General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service最新文献

{"title":"Rural communities in the inland Northwest: An assessment of small communities in the interior and upper Columbia River basins","authors":"C. Harris, W. Mclaughlin, Greg Brown, Dennis R Becker","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-477","url":null,"abstract":"An assessment of small rural communities in the interior and upper Columbia River basin was conducted for the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP). The characteristics and conditions of the rural communities in this region, which are complex and constantly changing, were examined. The research also assessed the resilience of the regions communities, which was defined as a community's ability to respond and adapt to change in the most positive, constructive ways possible for mitigating the impacts of change on the community. The study found that a town's population size, autonomy, economic diversity, quality of life, and experience with change were all factors related to the town's resiliency and the extent to which it was changing and preparing for change.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123631125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring for Ozone Injury in West Coast (Oregon, Washington, California) Forests in 1998","authors":"S. Campbell, Gretchen C. Smith, P. Temple, J. Pronos, R. Rochefort, Chris Andersen","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-495","url":null,"abstract":"In 1998, forest vegetation was monitored for ozone injury on permanent plots in two Sierra Nevada national forests in California, at three locations in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, and at 68 forest health monitoring (FHM) locations throughout Washington, Oregon, and California. This was the first year that extensive monitoring of forest vegetation for ozone injury was carried out in Oregon and Washington. Injury was detected on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the Sierra Nevada permanent plots and on red elderberry at one FHM location in southwest Washington. No injury was detected at the Mount Rainier sites. We also report on results of a trial where red alder, huckle-berry, blue elderberry, and chokecherry were exposed to ozone under controlled conditions. Abstract This page has been left blank intentionally. Document continues on next page. 1 There is widespread concern about the potential impact of air contaminants on the long-term sustainability of our Nation's forests (Chappelka and Chevone 1992, Smith 1985, USDA Forest Service 1997, US EPA 1996b). Air pollutants, such as ground-level ozone, are known to interact with forest ecosystems and cause visible injury and other less obvious, but significant, effects (Hakkarienen 1987, Krupa and Manning1988, Smith 1990). Ozone is the only regional gaseous air pollutant that has been measured at known phytotoxic levels at numerous remote locations across the continental United The scientific evidence collected so far indicates that the response of western tree species to ozone pollution differs widely depending on species and genotype within speciestain major forest species, such as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), are sensitive to ozone at concentrations that normally occur over wide areas of the western landscape (Miller 1996, Peterson et al. 1991, US EPA 1996b). Because of the long life span of trees, there is ample opportunity for a long-term, cumulative effect on tree growth. Ozone has been implicated in the growth decline of pollution-sensitive eastern white pine genotypes in the Ozone also may have a broad effect on forested landscapes, potentially altering species composition and influencing pest interactions, soil moisture, and fire regimes Significant visible injury or effects on tree health have not been observed, however, in forests in these areas (Duriscoe and Temple 1996). Ozone monitoring has consisted of either measuring the amount of ozone in the air (ambient ozone) with air quality monitors or visually evaluating the extent and severity of ozone-induced foliar injury to sensitive plants …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122669903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deconstructing the timber volume paradigm in management of the Tongass National Forest.","authors":"J. Caouette, M. Kramer, G. Nowacki","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-482","url":null,"abstract":"Caouette, John P.; Kramer, Marc G.; Nowacki, Gregory J. 2000. Deconstructing the timber volume paradigm in management of the Tongass National Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-482. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 20 p. (Shaw, Charles G., III, tech. coord.; Conservation and resource assesments for the Tongass land management plan revision). Timber volume information and associated maps have been widely used in the Tongass National Forest for land-use planning and timber and wildlife management. Although considerable effort has been expended to improve timber volume maps, little has been done to evaluate the suitability of timber volume as a descriptor of forest character. We established a rough indicator of forest structure that uses trees per acre and quadratic mean diameter to examine the relation between timber volume and forest structure. Results indicated that timber volume and forest structure are not interchangeable attributes. Results also indicated that the original photinterpreted timber volume stratification did not always capture differences in timber volume but may have captured differences in forest structure. The recently revised timber volume stratification provides more reliable timber volume information, but it sacrifices structural information in the process.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124974797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social and economic assessment of the Chugach National Forest area.","authors":"L. Crone, P. Reed, J. Schaefers","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-561","url":null,"abstract":"Crone, Lisa K.; Reed, Pat; Schaefers, Julie. 2002. Social and economic assessment of the Chugach National Forest area. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-561. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 108 p. This is an assessment of the social and economic conditions in the Chugach National Forest area for use as background information for forest planning. Current regional conditions and recent trends are compared and contrasted with state and national conditions and recent trends. Regional employment and income trends in industries that use forest-related resources are detailed with a focus on their relation to forest management. Tourism and recreation is the industry likely to be most influenced by forest management policies. The social and economic conditions in 14 communities, chosen because of their proximity to the forest, also are described. The results of two mail surveys designed to gain a better understanding of the communities’ perceptions of themselves, their views about the management of the forest and other public lands, and the role of these lands in their quality of life also are presented and discussed. The survey results indicate that the communities are interested in the management of the forest and, because of the importance of public land to their quality of life, most wish to be equal partners with management agencies in planning for the future of these lands.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125169478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Research Findings From a Study of the Sociocultural Effects of Tourism in Haines, Alaska","authors":"L. Cerveny","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-612","url":null,"abstract":"Cerveny, Lee K. 2004. Preliminary research findings from a study of the sociocultural effects of tourism in Haines, Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-612. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 144 p. This report examines the growth and development of the tourism industry in Haines, Alaska, and its effects on community life and land use. It also describes the development of cruise-based tourism and its relation to shifts in local social and economic structures and patterns of land use, especially local recreation use trends. A multisited ethnographic approach was used featuring participant observation and in-depth interviews with local residents, cruise line industry personnel, and visitors to southeast Alaska. Results show that tourism brings both positive and negative changes to Alaska communities. Data from this report can assist Forest Service planners to identify factors involved in the relation between tourism growth and community well-being. It also may assist small southeast Alaska communities in decisionmaking related to tourism development.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123289176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of sport fish use on the Copper River Delta, Alaska.","authors":"Dirk W. Lang","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-814","url":null,"abstract":"Lang, Dirk W. 2010. A survey of sport fish use on the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-814. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 47 p. Aerial counts, in-person interviews, and mail-in questionnaires were used to survey sport fish use during the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) season on the Copper River Delta, Alaska from 2002 through 2006. Angler counts provided an index of use on individual streams and were used to develop a spatial database exhibiting patterns of use. In-person interviews and mail-in questionnaires were used to determine the effort, catch, and harvest of coho salmon by both local residents of Cordova and nonresident anglers. The estimated annual effort for nonresidents ranged from 5,230 to 5,663 angler-days from 2004 through 2006. The highest use occurred in 2005, and it appears that use has risen since 2002, but has remained relatively constant since 2004. Total annual effort for Cordova residents sport fishing on the West Copper River Delta ranged from 2,372 to 4,720 anglerdays from 2004 through 2006, and steadily declined over the 3 years. Sport fish use was concentrated on three stream systems of the West Copper River Delta: Eyak River, Ibeck Creek, and Alaganik Slough. Other streams had little to no use. Anglers were generally not found to use areas of streams with key spawning habitats. Coho salmon was the targeted species, and nonresident anglers caught and harvested more fish than Cordova resident anglers. Nonresident angler catches ranged from 15,192 to 28,473 coho salmon and harvests ranged from 6,887 to 10,554 coho salmon over 3 years. Annual catch and harvest of coho salmon by Cordova residents ranged from 2,116 to 6,033 and from 1,454 to 3,493 fish, respectively. For both groups, catch and harvest was highest in 2004 and decreased through time. Selective harvest (catch-and-release) was widely practiced. Visiting anglers released 56 percent of the coho salmon they caught, whereas Cordova residents released approximately 33 percent of their catch. The information provided with this survey will be used to assist in management of the area. Some examples of applications include directing habitat monitoring and protection efforts, focusing interpretive and educational materials toward the correct user population, evaluating human use capacities, assessing access and infrastructure needs, and permitting guides.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123753818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field survey of growth and colonization of nonnative trees on mainland Alaska.","authors":"J. Alden","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-664","url":null,"abstract":"Alden, John. 2006. Field survey of growth and colonization of nonnative trees on mainland Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-664. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 74 p. Six of nine nonnative boreal conifers in three genera (Abies, Larix, and Pinus) regenerated in 11 to 31 years after they were introduced to mainland Alaska. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engel.) and the Siberian larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb. and L. sukaczewii N. Dyl.) were the most widely introduced species and will likely be the first nonnative conifers to naturalize. Siberian larch grew up to six times more stem volume than white spruce in the first 40 years on upland sites, but was susceptible to the larch sawfly and a blue stain pathogen carried by bark beetles. On productive sites, lodgepole pine appeared to grow more stem wood than white spruce for about 35 years after planting. Snowshoe hares and moose were the most serious pests of the nonnative conifers. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) was the only species to regenerate in an established moss understory. Growth and age relationships were negative for all adequately sampled nonnative conifers and positive for native white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Data were insufficient to assess niche availability for commercial use of productive nonnative conifers in mixed stands in Alaska. Survey results indicate that introduction and naturalization of noninvasive tree species may improve the diversity, stability, and productivity of managed forest ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115107792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest products cluster development in Central Arizona - implications for landscape-scale forest restoration.","authors":"D. Nicholls","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-898","url":null,"abstract":"Nicholls, David. 2014. Forest products cluster development in central Arizona— implications for landscape-scale forest restoration. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-898. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 18 p. Since 2004, close to 50,000 ac of hazardous fuels have been mechanically treated in east-central Arizona as part of the USDA Forest Service’s first 10-year stewardship project on national forest lands. The need for coordinated wood products and biomass utilization in Arizona is likely to increase as broad-scale restoration treatments across Arizona’s national forests remove large amounts of wood fiber in coming decades. This research considers biomass availability and land ownership patterns for three potential wood products cluster sites in the Mogollon Rim region of Arizona (Show Low, Flagstaff, and Heber-Overgaard, Arizona). The formation of one or more wood products clusters in the Mogollon Rim region could create tangible benefits for communities in central Arizona as new businesses utilize increasing volumes of wood fiber. Land ownership patterns varied greatly between the locations, with federal lands predominating near Flagstaff and private ownership more common near Show Low. Regardless of the path forward, community support for forest restoration initiatives is likely to be a key to success, as is a shared vision held by stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122168107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory.","authors":"T. Malone, Jingjing Liang, E. C. Packee","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-785","url":null,"abstract":"Malone, Thomas; Liang, Jingjing; Packee, Edmond C. 2009. Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-785. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 42 p. The Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory (CAFI) is a comprehensive database of boreal forest conditions and dynamics in Alaska. The CAFI consists of fieldgathered information from numerous permanent sample plots distributed across interior and south-central Alaska including the Kenai Peninsula. The CAFI currently has 570 permanent sample plots on 190 sites representing a wide variety of growing conditions. New plots are being added to the inventory annually. To date, over 60 percent of the permanent sample plots have been remeasured and approximately 20 percent have been remeasured three times. Repeated periodic inventories on CAFI permanent sample plots provide valuable long-term information for modeling of forest dynamics such as growth and yield. Periodic remeasurements can also be used to test and monitor large-scale environmental and climate change. This guide documents sampling and estimation procedures of CAFI v.1.0, and provides details of the database, including attribute description and summary statistics. To help researchers and land managers successfully initiate or expand a permanent sample site program in Alaska, this guide offers a comprehensive tutorial to establish, maintain, and process permanent sample plots in Alaska’s boreal forests. For more information, please visit http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffjl2/CAFI.html.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129549729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cofiring biomass and coal for fossil fuel reduction and other benefits - status of North American facilities in 2010.","authors":"D. Nicholls, J. Zerbe","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-867","url":null,"abstract":"Cofiring of biomass and coal at electrical generation facilities is gaining in importance as a means of reducing fossil fuel consumption, and more than 40 facilities in the United States have conducted test burns. Given the large size of many coal plants, cofiring at even low rates has the potential to utilize relatively large volumes of biomass. This could have important forest management implications if harvest residues or salvage timber are supplied to coal plants. Other feedstocks suitable for cofiring include wood products manufacturing residues, woody municipal wastes, agricultural residues, short-rotation intensive culture forests, or hazard fuel removals. Cofiring at low rates can often be done with minimal changes to plant handling and processing equipment, requiring little capital investment. Cofiring at higher rates can involve repowering entire burners to burn biomass in place of coal, or in some cases, repowering entire powerplants. Our research evaluates the current status of biomass cofiring in North America, identifying current trends and success stories, types of biomass used, coal plant sizes, and primary cofiring regions. We also identify potential barriers to cofiring. Results are presented for more than a dozen plants that are currently cofiring or have recently announced plans to cofire.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129786736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}