General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service最新文献

{"title":"Feasibility of using wood wastes to meet local heating requirements of communities in the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska.","authors":"D. Nicholls, P. M. Crimp","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-533","url":null,"abstract":"Wood energy can be important in meeting the energy needs of Alaska communities that have access to abundant biomass resources. In the Kenai Peninsula, a continuing spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) infestation has created large volumes of standing dead spruce trees (Picea spp.). For this evaluation, a site in the Kenai-Soldotna area was chosen for a small, industrial-scale (4 million British thermal units (BTUs) per hour) wood-fired hot water heating system, which could be fueled by salvaged spruce timber and also by sawmilling residues. Thirty-six different scenarios were evaluated by using wood fuel costs ranging from $10 to $50 per delivered ton, alternative fuel costs from $1 to $2 per gallon, and fuel moisture contents of either 20 percent or 50 percent (green basis). In addition, two different capital costs were considered. Internal rates of return varied from less than 0 to about 31 percent, and project payback periods varied from 4 years to greater than 20 years. Potential barriers to the long-term sustainability of a wood energy system in the Kenai Peninsula include the availability of biomass material once current spruce salvage activities subside. The estimated wood fuel requirements of about 2,000 tons per year are expected to be easily met by spruce salvage operations over the short term and by sawmill residues after salvage inventories diminish. It is expected that a wood energy system this size would not significantly reduce overall fuel loads in the area, but instead would be a good demonstration of this type of system while providing other community benefits and energy savings. Abstract 1 Biomass energy can be important in meeting the heating needs of facilities that currently depend on fossil fuels. The Kenai Peninsula region of Alaska has abundant forest resources , which include a substantial amount of spruce (Picea spp.) wood killed by bark beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)). This region of Alaska holds promise for the development of biomass energy projects not only because of its timber resources but also the presence of an existing timber industry (both processing and logging infrastructure). Salvaged material could be used to produce energy to heat buildings, although its long-term supply might be questionable. Many sawmill facilities in the region would be well positioned to supply wood wastes for fuel if the availability of beetle-killed wood declines. This paper evaluates the economic feasibility of using local forest and sawmill residues to supply a wood-fired hot …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"533 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128754071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in southwest Washington","authors":"Jessica L. Hudec, J. Halofsky, D. Peterson, Joanne J. Ho","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-977","url":null,"abstract":"Hudec, Jessica L.; Halofsky, Jessica E.; Peterson, David L.; Ho, Joanne J., eds. 2019. Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in southwest Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-977. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 249 p. The Southwest Washington Adaptation Partnership (SWAP) was developed to identify climate change issues relevant for resource management in southwest Washington, specifically on Gifford Pinchot National Forest. This science-management partnership assessed the vulnerability of natural resources to climate change and developed adaptation options that minimize negative impacts of climate change on resources of concern and facilitate transition of diverse ecosystems to a warmer climate. The vulnerability assessment focuses on fish and aquatic habitat, vegetation, special habitats, recreation, and ecosystem services. Projected changes in climate and hydrology will have far-reaching effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, especially as frequency of extreme climatic events (drought, low snowpack) and ecological disturbances (flooding, wildfire, insect outbreaks) increases. Distribution and abundance of coldwater fish species are expected to decrease in response to higher water temperature, although effects will differ as a function of local habitat and competition with nonnative fish. Higher air temperature, through its influence on soil moisture, is expected to cause gradual changes in the distribution and abundance of plant species, with drought-tolerant species becoming more dominant. Increased frequency and extent of wildfire will facilitate vegetation change, in some cases leading to altered structure and function of ecosystems (e.g., more forest area in younger age classes). Special habitats such as riparian areas and wetlands are expected to be particularly sensitive to altered soil moisture, especially as drought frequency increases. Warmer temperatures are expected to create more opportunities for warmweather recreation activities (e.g., hiking, camping) and fewer opportunities for snow-based activities (e.g., skiing, snowmobiling). Recreationists modify their activities according to current conditions, but recreation management by federal agencies has generally not been so flexible. Timber supply and carbon sequestration may be affected by increasing frequency and extent of disturbances. Native pollinators may be affected by altered vegetation distribution and phenological mismatches between insects and plants. Resource managers convened at a SWAP workshop and developed adaptation options in response to the vulnerabilities identified in each resource area, including both high-level strategies and on-the-ground tactics. Many adaptation options are intended to increase the resilience of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and to reduce the effects of existing stressors (e.g., removal of nonnative species). In terrestrial systems, a dominant theme of adapt","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129278599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updated outdoor recreation use values on national forests and other public lands.","authors":"J. Loomis","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-658","url":null,"abstract":"Loomis, John. 2005. Updated outdoor recreation use values on national forests and other public lands. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-658. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 26 p. This report summarizes more than 30 years of the literature on net economic value of outdoor recreation on public lands. The report provides average net willingness to pay or consumer surplus per day for 30 recreation activities at the national level. Values per day by recreation activity are also presented by census region of the United States. Detailed tables provide the average value per day as well as the standard error for calculating confidence intervals. Guidance for using these values in performing benefit transfer to unstudied sites is also provided. The report provides a link to a Web site where the spreadsheet that underlies the averages calculated in this report is available.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126706184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity, ecology, and conservation of truffle fungi in forests of the Pacific Northwest","authors":"J. Trappe, R. Molina, D. Luoma, E. Cazares, D. Pilz, Jane E. Smith, M. Castellano, S. Miller, M. Trappe","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-772","url":null,"abstract":"Forests of the Pacific Northwest have been an epicenter for the evolution of truffle fungi with over 350 truffle species and 55 genera currently identified. Truffle fungi develop their reproductive fruit-bodies typically belowground, so they are harder to find and study than mushrooms that fruit aboveground. Nevertheless, over the last five decades, the Corvallis Forest Mycology program of the Pacific Northwest Research Station has amassed unprecedented knowledge on the diversity and ecology of truffles in the region. Truffle fungi form mycorrhizal symbioses that benefit the growth and survival of many tree and understory plants. Truffle fruit-bodies serve as a major food souce for many forest-dwelling mammals. A few truffle species are commercially harvested for gourmet consumption in regional restaurants. This publication explores the biology and ecology of truffle fungi in the Pacific Northwest, their importance in forest ecosystems, and effects of various silvicultural practices on sustaining truffle populations. General management principles and considerations to sustain this valuable fungal resource are provided.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"675 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123989530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proceedings: linking healthy forests and communities - successful strategies and future directions, October 19-21, 2003, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.","authors":"D. Nicholls","doi":"10.2737/pnw-gtr-631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-631","url":null,"abstract":"Nicholls, David L. 2005. Proceedings: Linking Healthy Forests and Communities—Successful Strategies and Future Directions. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-631. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 51 p. The Linking Healthy Forests and Communities conference brought together a diverse group representing government agencies, traditional forest users, landholders, scientists, and small enterprises and other businesses related to nontimber forest products. The purpose was to exchange information, encourage cooperation, and raise awareness of environmentally and economically viable wood-products-related opportunities in Alaska. These proceedings include extended summaries of presentations by speakers and panelists at the conference. Summaries were compiled and edited by the USDA Forest Service, Alaska Wood Utilization Research and Development Center.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121325286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Values, beliefs, and attitudes technical guide for Forest Service land and resource management, planning, and decision-making","authors":"S. Allen, Denise A. Wickwar, F. Clark, Robert Dow, R. Potts, S. Snyder","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-788","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the Forest Service and the public have placed increasing priority on making sure that management of public lands takes into account the needs of nearby communities, regional residents, national residents, and even members of the public who may not currently visit public lands. As awareness and commitment to this wide range of stakeholders grows, so does the need for forest managers and planners to understand the dynamic linkages among the forest, surrounding communities, and other stakeholders, including the national public. Knowing about public values, beliefs, and attitudes (VBAs) relevant to public land management is one foundation for understanding these linkages. Managers and planners aware of the systematic differences in values, beliefs, and attitudes held by the public and stakeholder groups are in a better position to define resource issues, develop alternative ways of addressing them, assess their social and cultural impacts, identify acceptable management measures, and monitor the results. The VBA technical guide is designed to acquaint Forest Service staff and line officers with the concepts of values, beliefs, and attitudes; to demonstrate ways in which VBAs and associated concepts can be measured and analyzed; and to suggest methods for applying VBA information to decisions about projects and plans.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"8 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114821281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunter demand for deer on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska: an analysis of influencing factors.","authors":"R. Mazza","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-581","url":null,"abstract":"Mazza, Rhonda. 2003. Hunter demand for deer on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska: an analysis of influencing factors. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-581. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 21 p. Overall hunter demand for deer on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, has not changed significantly in the last 10 years, although demand has increased in five communities on the island. These five communities each experienced a decline in household median income between 1989 and 1999. In communities with a smaller percentage of Native Alaskans, deer was a larger component of their subsistence harvest. The cashbased market economy on Prince of Wales Island is in transition as the dependence on logging and commercial fishing declines. The subsistence economy in Alaska has traditionally provided security to residents during lulls or downturns in the market economy. Overall employment opportunities in southeast Alaska are projected to decline between 2000 and 2010. An area of projected growth, however, is in tourism and recreationbased employment, from which residents on the island may be able to benefit. Change in employment opportunities may change demand for deer.