IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology最新文献

{"title":"A Fast 3-D Approach for Electroporation Treatment Planning: Optimal Electrodes Configuration","authors":"A. Paffi;F. Apollonio;M. Cadossi;V. D'Alessio;R. Fusco;A. Giannini;M. Liberti","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3409678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3409678","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of this work is to develop a tool for electrochemotherapy treatment planning, which automatically estimates the optimal electrode configuration on the basis of the calculation of the induced electric field in a 3D tissue volume, including the tumor lesion, obtained from patient's MRI. The tool conciliates accuracy in the estimate of the tumor coverage with speed of calculation. The optimal electrodes configuration, that guarantees the tumor electroporation with the minimum number of electrodes, is obtained by adapting algorithms for the creation of unstructured simplex meshes. To go fast, the elementary electric field distributions are pre-calculated and stored in a database and the optimization procedure is split in two consequential steps: transversal and longitudinal optimizations. The whole code is implemented in C++ environment. The tool, tested in a set of real cases, showed the complete electroporation of the lesions, while preserving noble structures from the electrodes crossing. Calculation times were compatible with real-time requirements. The proposed tool represents a valid support for the electroporation treatment planning. With respect to the literature, it automatically estimates the best electrode configuration in a realistic 3D domain, while maintaining reduced calculation times. This is crucial for improving effectiveness and reliability of electroporation-based treatments.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"393-400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10557476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clutter Removal for Microwave Head Imaging via Self-Supervised Deep Learning Techniques","authors":"Wei-chung Lai;Lei Guo;Konstanty Bialkowski;Amin Abbosh;Alina Bialkowski","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3409846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3409846","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave head imaging is challenging due to the dominance of clutter signals caused by the strong reflections at the boundary of the head and skull in addition to the heterogeneous nature of the head tissues. These clutter signals complicate the detection of anomalies like strokes and make both traditional and deep-learning-based imaging algorithms less effective. For example, to adapt to different environments, extensive tuning is required for traditional algorithms, while a huge amount of data is needed to train deep-learning models. To this end, a novel deep-learning-based clutter removal approach in microwave head imaging is proposed. The proposed deep learning model is self-supervised and unpaired, and can thus utilize much larger amounts of data, which would otherwise be prohibitively difficult to collect. The model includes two generators to learn the mapping function from mixed signals and the target signal alone to remove clutter and ensure producing target signals that match the original mixed signals. To achieve self-supervised learning, two discriminators are used for judging the predictions from both generators by comparing the predictions with the real signals. Using the peak signal-to-noise ratio and the structural similarity index measure, the experimental results using a 16-antenna head imaging system operating across the band 0.5–2 GHz confirm that the presented solution outperforms existing methods in removing clutter and enabling accurate target localization. The proposed solution is adaptable and scalable and can thus be generalized to other domains.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optimized Switching Integrated Transmitter Pad for Generating Orthogonal H-Field Components to Localize Implanted Devices","authors":"Vivek Kumar Srivastava;Ashwani Sharma","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3409423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3409423","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an optimized switching integrated transmitter to generate highly non-uniform magnetic field (H-field) components for near-field localization applications. The localization accuracy of a magnetic-based localization system depends on the degree of non-uniformity present in the H-field distribution. Targeting this, several state-of-the-art designs presented eight spatially distributed transmitter structures. However, the absence of required H-field components at several receiver positions resulted in poor localization performance. To overcome this problem, an overlapping coil transmitter structure has been proposed in this work that spreads the H-field components at the receiver region. Further optimization of the transmitter coil design parameters is performed analytically to accomplish a highly non-uniform H-field at the receiver location and miniaturize the transmitter size. A time-divisional approach has been exploited and realized using a switching technique to acquire the required voltage samples at the receiver. The proposed transmitter is realized using a high-frequency Litz wire, and the switching is performed by adopting DPDT switches. The fabricated prototype is experimentally verified, and the measured results show a good agreement with the analytical result. This demonstrates the potential of the proposed transmitter for near-field localization applications such as the localization of biomedical implants, wireless endoscopy capsules, etc.