IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Microwave Antenna Design for Cardiovascular Applications: A Comparison Between a Balanced and Unbalanced Microwave Ablation Antenna","authors":"Edward Yang;Urja Patel;Michael Anthony Barry;Alistair McEwan;Pierre C Qian","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3322565","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3322565","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Objective:</i>\u0000 To determine whether an irrigatedunbalanced antenna can create larger ablations than a conventional microwave antenna without overheating. \u0000<italic>Method:</i>\u0000 The microwave and ablation characteristics of a previously published multi-ring slot array (MRSA) ablation antenna, optimized for intravascular environments, were compared with a dielectric-insulated monopole antenna with no matching or balancing elements, creating the unbalanced monopole antenna. The two antennae were numerically simulated in an intravascular environment and tested inside a gel phantom for five repetitions for comparison. Each antenna assembly was \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{900 mm}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 long, with a \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{2.45 GHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 ablatingfrequency, with a microwave input power of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{60 W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{120 s}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 via a patient cable. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 Gel experiments were consistent with numerical simulations, with the unbalanced monopole antenna possessing better microwave and ablative characteristics than the MRSA in a biological environment. Microwave input power to the device connector was attenuated from \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{60 W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 to \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{40 W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 due to patient cable losses. Removing matching elements improved input impedance at the test plane (Real, 52.20 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$5.90 ;Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 vs. 74.22 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$43.25 ;Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, p = 0.05648; Imaginary, −23.50 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$2.63 ;Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 vs. 14.92 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$51.10 ;Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, p = 0.1333) and the return loss (−12.79 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{0.45 dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 vs. 6.51 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{0.25 dB}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, p = \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$2.521 times 10^{-7}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). The unbalanced monopole antenna created wide (18.28 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{0.57 mm}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 vs. 13.38 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{0.60 mm}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, p = \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$2.482 times 10^{-5}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) and deeper (11.87 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-mat","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"450-456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135212683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Wearable Electromagnetic Knee Imaging: A Comprehensive Review of Systems, Frameworks, Key Challenges, and Future Directions","authors":"Kamel Sultan;Amin Abbosh","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3324478","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3324478","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing necessity for early detection of knee injuries to prevent extensive ligament damage and costly treatments has prompted the exploration of wearable and portable electromagnetic (EM) imaging systems. These systems offer the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and monitoring of knee injuries and related conditions. However, the successful integration of EM knee imaging technology into clinical practice necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its specific application, the requisite system components, and the existing challenges. This article thoroughly reviews the current state of EM knee imaging technology, with a specific focus on the systems, frameworks, and challenges involved in its translation to practical clinical usage. The review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers engaged in knee imaging research. Furthermore, the review explores potential solutions and ongoing research endeavours to address the outstanding challenges and facilitate the clinical implementation of EM knee imaging.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"468-490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135157478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible, Stretchable, and MR-Invisible Dielectric Material for Magnetic Resonance Imaging","authors":"Seyedamin Hashemi;Sri Kirthi Kandala;Benjamin Agbo;Zachary A. Colwell;Kwanjoon Song;Renxuan Xie;Sung-Min Sohn","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3321873","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3321873","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible, stretchable, and MR-invisible dielectric materials were studied to increase the local magnetic field (B\u0000₁\u0000) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in magnetic resonance imaging. An electromagnetic simulation was performed with different dielectric constants and physical structures to measure the effects on the magnetic field (H) distribution and the specific absorption rate (SAR). After flexible and stretchable dielectric pads composed of silicon carbide (SiC)- and barium titanate (BaTiO\u0000₃\u0000)-based polymer mixtures were fabricated, MR imaging tests with two isotropic phantoms and an oxtail sample were performed in a preclinical 7 T scanner (BioSpec scanner, Bruker). The B\u0000₁\u0000 field intensities and SNR were compared with a reference image. Also, additional noise and image artifacts were evaluated. Simulation results show that wrapping an object with a dielectric material is the most effective method to increase the intensity and uniformity of the H field. The results of MR imaging consistently show a higher B\u0000₁\u0000 field intensity and SNR when utilizing dielectric materials. An improvement of 25.78% and 18.27% in SNR was observed when SiC- and BaTiO\u0000₃\u0000-based dielectric pads were wrapped around an oxtail, respectively. In this work, the first stretchable dielectric materials with MR-invisibility were developed, and their performance was demonstrated with 7 T MR imaging.