{"title":"Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks for drug delivery: Linking structure and surface to stimuli-responsive release","authors":"Ghasem Rezanejade Bardajee , Hossein Mahmoodian , Amirhosein Amini , Mahdieh Sharifi , Mohsen Adeli , Rajender Boddula","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), particularly nanoscale COFs (NCOFs), have emerged as architecturally precise, metal-free nanocarriers with the potential to mitigate persistent limitations of conventional delivery platforms, including premature leakage, dilution-driven destabilization, and limited microenvironmental responsiveness, in appropriately designed systems. High loading, prolonged retention, and stimulus-triggered release have been reported, enabled by crystalline, permanent porosity combined with chemically programmable backbones and pore surfaces. In this review, a chemically grounded design framework is presented in which drug-delivery performance is linked to three interdependent variables: linkage chemistry, by which the balance between stability and triggerability is defined, namely, acid-labile, redox-responsive, ROS-responsive, or long-lived backbones; framework architecture and pore geometry, by which surface area, diffusion pathways, confinement, and partitioning are regulated; and surface and interface engineering, including postsynthetic modification (PSM), polymer coronas, and ligand decoration, by which colloidal stability, pharmacokinetics, protein corona formation, and cellular trafficking are governed. Although discussed as three variables for clarity, they are frequently coupled in practice; for instance, surface functionalization or polymer coronas can alter adequate pore accessibility and apparent crystallinity, and defects or terminations can dominate local binding environments and transport pathways.</div><div>Mechanistic design routes are summarized for representative linkages and architectures, including 2D and 3D frameworks, core and shell particles, nanosheets, nanofibers, and hollow constructs, and the resulting impacts on loading capacity, retention strength, and on-demand release under pH, redox, and ROS, light, or enzymatic cues are synthesized across reported studies. Practical considerations affecting the transferability of conclusions, including mass-balanced loading and release, trigger validation, stability budgets, and benchmarkable characterization packages, are highlighted alongside scalability and biointerface constraints. Actionable guidelines are provided for the rational selection of linkage, architecture, and surface and interfacial chemistry to engineer NCOF nanocarriers toward robust circulation and spatially and temporally programmed drug release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217617"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jie Feng , Ya-Nan Zhai , Zhi-Lin Dong, Yan Geng, Yu-Bin Dong
{"title":"Chiral nanomaterials for oncology and beyond: advancing disease treatment","authors":"Jie Feng , Ya-Nan Zhai , Zhi-Lin Dong, Yan Geng, Yu-Bin Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chirality plays a fundamentally significant yet enigmatic role in governing essential chemical and biological processes. Over recent decades, researchers have widely studied the origin of chirality and its properties, extending chirality from molecules to inherently chiral nanoparticles and further to sophisticated chiral assemblies integrating organic materials, metals, semiconductors, and their hybrid systems. Notably, chiral nanomaterials exhibit superior biocompatibility that closely mimics native biological environments, offering distinct advantages for biomedical applications, and widely enhancing the efficacy of existing nanomaterials therapeutic regimens. With the rapid advancement of chiral nanomaterials in medicine and related fields, the selective interactions between chiral structures and biological systems and the mechanisms by which chirality regulates biological processes are being investigated at unprecedented depth, establishing a robust foundation for the functional exploitation of chiral nanomaterials. This review systematically examines the current classification methods, research progress, and therapeutic applications of chiral nanomaterials, with a special focus on their emerging advantages in cancer treatment. It also explores the transformative potential of chirality in existing nanotherapeutic strategies for cancer. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying chirality-dependent therapeutic effects are discussed, along with potential challenges in clinical translation. Current evidence strongly indicates that chiral nanomaterials will play an increasingly critical role in the development of biomedical technologies. Collectively, these advancements pave the way for next-generation cancer treatment methods based on chiral nanotechnology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217644"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ziyan Chen , Jin Zhang , Na Gao , Lingpeng Lu , Bin Li
{"title":"Recent advances in the removal of fluorocarbons: a review based on pollutant sources, sorts, removal technologies and mechanisms","authors":"Ziyan Chen , Jin Zhang , Na Gao , Lingpeng Lu , Bin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well known that industrialization leads to an increase in the emissions of fluorocarbons (FCs) in the atmosphere. These compounds pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health due to their high global warming potential (GWP) and long lifetime. In recent years, many studies and developments have been conducted on the degradation and removal technologies of FCs, including methods such as adsorption, incineration, plasma, thermal catalytic, photocatalysis and catalytic hydrolysis. This review aims to comprehensively interpret and summarize the research progress for the removal of FCs in air pollution. The sources, sorts, hazards, applications and emission characteristics of FCs is detailed analyzed. It systematically summarizes research advances in removal methods and materials, offers a critical comparison of different decomposition technologies, and highlights respective advantages and limitations, and typical adsorbents and catalysts are also summarized. Furthermore, the removal and decomposition mechanisms for different technologies of major FCs are comprehensively outlined, with a detailed examination of the involved active sites, intermediate products, and final outputs, and the mechanisms of deactivation and reactivation for catalyst and adsorbent were also discussed. The reaction pathways at different active sites were analyzed in detail through the typical CF<sub>4</sub> under the catalytic hydrolysis that are widely concerned, and key factors affecting removal efficiency are explored. Finally, current challenges and future research directions in FCs decomposition and removal are summarized. We believe that this review will provide valuable insights and theoretical references for the selection and development of future technologies for the efficient removal of FCs from the atmosphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217647"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiao-Ru Sun , Jun Li , Ren-Ju Chen , Rui Wang , Ze-Wen Yu , Hui-Yan Sun , He Huang , Yu Xiao , Yan-Mei Zhang