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"363-371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Powering Smart Orthopedic Implants Through Near-Field Resonant Inductive Coupling","authors":"François Frassati;Mélanie Descharles;Martin Gauroy;Agathe Yvinou;Eric Stindel;Guillaume Dardenne;Guillaume Nonglaton;Pierre Gasnier","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3406331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3406331","url":null,"abstract":"Our research aims to enhance smart orthopedic knee implants used in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). With the projected quadrupling of TKA demand by 2030 due to factors like aging populations, rising obesity rates, and broader indications for younger patients, our focus is on instrumented medical implants to measure knee parameters. In this paper, we report the optimization of a wireless power transmission system for powering smart knee implants, employing an established HF Near-field Resonant Inductive Coupling (NRIC) technique at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 inside the stem of a tibial knee implant. We propose a pragmatic optimization approach in this study, guided by the integration constraints of a knee implant and validated by orthopedic surgeons through cadaveric specimen testing. Finite Element simulations guided the selection of a frontal 3-turn solenoid (called “paperclip” coil) at the Rx side, located at the tip of the stem, which demonstrated balanced performance metrics and reasonable volume occupancy (1.6 cm\u0000³\u0000). Power transfer measurements were conducted through conductive solutions mimicking skin, muscle, and bones. At \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, a power transfer efficiency \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$eta$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of 30% and 7.5% (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$300 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$75 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 input power) was achieved at Tx-Rx distances of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$25 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$40 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 respectively. The proposed solution was implanted in a cadaveric specimen : \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$250 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 was obtained at an estimated \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$30 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 distance for an input power of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at the Tx side. For the same distance, we also performed a successful DC power provision up to \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$64 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$3 ,mathrm{V}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 DC and data transfer functions at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$26, mathrm{kbit,s}^{-1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in the cadaver. The proposed system, with its integration strategy, holds promise in powering advanced sensor functions, contributing to the identification and monitoring of postoperative complications and potentially reducing the need for long-term revisions.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"372-383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Optimization of Training and Setting of SVM-Based Microwave Stroke Classification: Numerical Simulations for 10 Port System","authors":"Tomas Pokorny;David Vrba;Ondrej Fiser;Marco Salucci;Jan Vrba","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3404119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3404119","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this study is to systematically evaluate the performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, identifying optimal configurations and appropriate parameters for training and testing data, for microwave brain stroke classification. Using experimentally verified 3D numerical models, a large database of synthetic training and test data has been created with different levels of data variability. These models consist of an antenna array surrounding reconfigurable geometrically and dielectrically realistic human head models Within these models, strokes of varying sizes, types, and dielectric parameters are virtually inserted at different positions in brain within the plane of the antennas. Synthetic data sets have been generated to study the impact of reducing training data, data dimensionality, data format, and algorithm settings. The results of this study confirm that Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction significantly improved the classification accuracy of the SVM algorithm, and datasets of subjects with smaller strokes appeared to be the most suitable for training. Furthermore, datasets that contain the real and imaginary parts of transmission and reflection coefficients result in the highest classification accuracy. For the current antenna array, the best observed setting and scenarios with high variability in training and test data, close to real clinical scenarios, the ability to accurately classify ischemic strokes and suggest safe initiation of thrombotic therapy is approximately 70%.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10546281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noncontact Heartbeat and Respiratory Signal Separation Using a Sub 6 GHz SDR Micro-Doppler Radar","authors":"Chao Ma;Quan Shi;Bing Hua;Yongwei Zhang;Zhihuo Xu;Liu Chu;Robin Braun;Jiajia Shi","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3378977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3378977","url":null,"abstract":"Software-defined radio (SDR) can be used to detect human respiratory and heartbeat signals with the merits of low costs, high flexibility, and fast implementation. This paper proposes a human respiratory heartbeat detection system based on SDR micro-Doppler radar. The system can adjust radar parameters in real-time according to the detection environment, breaking the hardware limitations of traditional radar. Data pre-processing is performed on the transmit and receive baseband signals to obtain a composite signal containing human respiratory and heartbeat signals. In addressing the difficulty of detecting heartbeat signals compared to respiratory signals, an adaptive heartbeat signal enhancement detection algorithm named the one-time differential weighted step-size normalized least mean square (ODWS-NLMS) is proposed. This algorithm enhances the step size through weighted improvements utilizing the first-order differential characteristics of composite signals. Experiments were conducted in three distinct real-world environments, and the results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) in terms of average accuracy, root mean square error (RMSE), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"122-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Wave and Back Radiation Suppression in Microwave Breast Screening","authors":"Milad Mokhtari;Milica