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"432-439"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136374014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Permittivity Reconstruction Using Skin Surface Reflection and Neural Network for Microwave Breast Imaging","authors":"Peixian Zhu;Shouhei Kidera","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3321423","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3321423","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces an experimental validation for the complex permittivity profile reconstruction using the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network (NN) approach for quantitative microwave recognition of breast cancer. A direct conversion from the four-dimensional scattered data to the complex permittivity three-dimensional profile can be achieved by combining the MLP-NN and the skin surface rejection preprocessing. The experimental data, measured by ultra-wideband radar equipment using a simplified breast phantom, validates that our approach provides both the real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity profiles, even when using limited numbers of training datasets.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"425-431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136374271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wireless Joint Communication and Localization EMG-Sensing Concept for Movement Disorder Assessment","authors":"Stefan Brückner;Jasmin Kolpak;Fabian Michler;Nikita Shanin;Robert Schober;Amelie Hagelauer;Robert Weigel;Heiko Gaßner;Jürgen Winkler;Björn M. Eskofier;Martin Vossiek","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3321974","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3321974","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time sensory recording of the musculoskeletal system function is an important tool for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and optimal treatment execution of diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and osteoarthritis. This article presents a new wireless joint communication and localization electromyography (EMG)-sensing concept. An on-body sensor beacon measures EMG signals and wirelessly transmits them. At the same time, the spatial position and movement of the beacon is determined with high precision in real time using these transmitted radio signals. The seamless integration of multiple sensors avoids the need to synchronize and individually set up multiple independently operating sensors. An outstanding feature of the radio localization approach is that it does not require proprietary ultra-wideband signals or complicated time synchronization protocols, allowing for small and energy-efficient implementation. To demonstrate this novel concept, a wireless 3D-localizable EMG sensor was developed and experimentally evaluated. This new type of sensing concept allows, for the first time, the time-synchronous measurement of muscle activity and the underlying movement of the associated body part.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"440-449"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10286030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136373276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart Rate Variability-Based Obstructive Sleep Apnea Events Classification Using Microwave Doppler Radar","authors":"Syed Doha Uddin;Md. Shafkat Hossain;Shekh M. M. Islam;Victor Lubecke","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3317304","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3317304","url":null,"abstract":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep disorder that consists of multiple episodes of partial or complete closure (apnea, hypopnea) of the upper airway during sleep and underdiagnosed problems as there is no reliable portable in-home sleep monitoring system. Doppler radar system is gaining attention as an in-home sleep monitoring system due to its non-contact and unobtrusive form of measurement. Prior research on Radar-based sleep monitoring systems mostly focused on distinguishing apnea and normal breathing patterns using radar-reflected signal amplitude that can't distinguish accurately apnea and hypopnea events. Apnea and hypopnea events were distinguished using effective radar cross-section (ERCS) for short-scale study and ERCS changes with sleeping postures and so on. In this work, we proposed a heart rate variability-based robust feature extraction technique to distinguish different sleep disorder events such as apnea, hypopnea, and normal breathing. HRV-based feature extraction technique was employed on ten consented OSA participants' clinical studies to find a distinguishable feature known as the power of the low-frequency band (0.04-0.15 Hz) and high-frequency band (HF) (0.15-0.4 Hz). The extracted hyper-feature (HF and LF) was then integrated with the traditional Machine learning classifiers (ML) including k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest. SVM outperformed other classifiers with an accuracy of 97% for distinguishing different OSA events that also supersedes other reported results (ERCS). The proposed method has several potential applications including in-home sleep monitoring, OSA severity detection, respiratory disorder detection, and so on.