ERN: Equity最新文献

{"title":"Premature Deaths, Accidental Bequests and Fairness","authors":"M. Fleurbaey, Marie‐Louise Leroux, P. Pestieau, G. Ponthiere, Stéphane Zuber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3124120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3124120","url":null,"abstract":"While little agreement exists regarding the taxation of bequests in general, there is a widely held view that accidental bequests should be subject to a confi…scatory tax. We propose to reexamine the optimal taxation of accidental bequests in an economy where individuals care about what they leave to their offspring in case of premature death. We show that, whereas the conventional 100 % tax view holds under the standard utilitarian social welfare criterion, it does not hold under the ex post egalitarian criterion, which assigns a strong weight to the welfare of unlucky short-lived individuals. From an egalitarian perspective, it is optimal not to tax, but to subsidize accidental bequests. We examine the robustness of those results in a dynamic OLG model of wealth accumulation, and show that, whereas the sign of the optimal tax on accidental bequests depends on the form of the joy of giving motive, it remains true that the 100 % tax view does not hold under the ex post egalitarian criterion.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"328 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116783526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where are the Women?","authors":"M. Hubbard, C. Harold","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3027178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3027178","url":null,"abstract":"According to a 2016 report by Catalyst, women in the United States make up 46.8% of the workforce and 51.1% of management and professional positions, but only a startling 4% of top leadership positions in S&P 500 companies. There are many reasons for this phenomenon, and this paper will consider the major theories behind it. Through the lens of the financial services industry and using qualitative research technique of semi-structured interviews, this paper will endeavor to show which factors impact female leaders’ ability to reach the senior levels of management from their own perspective, and illustrate how these may differ from the challenges their male colleague’s experiences. The goal of this research is to provide insights to help direct future research and offer guidance to the financial services industry regarding steps to take to ensure women are afforded equal advancement opportunities.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128242886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumption Inequality and Its Evolution in Urban China","authors":"Da Zhao, Tianhao Wu, Qiwei He","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3034692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3034692","url":null,"abstract":"Exploiting the variations in household income and consumption structure, this paper corrects the measurement errors of consumption expenditure reported by households in different income classes. By using the Urban Household Survey (UHS) data, empirical results demonstrate that consumption inequality in urban China increased by 67% during the sample period and it was much larger than 36%, which was obtained directly from the reported raw data. Precisely, from 1993 to 2007, the consumption inequality experienced a rapid increase, but began to decrease after 2008. Since 2002, underreporting of consumption expenditure was more evident for households with higher income. Furthermore, the consumption inequality in central and western regions, and that of the households with higher education levels were more serious and constituted important driving forces for the increase of consumption inequality.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133259088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lists of Ethical, Legal, Societal and Economic Issues of Big Data Technologies","authors":"B. Custers, Karolina La Fors, M. Jóźwiak, Esther Keymolen, Daniel Bachlechner, M. Friedewald, Stefania Aguzzi","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3091018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3091018","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this report is to identify and analyse the most relevant ethical, legal, societal and economic issues implicated by the development of big data technologies. With this purpose in mind, each distinctive perspective approaches the technological innovation brought about by big data technologies from a different angle. \u0000First, the ethical perspective contains a comprehensive review of different ethical outlooks: moral philosophy, philosophy of technology and biomedical ethics which provide the guidelines for developing a list of values that are useful to shape an ethical perspective on big data technologies for all stakeholders. The ethical issues mapped particularly concern these values to the extent they are under pressure by the developments in big data technologies. The selection was primarily guided by the views on technology development from a virtue ethics perspective. The ethical issues identified are: human welfare, autonomy, non-maleficence, justice (including equality, non-discrimination, digital inclusion), accountability (including transparency), trustworthiness (including honesty and underpinning also security), privacy, dignity, solidarity and environmental welfare. \u0000Second, the legal perspective focuses on the lists of human rights derived from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (the EU Charter), which together constitute the main legal framework for the EU in the field of human rights. The rights of particular relevance in the context of big data technologies are the rights to private and family life, personal data protection, freedom of expression and information, freedom of assembly and association, non-discrimination, fair trial and consumer protection. By analysing the normative scope of each of these human rights, looking at both legislation and case law of the European courts and the way in which big data technologies challenge different aspects of each human right at stake, the legal part distils the list of the most relevant issues at the nexus of big data technologies and human rights in the EU. The legal issues identified are: lack of transparency, vagueness of the concept of harm, accountability, proportionality, establishing a regulatory framework and the role of private actors in applying fundamental rights. \u0000Third, the societal perspective makes use of the extensive literature on Societal Impact Assessments (SIA). The analysis of literature was combined with a review of research project propositions and complemented by discussions at two workshops. Societal impact is very generally understood as changes to one or more of a number of elements of social life: people’s way of life, their culture, their community, their political systems, their environment, their health and well-being, their personal and property and their fears and aspirations. The societal issues are mapped by examining different actors and distinctions between these actors, by examining","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127146599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It’s a Crime, but Is It a Blunder? The Efficacy of Targeting Civilians in