Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Eruption of Nyiragongo Volcano On May 22, 2021 Release Of So2 And Co2 Into The Atmosphere","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.06.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.06.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Nyiragongo Volcano is located in the western part of the African Rift. Deep fractures allow gas upwelling during passive and active periods. This study presents the variability of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) concentration measured at the Rusayo site and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) measured at five separate sites (Bugarura and Munigi) and the seismic activity, most of these measurements were made before and after the eruption. The peak concentrations of SO2 and CO2 correlate well with the tremor measured continuously on the volcano. The Nyiragongo volcano erupted on the evening of Saturday, May 22, 2021 at 6:15 pm local time in Goma. Lava flowed in two directions from the flanks of the Nyiragongo volcano, killing 32 people, destroying 17 villages in the Nyiragongo territory, and cracking the ground in the city of Goma and Gisenyi. The Nyiragongo volcano is infamous for its extremely fluid lava that flows like water when the lava lake flows. Nyiragongo is a major contributor of SO2 and CO2 to the atmosphere. Note that this eruption of 2021 is similar to the one of 2002, which caused the death of a hundred people and the evacuation of many people, the most deadly date of 1977, had killed more than 600 people. The earthquakes were felt, after the eruption May 22, 2021 the strongest had a magnitude of 5.2","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126084911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Intersectionality of Colonialism and Gǐkũyũ Land Tenure Systems: A Feminist Political Ecology Perspective","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.07","url":null,"abstract":"The Agĩkũyũ in Kenya revered land as a spiritual gift from God in which communities and nature were inextricably linked to preserve sacred ecosystems and biodiversity. However, the intersectionality with colonialism and the expansion of capitalism propelled by the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885, changed the landscape tragically. In 1893, it was affirmed that the ownership of land was by occupational rights and unoccupied land belonged to the colonial state and white settlers. In 1895, Kenya became part of the British East Africa Protectorate and the Crown Land Ordinance of 1902 made Kenya a British Colony, in which by 1915, the Kenyan land became under the British Empire. Many locations especially in Gǐkũyũ areas experienced devastating displacement, landlessness and human adaptations in new ecological conditions, control and resources use in the agricultural pastoral communities. These problems led to political consciousness and in 1954 under the Swynnerton Plan, the Gǐkũyũ land tenure system became the basis for land reforms until 1970s. This paper extends the literature on colonialism and land ownership mainly centering on Africans reacting to the British imperialism and histories of underdevelopment by addressing the intersectionality of colonialism and the dynamic of gendered responses to colonialism at intra-household level, and as the base of history, political and economic systems influencing women, health, and ecology. The focus is on Gĩkũyũ families within the contexts of colonial and post- colonial policies of land consolidation, adjudication and land registration to private ownership of property. The land confiscated by the Europeans, deeply affected the Gǐkũyũ ethnic group, and it was their grievances over land that eventually became Kenya’s most controversial political project leading to the conflict between British, and the Mau Mau movement, and finally to independence in 1963. I use a feminist political ecology, which is inclusive to indigenous knowledge and spirituality in order to capture the understanding of and the experiences of communities responding to global processes of political, economic and ecological changes.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129309792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological and Economic Impacts of REDD+ Implementation in Developing Countries","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.06","url":null,"abstract":"The REDD+ was introduced into the negotiations under UNFCCC to mitigate climate change and improve the wellbeing of communities through result based payment for reduced emission from forest sector. REDD+ activities were designed to meet an international requirement and policies to privileged for emission reduction payment. Meta-analysis was carried out with the objective to understand ecological and economic impacts of REDD+ through the review of 55 articles and proceedings, and international reports. The analysis revealed that the implementation of REDD+ in developing countries has both ecological and economic benefits. The ecological benefits of REDD+ includes protect biodiversity, regulate climate change by reducing carbon emission from forest sector through sustainable forest management, afforestation/reforestation, and rehabilitation of degraded land, reduce soil erosion, purify water, regulate of water flows and provide numerous wildlife habitats. Its economic benefits also encompass the improvement of human wellbeing through the provision of food and water from protected forest ecosystem, and verified emission reduction payment that generates additional income for forest dependent communities. Effective REDD+ design and implementation reduce carbon emissions from the forest sector, support bio-diversity and provides economic benefits.