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 distance for an input power of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at the Tx side. For the same distance, we also performed a successful DC power provision up to \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$64 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$3 ,mathrm{V}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 DC and data transfer functions at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$26, mathrm{kbit,s}^{-1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in the cadaver. The proposed system, with its integration strategy, holds promise in powering advanced sensor functions, contributing to the identification and monitoring of postoperative complications and potentially reducing the need for long-term revisions.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"372-383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomas Pokorny;David Vrba;Ondrej Fiser;Marco Salucci;Jan Vrba
{"title":"Systematic Optimization of Training and Setting of SVM-Based Microwave Stroke Classification: Numerical Simulations for 10 Port System","authors":"Tomas Pokorny;David Vrba;Ondrej Fiser;Marco Salucci;Jan Vrba","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3404119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3404119","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this study is to systematically evaluate the performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, identifying optimal configurations and appropriate parameters for training and testing data, for microwave brain stroke classification. Using experimentally verified 3D numerical models, a large database of synthetic training and test data has been created with different levels of data variability. These models consist of an antenna array surrounding reconfigurable geometrically and dielectrically realistic human head models Within these models, strokes of varying sizes, types, and dielectric parameters are virtually inserted at different positions in brain within the plane of the antennas. Synthetic data sets have been generated to study the impact of reducing training data, data dimensionality, data format, and algorithm settings. The results of this study confirm that Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction significantly improved the classification accuracy of the SVM algorithm, and datasets of subjects with smaller strokes appeared to be the most suitable for training. Furthermore, datasets that contain the real and imaginary parts of transmission and reflection coefficients result in the highest classification accuracy. For the current antenna array, the best observed setting and scenarios with high variability in training and test data, close to real clinical scenarios, the ability to accurately classify ischemic strokes and suggest safe initiation of thrombotic therapy is approximately 70%.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10546281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Ma;Quan Shi;Bing Hua;Yongwei Zhang;Zhihuo Xu;Liu Chu;Robin Braun;Jiajia Shi
{"title":"Noncontact Heartbeat and Respiratory Signal Separation Using a Sub 6 GHz SDR Micro-Doppler Radar","authors":"Chao Ma;Quan Shi;Bing Hua;Yongwei Zhang;Zhihuo Xu;Liu Chu;Robin Braun;Jiajia Shi","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3378977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3378977","url":null,"abstract":"Software-defined radio (SDR) can be used to detect human respiratory and heartbeat signals with the merits of low costs, high flexibility, and fast implementation. This paper proposes a human respiratory heartbeat detection system based on SDR micro-Doppler radar. The system can adjust radar parameters in real-time according to the detection environment, breaking the hardware limitations of traditional radar. Data pre-processing is performed on the transmit and receive baseband signals to obtain a composite signal containing human respiratory and heartbeat signals. In addressing the difficulty of detecting heartbeat signals compared to respiratory signals, an adaptive heartbeat signal enhancement detection algorithm named the one-time differential weighted step-size normalized least mean square (ODWS-NLMS) is proposed. This algorithm enhances the step size through weighted improvements utilizing the first-order differential characteristics of composite signals. Experiments were conducted in three distinct real-world environments, and the results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) in terms of average accuracy, root mean square error (RMSE), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"122-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface Wave and Back Radiation Suppression in Microwave Breast Screening","authors":"Milad Mokhtari;Milica Popović","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3385335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3385335","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges in antenna design for microwave-based breast screening systems identify two distinct needs: 1) to minimize the surface-wave propagation at the interface between the substrate and the tissue, and 2) to address the back-radiation. These surface waves become more noticeable within the substrate, particularly when a confining ground plane is present, and yet the ground plane is pivotal for achieving unidirectionality and shielding against environmental radiation. This paper introduces a simplified human breast model and offers a quantitative analysis of existing surface waves. We then propose a 16-antenna array of cavity-backed patch antennas with parasitic elements, designed for operation in the 3.1–5.1 GHz range. Each antenna element is optimized to function seamlessly alongside the breast tissue. Full-wave simulations illustrate that the proposed antenna array achieves superior unidirectionality and diminished mutual coupling levels when compared to its predecessor. We further outline the cost-effective fabrication method that employs the SYLGARD(TM) 184 silicone elastomer PDMS kit. The measurements from the fabricated antenna elements are consistent with the results of the full-wave simulations.