{"title":"Engineering porphyrin-derived nanomaterials for multimodal antibacterial therapy: From rational design to practical applications","authors":"Xiao-Ru Sun , Jun Li , Ren-Ju Chen , Rui Wang , Ze-Wen Yu , Hui-Yan Sun , He Huang , Yu Xiao , Yan-Mei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) due to antibiotic misuse presents a critical global health challenge. To address the challenge, engineered tailored porphyrin-derived nanomaterials have been explored as promising platforms for multimodal antibacterial therapies. Despite their significant potential, a systematic analysis of porphyrin-derived nanomaterials as multifunctional antimicrobial agents, encompassing their roles as sonosensitizers, nanozymes and drug carriers, is lacking. To fill this gap, this review focuses on the following core issues. Firstly, it provides a detailed analysis of the clinical potential of porphyrin-derived nanomaterials and the necessity and profound significance of composing this structured review with a theoretical framework of “structure-property-application”. The second part introduces the physicochemical properties of different types of porphyrin-derived nanomaterials. Building upon this foundation, the third part employs a “structure-activity relationship (SAR)” lens to progressively analyze strategies for enhancing antibacterial efficacy at molecular-, nanoscale- and multimode system-levels. After that, representative case studies in wastewater treatment, biomedicine and food industry are comprehensively summarized. Finally, critical discussions of current challenges regarding material stability, biosafety, and scalable production are discussed, along with forward-looking perspectives for future research directions</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217635"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmad Husain , Prem Gunnasegaran , Mohtaram Danish , Dong-Eun Lee , Wan-Kuen Jo
{"title":"Next-generation fuel cell technologies empowered by covalent organic frameworks-based materials: A review on emerging potential of COFs for functional membranes and catalytic advancements","authors":"Ahmad Husain , Prem Gunnasegaran , Mohtaram Danish , Dong-Eun Lee , Wan-Kuen Jo","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a highly versatile class of crystalline porous polymers with tunable structures and chemical functionalities, offering immense promise for energy-related applications. Among these, fuel cells represent a critical domain where COF-based materials have begun to demonstrate significant potential, both as proton-conducting membranes and as electrocatalysts for key reactions such as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This review comprehensively highlights recent progress in the use of COF-based materials for fuel cell applications, with a particular focus on their dual functionality. In the membrane domain, these materials have shown excellent proton conductivities under both humidified and anhydrous conditions, along with good thermal and mechanical stability, making them viable alternatives to conventional membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Their ordered channels, tunable surface chemistry, and chemical stability offer advantages for tailoring ion transport. However, their application in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) remains underdeveloped and calls for greater material innovation. As electrocatalysts, both metal-free and metal-coordinated, they have exhibited outstanding ORR activity, often comparable to or surpassing platinum-based benchmarks, and have been successfully integrated into membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) in PEMFCs, AEMFCs, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The review also discusses standalone ORR studies to demonstrate the intrinsic catalytic potential of COF-based materials. Finally, it outlines critical future directions, including the use of computational screening, machine learning, and hybrid composite strategies to unlock the full capabilities of COFs in real-world fuel cell systems. This work positions COFs as a promising next-generation platform for sustainable and efficient fuel cell technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217669"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing-Yu Wang , Zheng-Han Yang , Jing Li , Peng-Fei Wang , Zong-Lin Liu , Jie Shu , Ting-Feng Yi
{"title":"Advanced aqueous eutectic electrolyte: Bridging the development of high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries","authors":"Jing-Yu Wang , Zheng-Han Yang , Jing Li , Peng-Fei Wang , Zong-Lin Liu , Jie Shu , Ting-Feng Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous electrolytes as a crucial component of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), directly influence the stability and cycle life of AZIBs through their composition and performance. However, conventional aqueous electrolytes subject AZIBs to issues such as dendrite growth and cathode dissolution, compromising battery performance. To address this, researchers combined the advantages of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) systems and aqueous electrolyte systems to develop aqueous eutectic electrolytes (AEEs) with unique structures. Under the influence of complex intermolecular interactions between AEEs components, these electrolytes remain liquid at lower temperatures while significantly suppressing the activity and quantity of H<sub>2</sub>O within the electrolyte. This approach effectively enhances both battery safety and cycling performance. To comprehensively understand AEEs for AZIBs, this review systematically outlines their characteristics, fundamental compositions, and testing methods for evaluating electrochemical performance. Subsequently, AEEs are categorized into water-cosolvent eutectic electrolytes and hydrated eutectic electrolytes (HEEs), with definitions and recent advancements for each category presented. Furthermore, an innovative analysis is presented on the role of constituent components in AEEs and their corresponding strategies for improving electrolyte stability, cathode, and anode performance. In conclusion, the persistent challenges and promising future research directions are summarized, providing an important reference for the development of novel eutectic