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116388579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Answer to the Global Competition against Climate Change with A Price of $ 100 Million was Initiated and Sponsored by Billionaire Elon musk.","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.09","url":null,"abstract":"The greenhouse effect caused by greenhouse gases, especially CO2, causes global climate change, causing many disasters for humans. Until today, people still have no effective measures to fix it, billionaire Elon Musk, the richest person on this planet, not only rich in finance but also extremely rich in compassion, dares to sacrifice a large amount of money. US$10 million sponsors and initiates this contest. If we don't quickly overcome the greenhouse effect, human civilization will collapse","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129422629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Sorghum Mutant Lines in Vitro and Greenhouse Against Striga Hermonthica Infestation","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.04","url":null,"abstract":"The parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth is a major constraint to cereal productions such as sorghum. In Burkina Faso, sorghum is the first of the cereals, in terms of cultivated areas and human consumption per capita. This study aimed to identify resistant lines by screening 31 sorghum mutant lines. Experimental assays were carried out in vitro and under greenhouse. The results shown that mutant lines SbEMS0937-1, SbEMS3105-2 were low producers of Striga seeds germination stimulant in vitro. There was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.72; p < 0.0001) between the germination maximum distance (GMD) and the germination rates (GR) of the different sorghum varieties and mutant lines. In the greenhouse conditions, the mutant SbEMS2311-1 was leading with two resistant controls to having significantly low numbers (5 plants/pot) of Striga 60 DAS (Days After Sowing) and featured the lowest number of Striga 90 DAS (10 plants/pot). The sorghum production variables that are the weights of the stems, panicles, and grains and the plant height at 21 days after sowing (DAS) and at the harvest were all positively related. However, the emergence date and the number of Striga plants which emerged at 90 DAS were negatively correlated (r = -0.21; p = 0.02). Otherwise, the GMD in vitro was positively correlated with the number of the Striga plants emerged at 60 DAS and 90 DAS in greenhouse. These results revealed that the mutagenesis of the sorghum lead to resistance or tolerance to S. hermonthica. Therefore, the growing of each of the three resistant mutants should contribute to reducing highly the density of this pest plant in the sorghum field. Furthermore, the transfer of gene (s) inducing this Striga-resistance/tolerance from mutant lines could improve Sorghum varieties preferred by local farmers.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127686376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation of Time-Varying Radio Emissions of SgrＡ* Observed by 1.3 Millimeter-Wavelength VLBI with Black Hole Binary Concluded by Decameter Radio Wave Pulse Observations","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"In 2011, by 1.3 mm wavelength VLBI radio wave observations of the SgrA*, Fish, V. L. et al showed that the emissions tightly related to the formation of a black hole shadow have a remarkably large time-varying feature within a region of less than 50 μas. The present paper suggests that the origin of the time variation in the observed emission is due to effects of the orbital motion of the existing super-massive black hole binary orbiting at SgrA* with a period of 2150±2.5 s. This suggestion is based on observations of decameter radio wave pulses from SgrA*. We show a good correlation between the time variation in the coherent flux density of the VLBI results and the time variation model of estimated emission intensities based on the periodic motion of the super-massive black hole binary by applying parameters deduced from the decameter radio wave pulse observation model (DRWP-Model). With further confirmation by Fourier analyses of the potential periodicity of the VLBI data that show the same periods of DRWP Model, we conclude that the time variation detected by the 1.3 mm wavelength radio wave VLBI is evidence of an existing super-massive black hole at Sgr A*.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130668157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Monthly Average Temperatures in Four Typical Climatic Zones In Senegal: Comparison Between Ground Temperatures and Temperatures of The Typical Meteorological Year","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.02","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most obvious signs of climate change is the increase in the global average temperature over the past decades. This work constitutes an evolution of the monthly average temperature over 4 climatic zones of Senegal followed by a correlation study between ground measurement temperatures and temperatures of a typical meteorological year. The sites are located respectively in the west of the country (Dakar), in the north (St Louis), in the east (Tambacounda) and in the south (Ziguinchor). The results showed temperature variations depending on the region under consideration and also on the time of year. The results give a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.937 in Dakar, 0.889 in St Louis, 0.507 in Tambacounda and 0.789 in Ziguinchor. The mean squared error (MSE) ranges from 1.707°C to 3.113°C. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is between 5.3% and 9.6%. The mean absolute deviation (MAD) is between 1.308 °C and 2.873 °C. The low mean bias errors found make it possible to say that the correlations are good and the relationship between the in situ temperatures and those of the typical meteorological year is a relationship of direct proportionality.vegetation biomass changes in the lower levels to middle levels of ECL (Q8 up to Q6 ) and the vegetation distribution dynamics had appeared in upper levels of ECL ( Q4 up to Q1) .","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132772823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles In Practice: Impact Assessment For Wagon Creek Gas Field Activities At The Bonaparte Basin Of Australia","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically and conceptually analyse the environmental impact of the Wagon Creek gas field activities at the Bonaparte Basin of Australia. The report would coherently discuss the potential impacts and review of the gas filed activities using the EIA principle and suggest mitigation actions which can bring success to the activities. Previous environmental impact assessment has shown that the natural gas plant gravely affected the natural environment profoundly, because of the natural gas spill and other related activities. This shows cumulative impacts will occur when the gas expansion project commences. The overview of potential impacts is shown in table 1 as analysed from the literature review of oil and gas projects from similar locations. The report can be useful to provide the necessary confidence to proponents, decision makers and the public about the broader context and long term environmental conditions more likely to result from the gas field activities.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126472635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of Regular and Irregular RC Structure in Different Seismic Zones and Soil Types","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.04.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.04.01","url":null,"abstract":"The resistivity of lateral forces (Wind and Seismic loading) by any structure is very much challenging. It is also one of the reasons for the failure of the reinforced concrete (RC) structure due to its asymmetric distribution of mass, strength, stiffness, and non-uniform geometrical configurations. Knowing the effect of various soils in the construction of RC structures is essential to determine the structural performance in the presence of seismic load ahead of construction. This research aims to compare regular and irregular RC structures in different seismic zones, and soil types with the provisions suggested in IS code 1893(part1):2016 and IS 875(part3):2015 using STAAD Pro V8i. Research work calculated the critical design loading for multi-story buildings put through basic wind speeds of 50 m/s and seismic zones (II, III, IV, V). The response of a G+20 storeyed RC framed building to seismic loads is examined using Indian Standard code IS 1893(part1):2016 and wind loads using Indian Standard code IS 875(part3):2015.","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133867026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hierarchical Ecosystem Approach to Evaluate Global Warming Impacts in Three Global Ecoregions","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/eesrr.05.03.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.05.03.05","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming has substantial effects on terrestrial ecosystems in the different Ecoregions. A hierarchical ecosystem approach was conducted to analyze global warming influences with global warming impacts on the three distinct global ecoregions. The ecosystem classification of land (ECL) has been developed and integrated as a hierarchical system. Recently, the hierarchical ecosystem classifications in 300 Dry Domain of the United States, 100 Polar Domain of Canada, and 500 Plateau Domain of China were demonstrated and explored in studying the environmental system changes and global warming impacts. This article tries to present the distinctive dissimilarity in each ecoregion and demonstrate the ecosystem responses linked to the hierarchical ecosystem structure and ecological function level. 1) In the Dry Domain, the warmer and wetter of Utah’s climate gave rise to Rocky Mountain subalpine conifer forests and Great Basin pinyon and juniper woodlands suitable for growing, which correspond to their Utah’s Climate life zone, and are affiliated with the Middle levels of ECL ( U7 up to U4). Conversely, in a warmer and drier of Utah’s climate, annual plant species and invaded species shifted and expanded at the lower levels of ECL (U10 up to U9). 2) In the Polar Domain, a warmer and wetter winter of Yokon climate influence the Spruce treeline moving northward and to higher elevations, as well as for the arctic tundra and alpine tundra. Arboreal species grow fast to reach fructification. These are typically appeared in the middle levels of ECL (Y8 up to Y5) and changed the carbon budget to a carbon sink (Y4 up to Y2). With a warmer and drier summer, Shrubification in Yukon is happening rapidly (Y6 up to Y5 ). Potentilla shrub and Salix shrub expand to the arctic tundra region. 3) In the Plateau Domain, an annual air temperature increases by 0.5o C/10y over the last 45 years, and the temperature fluctuations have significantly affected the essential changes in the global energy balance and carbon budget in the upper levels of ECL (Q4 up to Q1). However, the precipitation showed no noticeable difference. The alpine tundra vegetation simulated by the Vegetation Dynamic Simulation Model (VDSM) integrated with scenarios of a global temperature increase of 1 to 3°C. It illustrated the vegetation biomass changes in the lower levels to middle levels of ECL (Q8 up to Q6 ) and the vegetation distribution dynamics had appeared in upper levels of ECL ( Q4 up to Q1) .","PeriodicalId":298809,"journal":{"name":"Earth &amp; Environmental Science Research &amp; Reviews","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131308122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}