Popović","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3385335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3385335","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges in antenna design for microwave-based breast screening systems identify two distinct needs: 1) to minimize the surface-wave propagation at the interface between the substrate and the tissue, and 2) to address the back-radiation. These surface waves become more noticeable within the substrate, particularly when a confining ground plane is present, and yet the ground plane is pivotal for achieving unidirectionality and shielding against environmental radiation. This paper introduces a simplified human breast model and offers a quantitative analysis of existing surface waves. We then propose a 16-antenna array of cavity-backed patch antennas with parasitic elements, designed for operation in the 3.1–5.1 GHz range. Each antenna element is optimized to function seamlessly alongside the breast tissue. Full-wave simulations illustrate that the proposed antenna array achieves superior unidirectionality and diminished mutual coupling levels when compared to its predecessor. We further outline the cost-effective fabrication method that employs the SYLGARD(TM) 184 silicone elastomer PDMS kit. The measurements from the fabricated antenna elements are consistent with the results of the full-wave simulations.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"245-250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Frequency Adaptive Microwave Heating for PCR Applications","authors":"Matko Martinic;Dominique Schreurs;Tomislav Markovic;Bart Nauwelaers","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","url":null,"abstract":"With widespread applications in a variety of disciplines, mainly biology and medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology has established itself as one of the most significant discoveries of the last 100 years. However, the primary drawback of commercially available PCR instruments is their slow thermal cycling. On the other hand, rapid and efficient microwave (MW) heating offers a viable solution to drastically decrease the time needed for PCR experiments. In this study, we utilize a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), operating as a microwave heater at around 3.75 GHz when combined with a microfluidic structure with a 5.4 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000l volume. The resulting device exhibits excellent temperature uniformity with high heating and cooling rates of 19 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s and 18.6 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s, respectively. Furthermore, model-based frequency-adaptive MW heating was investigated based on optimal heating frequency shift due to the temperature increase of the sample during MW heating, yielding 1.2 W lower applied power and an 8% higher heating efficiency when compared to fixed-frequency heating.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"238-244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Planar-Array Based Ultra Wideband Microwave Imaging Approach for Musculoskeletal Visualization","authors":"Hui Zhang;Tony Bauer;Christoph Statz;Jens Goronzy;Kendra Henning;Dirk Plettemeier","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","url":null,"abstract":"Current diagnostic techniques for visualizing bones rely on X-rays, which pose potential harm to both patients and surgical staff. Consequently, the demand for a portable imaging system offering high-resolution, radiation-free, and three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities has emerged. This paper introduces a 3D quantitative microwave imaging technique for visualizing musculoskeletal tissue, commonly employed in diagnostic medical imaging. The proposed imaging method is grounded in a set of contrast source (CS) electromagnetic (EM) modeling equations. Through Landweber inverse processing, the solution for the unknown object's electric susceptibility distribution in the modeling equations is derived. The reconstruction process efficiently and effectively generates a 3D image, composed of the object's electric susceptibility distribution. The efficacy of the proposed imaging technique and microwave imaging system is validated through numerical models with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, practical validation is performed using a complex multi-layer inhomogeneous phantom within an anechoic chamber. Finally, considering the medical significance of imaging the spine, particularly in cases of car accidents, the proposed Landweber inverse source imaging method and microwave imaging system are practically tested on the human back area, effectively demonstrating their capabilities in imaging musculoskeletal tissue.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"163-169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of In Vitro Cell Viability Approaches to Provide Early Efficacy Prediction of Electrochemotherapy Treatments","authors":"Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","url":null,"abstract":"Among all the cancer treatments developed, electrochemotherapy has shown great promise in recent decades. This approach combines the local delivery of electric pulses with the administration of poorly-permeant cytotoxic agents. We aim to investigate the effects of electrochemotherapy treatments and predict their impacts on cell viability, especially at the earliest stage. We explore different approaches to evaluate cell viability, involving time periods from several days to few hours post treatment. Besides commonly-used approaches such as clonogenic and colorimetric assays, we investigate an innovative viability assay, the Light Up Cell System assay, and compare these methods. Even if the conducted viability assays demonstrate the interest of using electric fields to enhance the cytotoxic agent penetration into cells and potentiate their effects, our study demonstrates that the colorimetric and Light Up Cell System assays can predict the cell response to electrochemotherapy treatment as early as 2 hours post-treatment, whereas the gold standard for assessing cell viability, the clonogenic assay, necessitates 10 days of experimentation. Moreover, the Light Up Cell System assay seems particularly interesting, as it provides similar results to the well-established colorimetric technique while offering the advantages of maintaining cells alive and being suitable for the study of non-adherent cell lines.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}