War","authors":"Kathryn McNabb Cochran, Alexander B. Downes","doi":"10.4324/9781315178844-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315178844-17","url":null,"abstract":"Is systematically targeting an adversary’s civilians in war an effective military strategy? This paper assesses the historical record of civilian victimization and interstate war outcomes from 1816 to 2003. We begin by disaggregating civilian victimization into two distinct types: coercive victimization — in which a belligerent targets an adversary’s civilians to persuade their government to surrender — and eliminationist victimization — where a belligerent removes members of a target group from a certain piece of territory. Because the logic underpinning these two types of civilian victimization is different, we examine their efficacy separately. We find that the efficacy of both types of victimization is contingent on the regime type of the target state. Coercive targeting is effective when used against anocracies, whereas eliminationist victimization is effective against all types of nondemocracies. We also find that the effectiveness of eliminationist targeting has declined over time. Brief case studies of the Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) and British counterinsurgency strategy in the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) help to illustrate our findings and reveal further nuances regarding the relative efficacy of different varieties of civilian victimization.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116062859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Деликт Препятствования Исполнению Должником Решения Суда. Для Российских Читателей. (The Tort of Inducing and Procuring Judgment Debtor Not to Pay Judgment Debt. For Russian Readers.)","authors":"Павел Дробышев","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2996766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2996766","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Статья содержит определение правовой позиции суда по вопросу о признании правомерным требования о возмещении вреда, причиненного истцу путем воспрепятствования третьим лицом ответчику исполнить решение суда, принятое в пользу истца. Для российских читателей. \u0000English Abstract: Paper review and discuss modern legal position in issue of tort of inducing and procuring judgment debtor by his beneficial owner not to meet judgment debt. For Russian readers.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134483214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income Mobility, Income Risk and Welfare","authors":"T. Krebs, P. Krishna, W. Maloney","doi":"10.1093/WBER/LHX022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBER/LHX022","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics, mobility and welfare, with ex-ante identical individuals facing a stochastic income process and market incompleteness implying that they are unable to insure against persistent shocks to income. We show how the parameters of the income process can be estimated using repeated cross-sectional data with a short panel dimension, and use a simple consumption-saving model for quantitative analysis of mobility and welfare. Our empirical application, using data on individual incomes from Mexico, provides striking results. Most of measured income mobility is driven by measurement error or transitory income shocks and therefore (almost) welfare-neutral. Only a small part of measured income mobility is due to either welfare-reducing income risk or welfare-enhancing catching-up of low-income individuals with high-income individuals, both of which, nevertheless, have economically significant effects on social welfare. Strikingly, roughly half of the mobility that cannot be attributed to measurement error or transitory income shocks is driven by welfare-reducing persistent income shocks. Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131560908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequality and Competitive Effort: The Roles of Asymmetric Resources, Opportunity and Outcomes","authors":"Francesco Fallucchi, Abhijit Ramalingam, B. Rockenbach, Marcin Waligora","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3005250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3005250","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effects of different sources of inequality in a commonplace economic interaction: competition. We investigate how individuals react to different types of inequality in experimental two-player Tullock contests where contestants expend resources to win a prize. We study three different sources of inequality: resources, abilities and possible outcomes. We find that overall competitive effort is greater in the presence of inequality in abilities than other inequalities. Unlike other forms, inequality in abilities elicits a very aggressive reaction from disadvantaged players relative to their advantaged opponents. The Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) suggests that financial incentives are less salient in the presence of a biased contest procedure.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129148581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income Inequality in the United States: the Impact of Super Salaries.","authors":"Abdulmuhsen S. Alkhalaf","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3686698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3686698","url":null,"abstract":"Focusing in the United States, this paper addresses the following question: can the increase of top managers' salaries be counted as a source of the recent increase in income inequality? The paper shows that, between 1979 and 2015, the average annual wage for the bottom 90 percent of wage earners increased 80 percent and the average annual wage for the top 1 percent of wage earners increased 160 percent. It further shows that the bulk of the increase in income inequality comes from the top 1 percent, whose share of national income rose from 9 percent in the 1970s to about 20 percent in 2000-2010. It concludes that that the substantial increase in wage inequality (top salaries) can explain part of the recent increase in income inequality in the United States, bearing in mind that race between education and technology and income from capital also played a role.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114411602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Merit Primacy Effect","authors":"A. Cappelen, K. Moene, Siv-Elisabeth Skjelbred, Bertil Tungodden","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2963504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2963504","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A long history in economics going back to Adam Smith has argued that people give primacy to merit – rather than luck – in distributive choices. We provide a theoretical framework formalizing the merit primacy effect, and study it in a novel experiment where third-party spectators redistribute from high-earners to low-earners in situations where both merit and luck determine earnings. We identify a strong and consistent merit primacy effect in the spectator behaviour. The results shed new light on inequality acceptance in society, by showing how just a little bit of merit can make people significantly more inequality accepting.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132184231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}