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"416-424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135794999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clothing Effect on Multilayered Skin Model Exposure From 20 GHz to 100 GHz","authors":"Kun Li;Kensuke Sasaki;Giulia Sacco;Maxim Zhadobov","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3309935","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3309935","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a statistical assessment of clothed human skin model exposure from 20 to 100 GHz. Dielectric property data for two typical textile materials, i.e., cotton and wool, were provided for the first time over the entire frequency range. A statistical analysis of the ratio of absorbed power density (APD) to skin temperature elevation was performed by Monte Carlo simulations using a multi-layer skin model with a textile layer. Three key parameters, namely the angle of incidence, cross-polarization power ratio (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$bm {XPR}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), and air gap spacing between cloth and skin surface, were considered in the dosimetry analysis. The results show that at an incidence angle up to 60\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, fluctuations of the ratio are observed by varying \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$bm {XPR}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 from \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u000050 to 50 dB. In the 20–100 GHz range, when the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$bm {XPR}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is less than 0 dB, i.e., horizontally polarized wave is dominant, the impact on the ratio caused by either the incident angle or the air gap spacing is marginal. The deviation is increased when \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$bm {XPR}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 exceeds 0 dB, i.e., vertically polarized wave is dominant, especially above 60 GHz at the incidence angles above 60\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"408-415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90563003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Feasibility of a High-Sensitivity Imaging System for Biomedical Applications Based on Low-Frequency Magnetic Field","authors":"Sabrina Rotundo;Danilo Brizi;Agostino Monorchio","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3308377","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3308377","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the theoretical and experimental feasibility analyses of a high-sensitivity imaging system for non-invasive detection of pathological inclusions within biological tissues are presented. The radiating system, exploiting a low frequency magnetic field operating at 3 MHz, consists of an inner resonant spiral sensor, inductively coupled to an unloaded external planar probe loop. The proposed configuration produces a focused magnetic field distribution, therefore a high-sensitivity imaging with respect to the wavelength can be accomplished (detecting inclusions with size in the order of λ/10000, i.e., 1 cm). In particular, the inclusion detection is carried out by observing the amplitude shift of the external probe loop input impedance while scanning the region of interest, leading to a non-invasive and contactless imaging procedure. In addition, we demonstrate the possibility to detect an inclusion, placed within the investigated tissue, either with or without the use of a ferromagnetic contrast medium. To evaluate the proposed imaging system effectiveness, we first perform full-wave numerical simulations. Then, we report the experimental measurements acquired over a fabricated prototype interacting with a representative biological phantom, observing a very good agreement with the numerical simulations. The results confirm the potential for an innovative near-field imaging system to be employed for non-invasive detection of malignant inclusions, expanding the adoption of low RF frequencies in biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"400-407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10236580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77030470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniaturized 434 MHz Cavity Encapsulated Patch Antenna for Superficial Hyperthermia Treatment","authors":"Muthu Rattina Subash Ramu;Kavitha Arunachalam","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3307220","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3307220","url":null,"abstract":"A 434 MHz patch antenna encapsulated in a planar metal cavity is reported for hyperthermia (HT) treatment of superficial cancers. The optimized patch antenna is 3.6 cm $ times$ 3.6 cm with return loss > 20 dB, ―10 dB bandwidth of 14 MHz, and predominantly tangential electric field in the near field at 434 MHz. Antenna effective field size (EFS) and penetration depth observed from simulation are 17.22 cm2 and 1.26 cm, respectively. The antenna optimized using bulk body tissue was assessed on heterogeneous human body model followed by experimental verification on tissue-mimicking phantom and ex-vivo bovine tissues. Thermal EFS (TEFS) and thermal effective penetration depth (TEPD) of 20.92 cm2 and 2.05 cm measured in tissue phantoms are comparable to 18.61 cm2 and 2.19 cm determined in simulations. Experiments on homogeneous tissue phantom and heterogeneous ex-vivo bovine tissues show localized power deposition in agreement with the simulations. The metal encapsulated patch antenna with EFS to aperture area ratio of 1.33 is well suited for HT treatment of localized superficial cancer. It is also concluded that it could be used for designing planar array capable of delivering adjustable heating pattern to treat large area diffused superficial cancers.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"392-399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77017011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3302662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2023.3302662","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7397573/10226431/10226442.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50291929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}