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"581 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131047143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tourism and Natural Resource Management: A General Overview of Research and Issues","authors":"J. Kline","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-506","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, growing awareness among tourism researchers of the relations between tourism and natural resource management has resulted in a substantial body of academic literature examining tourism issues under a relatively new set of tourism concepts. Seemingly new forms of tourism, such as nature-based tourism, ecotourism, and sustainable tourism, now are advocated as an environmentally safe basis for economic development in many rural locations worldwide. The USDA Forest Service has become interested in these new forms of tourism because of decreasing timber harvests and increasing recreation on national forest lands, and the resulting impacts of these changes on local economies. New forms of tourism are closely related to outdoor recreation, which has been a management objective of National Forests since their inception. This paper discusses the concepts of nature-based tourism, ecotourism, and sustainable tourism; provides a general overview of research and issues; and suggests potential areas for future research. The intent is to provide a general overview of existing literature to serve as a primer for researchers and policymakers initiating more thorough investigations of tourism and natural resource management. Abstract This page has been left blank intentionally. Document continues on next page. 1 Tourism development commonly has been advocated as an alternative to traditional natural resource-based economic development, such as timber production, agriculture, and mining. Recently, many advocates of tourism have promoted seemingly new tourism concepts, such as nature-based tourism, ecotourism, and sustainable tourism, among others. These new forms of tourism are promoted as an environmentally safe way for rural communities to generate income from natural resources. They are advocated particularly in developing countries because many developing countries possess a comparative advantage over developed countries in their ability to provide relatively pristine natural settings (Cater 1993). Affluence, education, and environmentalism all contribute to increasing visitation to wild lands and generate income for local communities through the expenditures of tourists such as lodging, transportation, food, guides, and souvenirs (Laarman and Sedjo 1992). Demand for these new forms of tourism, it is argued, arises from increased concern or interest in unique and fragile ecosystems and a growing desire to travel to new and exotic places, and an increasing number of people who have the financial means to do so (Seidl 1994). Research interest in these new forms of tourism has surfaced in the United States partly because of decreasing timber harvests and increasing recreation on national forest lands and the resulting …","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130912879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A habitat-based point-count protocol for terrestrial birds, emphasizing Washington and Oregon.","authors":"M. H. Huff, Kelly A. Bettinger, H. Ferguson, Martin J. Brown, B. Altman","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-501","url":null,"abstract":"Huff, Mark H.; Bettinger, Kelly A.; Ferguson, Howard L.; Brown, Martin J.; Altman, Bob. 2000. A habitat-based point-count protocol for terrestrial birds, emphasizing Washington and Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWG T R 5 0 1 . Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 39 p. We describe a protocol and provide a summary for point-count monitoring of landbirds that is designed for habitat-based objectives. Presentation is in four steps: preparation and planning, selecting monitoring sites, establishing monitoring stations, and conducting point counts. We describe the basis for doing habitat-based point counts, how they are organized, and how they differ from other approaches using point counts. We discuss links between local scale and larger scale monitoring and methods to evaluate sample size for monitoring. We develop a framework for identifying potential monitoring sites and provide an attribute database to characterize the potential sites, including rules to select sites. We describe buffer requirements for sites, rules for distances between points, ways to mark individual count stations, and alternative methods for riparian areas. We conclude with guidelines for counting birds and recording data.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132453132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recreation and tourism in south-central Alaska: synthesis of recent trends and prospects.","authors":"D. Brooks, R. Haynes","doi":"10.2737/PNW-GTR-511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-511","url":null,"abstract":"Brooks, David J.; Haynes, Richard W. 2001. Recreation and tourism in South Central Alaska: synthesis of recent trends and prospects. General Technical Report GTR-PNW-XXX. Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. XX p. Tourism has been the fastest-growing component of Alaska's economy for the past decade and is an important export sector for the regional economy. Opportunities to participate in outdoor recreation are also an important component of the quality of life for residents of Alaska. Therefore, successful planning for the Chugach National Forest will require an understanding of (1) recreation and tourism as an economic sector; (2) factors contributing to growth in activity in South Central Alaska; and (3) prospective future levels and types of demand. Using the framework of a sectoral analysis, a variety of data sources reveal similar trends and patterns of activity. Recreation demand models, based on cross-sectional data, illustrate the importance of demographic and economic factors as determinants of demand. Implications for management and planning include the need to understand whether and when management actions to increase the recreation services of forested landscapes conflict with other management objectives, such as maintaining or enhancing wildlife habitat. Continuing growth in recreation and tourism in South Central Alaska is likely, although in the near future, the rate of growth may be slower than was the case in the early 1990s. While the demographic and economic characteristics of the population of Anchorage are similar to those of the lower 48, patterns of recreation use (activities and frequency) differ across residents and non-residents. Based on both recreation demand models and key respondent interviews, the fastest growth in demand is likely to be in viewing wildlife and scenery and in ‘‘soft adventure’’ activities that offer a combination of comfort and outdoor recreation-based excitement. The increasing importance of recreation and tourism presents challenges for communities as well as resource managers in Alaska.","PeriodicalId":282363,"journal":{"name":"General Technical Report, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123915438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}