electrolytes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217665"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integration of graphitic carbon nitrides with coordination complexes for photocatalytic applications","authors":"Charul Sharma , Binitendra Naath Mongal","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), a metal free polymeric semiconductor is attracting great attention due to lower band-gap (∼2.7 eV), charge separation efficiency, chemically inert and non-toxic nature in presence of abundant earth elements. However, pure g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> suffers from limited visible-light absorption and charge recombination limiting its photocatalytic efficiency. To overcome these issues, recent research has been focused on formation of heterojunctions with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. This review article focuses on integration of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> with metal complexes to improve its photocatalytic efficiency. The innovative methods for preparing the hybrid photocatalysts with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and molecular metal complexes via covalent and non-covalent interactions with its effect on surface chemistry and electronic structure have been thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the article focuses on structural design of the prepared composites, interfacial charge transfer between g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and metal complexes, along with their applications in photocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, H<sub>2</sub> evolution, organic conversions and dye degradation. The comprehensive review will help in identifying pathways for effective utilization of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/metal complex composites in driving various photocatalytic reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217612"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pushing the boundaries: The path of mechanosynthesis toward the assembly of supramolecular organic frameworks","authors":"Danilo Marchetti, Riccardo Testa, Alessandro Pedrini, Chiara Massera","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs), synthetic frameworks assembled <em>via</em> non-covalent interactions, are being extensively studied for their applications as porous functional solids endowed with flexibility, reversibility and tunability of stimuli-responsive properties. This review explores the use of mechanosynthesis as a versatile strategy for their rational design and green synthesis, while expanding their structural and functional diversity. After an overview of the path followed by supramolecular mechanochemistry from the assembly of cocrystals to the complexation of host-guest systems in the solid state, we have detailed the mechanosynthesis of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and the less-explored halogen-bonded organic frameworks (XOFs), highlighting the advantages of solid-state methods in promoting reactivity, sustainability, and access to otherwise unattainable architectures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217600"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From coordination spheres to catalytic sites: Defect engineering in metal oxide photocatalysts","authors":"Yan Lu , Seunghyun Weon , Ki-Hyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lattice defects in metal oxide semiconductors, once regarded as performance-limiting flaws, are recognized as powerful tools for enhancing photocatalytic activity. These structural imperfections, including oxygen vacancies (Vo), cation deficiencies, interstitials, and dopant-induced distortions, are not mere flaws but products of deliberate defect engineering rooted in coordination chemistry principles. The deliberate distortion of the local coordination environment around metal centers introduces specific defects that, in turn, directly modulate the electronic band structure, redefine surface properties, and alter charge carrier transport. In the photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), defect engineering enables improved light absorption, more efficient charge separation, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species. This review deciphers how engineered defects in metal oxides boost photocatalytic removal performance of VOCs. The connection between synthesis, characterization, and mechanism is thus established to offer mechanistic insights into how coordination sphere distortion at metal sites governs the photomineralization of VOCs. Selected case studies, including TiO₂, ZnO, WO₃, and CeO₂, are used to highlight key structure–function relationships and real-world performance. The review concludes by addressing critical challenges in quantifying and stabilizing defects, scaling up defect-engineered materials, and designing catalysts with enhanced selectivity, sustainability, and long-term usability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217614"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146045215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical investigations on the activation of Silanes by rare-earth complexes: Mechanisms, bonding, and catalytic implications","authors":"Jiafeng Zhang , Xiaoxia Wu , Meirong Song , Laurent Maron","doi":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The activation of E–H bonds (E = Si, B, C, etc.) by rare-earth complexes has emerged as a central topic in organometallic chemistry, due to its mechanistic diversity and its relevance to catalytic transformations. Among these, the cleavage and functionalization of silanes (Si<img>H) by lanthanide and related complexes have drawn increasing attention, both experimentally and theoretically. Recent computational studies have unveiled a wealth of mechanistic insights, revealing that σ-bond metathesis constitutes the dominant pathway for Si<img>H activation across most rare-earth elements, contrasting with oxidative addition mechanisms typical of transition metals. This review summarizes theoretical developments devoted to the activation of silanes by rare-earth complexes, emphasizing density functional theory (DFT) analyses, bonding descriptions, and trends across the lanthanide series. Theoretical models, including Cp₂LnH and bis(amidinate) systems, are discussed in connection with experimental data, providing a coherent picture of structure–reactivity relationships. Finally, perspectives on ligand effects, periodic trends, and catalytic applications are outlined to guide future design of rare-earth-based hydrosilylation catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":289,"journal":{"name":"Coordination Chemistry Reviews","volume":"555 ","pages":"Article 217668"},"PeriodicalIF":23.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}