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"245-250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Model-Based Frequency Adaptive Microwave Heating for PCR Applications","authors":"Matko Martinic;Dominique Schreurs;Tomislav Markovic;Bart Nauwelaers","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","url":null,"abstract":"With widespread applications in a variety of disciplines, mainly biology and medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology has established itself as one of the most significant discoveries of the last 100 years. However, the primary drawback of commercially available PCR instruments is their slow thermal cycling. On the other hand, rapid and efficient microwave (MW) heating offers a viable solution to drastically decrease the time needed for PCR experiments. In this study, we utilize a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), operating as a microwave heater at around 3.75 GHz when combined with a microfluidic structure with a 5.4 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000l volume. The resulting device exhibits excellent temperature uniformity with high heating and cooling rates of 19 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s and 18.6 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s, respectively. Furthermore, model-based frequency-adaptive MW heating was investigated based on optimal heating frequency shift due to the temperature increase of the sample during MW heating, yielding 1.2 W lower applied power and an 8% higher heating efficiency when compared to fixed-frequency heating.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"238-244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Planar-Array Based Ultra Wideband Microwave Imaging Approach for Musculoskeletal Visualization","authors":"Hui Zhang;Tony Bauer;Christoph Statz;Jens Goronzy;Kendra Henning;Dirk Plettemeier","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","url":null,"abstract":"Current diagnostic techniques for visualizing bones rely on X-rays, which pose potential harm to both patients and surgical staff. Consequently, the demand for a portable imaging system offering high-resolution, radiation-free, and three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities has emerged. This paper introduces a 3D quantitative microwave imaging technique for visualizing musculoskeletal tissue, commonly employed in diagnostic medical imaging. The proposed imaging method is grounded in a set of contrast source (CS) electromagnetic (EM) modeling equations. Through Landweber inverse processing, the solution for the unknown object's electric susceptibility distribution in the modeling equations is derived. The reconstruction process efficiently and effectively generates a 3D image, composed of the object's electric susceptibility distribution. The efficacy of the proposed imaging technique and microwave imaging system is validated through numerical models with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, practical validation is performed using a complex multi-layer inhomogeneous phantom within an anechoic chamber. Finally, considering the medical significance of imaging the spine, particularly in cases of car accidents, the proposed Landweber inverse source imaging method and microwave imaging system are practically tested on the human back area, effectively demonstrating their capabilities in imaging musculoskeletal tissue.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"163-169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols
{"title":"Analysis of In Vitro Cell Viability Approaches to Provide Early Efficacy Prediction of Electrochemotherapy Treatments","authors":"Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","url":null,"abstract":"Among all the cancer treatments developed, electrochemotherapy has shown great promise in recent decades. This approach combines the local delivery of electric pulses with the administration of poorly-permeant cytotoxic agents. We aim to investigate the effects of electrochemotherapy treatments and predict their impacts on cell viability, especially at the earliest stage. We explore different approaches to evaluate cell viability, involving time periods from several days to few hours post treatment. Besides commonly-used approaches such as clonogenic and colorimetric assays, we investigate an innovative viability assay, the Light Up Cell System assay, and compare these methods. Even if the conducted viability assays demonstrate the interest of using electric fields to enhance the cytotoxic agent penetration into cells and potentiate their effects, our study demonstrates that the colorimetric and Light Up Cell System assays can predict the cell response to electrochemotherapy treatment as early as 2 hours post-treatment, whereas the gold standard for assessing cell viability, the clonogenic assay, necessitates 10 days of experimentation. Moreover, the Light Up Cell System assay seems particularly interesting, as it provides similar results to the well-established colorimetric technique while offering the advantages of maintaining cells alive and being suitable for the study of non-adherent cell lines.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. De Cillis;C. Merla;G. Monti;L. Tarricone;M. Zappatore
