{"title":"Employing Surface Waves for Characterizing Skin: Experimental Validation","authors":"Shangyang Shang;Milad Mokhtari;Milica Popović","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3555198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3555198","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave technology has recently been explored as a non-invasive method for skin cancer diagnosis. While most research has focused on reflection signal analysis, transmission-based approaches remain under-explored. In this work, surface wave transmissions generated by two antennas are employed to characterize skin cancer in a non-invasive way. We refined the theoretical model proposed in our previous work, showing that the transmission coefficient (<inline-formula><tex-math>$S_{21}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) amplitude and phase shift can effectively indicate both the presence and the size of skin tumors. Controlled experiments were conducted to validate the theory, using oil-gelatin-based phantoms to mimic both healthy skin and malignant tissue with varying tumor sizes. The experimental results strongly support the theoretical predictions and align with the simulation outcomes from our previous study.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"110-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of MRI Field Strengths on Metasurface Enhancement","authors":"Robert Kowal;Lucas Knull;Max Joris Hubmann;Ivan Vogt;Daniel Düx;Florian Maier;Marcel Gutberlet;Bennet Hensen;Frank Wacker;Oliver Speck;Holger Maune","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3548169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3548169","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces have proved valuable in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications through modifying the field profiles of radiofrequency coils to enhance imaging. Using metasurfaces to enhance a conventional coil, such as the table-integrated spine coil, allows imaging with practically no cables inside the bore. This work investigated the fundamental relationship between an MRI system's field strength and the enhancement effect of a metasurface. We simulated and manufactured grid metasurfaces for field strengths of 0.55 Tesla (0.55 T), 1.5 T and 3 T and evaluated them experimentally. We found increased enhancements of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with lower field strengths. At 0.55 T, the enhancement in the vicinity of the metasurface (10.9-fold) was measured 3.8 times higher than at 3 T. Moreover, the SNR decreased less with field strength next to the metasurface compared to the spine coil. Our results indicate the capability of metasurfaces in low field MRI systems and can stimulate further research. This could benefit future applications in MRI-guided interventions through simplified handling, as well as countries currently underserved with MRIs due to low manufacturing costs.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"126-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3568681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3568681","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11010167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3568685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3568685","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11010166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marie Mertens;Raphaël Trouillon;Tomislav Markovic;Ke Wu;Dominique Schreurs
{"title":"Principal Component Regression for Broadband Microwave-Microfluidic Chemometrics on Small Sample Counts","authors":"Marie Mertens;Raphaël Trouillon;Tomislav Markovic;Ke Wu;Dominique Schreurs","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3537462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3537462","url":null,"abstract":"While broadband dielectric spectroscopy enables label-free analysis of biological and chemical materials, extracting multiple concentrations from the data has remained a challenge. This work is one of the first demonstrations of simultaneous concentration extraction of three liquid constituents in a solution using broadband microwave spectroscopic data. Furthermore, the used methods eliminate the need for de-embedding or characterizing the measurement setup, simplifying the process. Advanced regression techniques such as Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Principal Least Squares (PLS) are applied to determine the concentrations of sodium chloride, glucose, and ethanol in water. As input data, <inline-formula><tex-math>$S$</tex-math></inline-formula>-parameters are measured between 0.5 and 26.5 GHz on a broadband coplanar waveguide sensor with a microfluidic container to transport the liquids. The training datasets consist of 27 and 34 samples, respectively. The mean absolute percentage error for sodium chloride predictions ranged from 3-5% for the different methods, while the minimal errors for glucose and ethanol predictions were 6-7% and 4-6%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"117-125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3539041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3539041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10896912","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3539043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3539043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10896909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A GaAs MMIC Correlation-Dicke Radiometer With Compact Antenna for Internal Body Thermometry","authors":"Jooeun Lee;Zoya Popović","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3525405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3525405","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a 1.4 GHz on-chip correlation-Dicke hybrid radiometer designed for internal body thermometry. The GaAs Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) measures 3.8 mm by 2.3 mm and includes two 90° hybrid couplers, a single-stage Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) in each path, and a switch. The radiometer input is connected to a planar compact near-field circular slot-patch antenna placed on the skin and designed to receive noise power from subcutaneous tissues. To enhance robustness against input impedance mismatch, two single-stage LNAs are positioned between the two hybrid couplers. The circuit demonstrates a gain of 13.4 dB, isolation of 16 dB, and a noise figure of 1.31 dB. Following the switch, an off-the-shelf band-pass filter, an on-chip 3-stage LNA, and a detector are connected to provide a dc output proportional to the received thermal noise from the near-field antenna. Performance is evaluated through both phantom and in-vivo measurements. The 2-layer phantom measurement shows an average error of 0.35 °C, while in-vivo measurements show an average 0.72 °C error, demonstrating the device's ability to track internal temperature accurately. Additionally, repeatability tests are conducted on multiple human cheeks multiple times and on multiple days.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"103-109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhen-Yuan Zhang;Golap K. Dey;Nooshin V. Shahmirzadi;Natalia K. Nikolova
{"title":"Broadband Wide-Angle Absorber for Microwave Imaging of Tissue","authors":"Zhen-Yuan Zhang;Golap K. Dey;Nooshin V. Shahmirzadi;Natalia K. Nikolova","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3529656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3529656","url":null,"abstract":"A broadband wide-angle absorbing structure for the non-reflective termination of tissue is proposed for enclosures needed in microwave tissue imaging. A prototype consisting of 10 × 10 unit cells is fabricated and experimentally tested using breast-tissue phantoms. Through simulations and measurements, it is demonstrated that the proposed absorbing structure achieves a reflection coefficient better than −20 dB for TE polarization and better than −12 dB for TM polarization for incidence angles from 0° to 80° and within the frequency band from 3 GHz to 8 GHz. The design principles are delineated, enabling the development of other absorbing structures suitable for any tissue of interest. A calibration method and procedure are also developed and employed with the reported measurements, which allow for de-embedding the effect of the lossy tissue medium and extracting the intrinsic reflection coefficient of the absorber. The proposed structure demonstrates superior absorption compared to prior designs and provides a much-needed solution for the construction of non-reflective enclosures for microwave biomedical imaging applications.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Vol. 8","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3512633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3512633","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"401-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10781463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}