{"title":"High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation: Optimum Parameter Prediction via Machine-Learning","authors":"A. De Cillis;C. Merla;G. Monti;L. Tarricone;M. Zappatore","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3378573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3378573","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption of high-frequency irreversible electroporation in various medical treatments is becoming increasingly prevalent. There is currently a special focus on its applications in oncology, offering new perspectives in terms of treatable tumor types and treatment effectiveness. A multitude of parameters can influence the efficiency and effectiveness of high-frequency irreversible electroporation procedures, with the selection of suitable electrodes and possible prediction of ablated area as interesting examples. In this paper, we demonstrate that machine-learning strategies, specifically neural networks, provide an appropriate approach for optimizing the choice of some electrode characteristics, and predicting the ablation area, this being quite useful in high-frequency electroporation applications in oncology. This possibility, in turn, may lead to superior results in high-frequency irreversible electroporation, and to a significant reduction of the time required for achieving them.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"220-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simona Di Meo;Alessia Cannatà;Carolina Blanco-Angulo;Giulia Matrone;Andrea Martínez-Lozano;Julia Arias-Rodríguez;José M. Sabater-Navarro;Roberto Gutiérrez-Mazón;Héctor García-Martínez;Ernesto Ávila-Navarro;Marco Pasian
{"title":"Multi-Layer Tissue-Mimicking Breast Phantoms for Microwave-Based Imaging Systems","authors":"Simona Di Meo;Alessia Cannatà;Carolina Blanco-Angulo;Giulia Matrone;Andrea Martínez-Lozano;Julia Arias-Rodríguez;José M. Sabater-Navarro;Roberto Gutiérrez-Mazón;Héctor García-Martínez;Ernesto Ávila-Navarro;Marco Pasian","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3379750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3379750","url":null,"abstract":"This study contributesto the ongoing progress in microwave-based breast tumor detection systems, recognizing their potential advantages over traditional detection techniques. This research centers on the development of more realistic breast phantoms with precise dielectric properties, which are essential for evaluating these innovative systems. A key highlight is the implementation of a thorough two-step procedure for crafting multi-layer breast phantoms that faithfully replicate actual breast tissues. To validate the accuracy of these phantoms, dielectric measurements were conducted, spanning frequencies up to 40 GHz. This procedure extends to the development of complex two and three-layer breast phantoms. Importantly, our research shows that the multi-step procedure for preparing heterogeneous phantoms maintains the dielectric properties of the mixtures, ensuring their reliability. A microwave-based tumor detection system, equipped with 16 broadband antennas and advanced algorithms, underwent rigorous testing using these phantoms. The results are highly promising, showcasing the system's remarkable ability to detect tumors while also successfully identifying and addressing artifacts in the generated images. This underscores the significance of this research as a substantial advancement in microwave-based breast tumor detection systems, mainly credited to the development of more realistic two and three-layer breast phantoms. The clinical implications are substantial, particularly for cases involving dense breast tissue, a common characteristic among younger patients. These innovations have the potential to transform breast cancer screening by providing enhanced accuracy and early detection capabilities.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"157-165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metasurface Approach to Generate Homogeneous B1+ Field for High-Field and Ultra-High-Field MRI","authors":"Chen Xue;Guanglei Zhou;Alex M. H. Wong","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3381333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3381333","url":null,"abstract":"A novel electromagnetic excitation method – the Huygens’ cylinder – is proposed to improve the B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000 field homogeneity of the high-field (HF) and ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on the concept of the Huygens’ box, we calculate the currents on a cylindrical boundary that can synthesize an arbitrary electromagnetic wave inside the enclosed region. Specifically, we excite a right-handed circularly polarized (B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000) travelling wave with high mode purity inside the Huygens’ cylinder coil. The simulated B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000 field obtained from several 3T and 7T MR scenarios are reported and compared with birdcage coils. In the unloaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000-field homogeneity over both the sagittal and axial plane compared to the birdcage coil for both 3T and 7T MRI. In the loaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000-field homogeneity over the sagittal plane and comparable B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000-field homogeneity over the axial plane for both 3T and 7T MRI compared to the birdcage coil. Moreover, the 7T Huygens’ cylinder can generate a uniform field over a much larger region, enabling the imaging of a large part of the human body. The Huygens’ cylinder greatly improves the homogeneity of B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000 field and is free from the dielectric resonance limitation suffered by conventional RF coils. It has strong potential as future RF coils in HF and UHF MR systems.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}