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Automation, Work Design, and Job Quality: Empirical Evidence 自动化、工作设计和工作质量:经验证据
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2021-09-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3452464
Pinchuan Ong, I. Png
{"title":"Automation, Work Design, and Job Quality: Empirical Evidence","authors":"Pinchuan Ong, I. Png","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3452464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3452464","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate how automation of cognitively demanding tasks in work design (“technological deskilling”) raises worker welfare and reduces labor costs in two settings. Ride-hail drivers navigate and drive. Navigation systems automate the cognitively demanding task. Drivers valued navigation systems at 6.8 percent of their income, and, absent navigation systems, drivers were 19.5 percent less likely to work. Supermarket cashiers scan purchases and collect payments. Consumer self-payment systems automate the cognitively demanding task of collecting payments. Cashiers valued automated payments at 3.7 percent of wages and they increased labor supply by 11 percent. By increasing job quality and labor supply, technological deskilling underpins a low-cost strategy.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128030783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Inequality and Risk Management: Evidence from a Lab Experiment in Ghana 不平等和风险管理:来自加纳实验室实验的证据
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3886835
Richard A. Gallenstein
{"title":"Inequality and Risk Management: Evidence from a Lab Experiment in Ghana","authors":"Richard A. Gallenstein","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3886835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3886835","url":null,"abstract":"Wealth inequality has been growing throughout the world in recent decades. In this article I explore the impact of inequality on risk-management decisions in a developing country context. I use a lab-in-the-field experiment that introduces exogenous variation in inequality to investigate the impact of inequality on risk-sharing and insurance uptake decisions. I find that inequality does influence formation of risk-sharing agreements and demand for insurance.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129943728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Characterization of Minimum Price Walrasian Rule in Object Allocation Problem for an Arbitrary Number of Objects 任意数量目标分配问题中最小价格Walrasian规则的刻画
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2021-06-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3859893
R. Sakai, Shigehiro Serizawa
{"title":"A Characterization of Minimum Price Walrasian Rule in Object Allocation Problem for an Arbitrary Number of Objects","authors":"R. Sakai, Shigehiro Serizawa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3859893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3859893","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the multi-object allocation problem with monetary transfers where each agent obtains at most one object (unit-demand). We focus on allocation rules satisfying individual rationality, no subsidy, efficiency, and strategy-proofness. Extending the result of Morimoto and Serizawa (2015), we show that for an arbitrary number of agents and objects, the minimum price Walrasian is characterized by the four properties on the classical domain.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115051447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
On Why Affirmative Action May Never End and Why it Should 为什么平权行动可能永远不会结束，为什么应该结束
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2021-05-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3842996
P. Jehiel, Mathieu V. Leduc
{"title":"On Why Affirmative Action May Never End and Why it Should","authors":"P. Jehiel, Mathieu V. Leduc","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3842996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3842996","url":null,"abstract":"Successive welfare-maximizing governments must decide whether to implement an affirmative action policy. This affirmative action policy is purported to improve the performance distribution of a targeted group (minority or otherwise), although this improvement becomes trivial when the policy is implemented over a long period of time. Employers pay workers according to their expected productivity, but without (perfectly) observing whether they benefited from affirmative action or not. This has a depressing effect on the wages of non-beneficiaries (whether or not they belong to the targeted group), leading in turn to a feeling of injustice. We find that governments perpetually choose to implement an affirmative action policy, even though the overall feeling of injustice is worse than the purported beneficial effect on the performance of the targeted group (which becomes marginal over time). The explanation we propose is based on a novel moral hazard argument: Each government's actual policy decision is not (perfectly) observed by market participants and thus has no direct effect on wages. Governments therefore do not internalize the depressing effect of an affirmative action policy on wages when choosing to implement it. This outcome is in sharp contrast with a first-best, welfare-maximizing policy plan, in which governments choose to end affirmative action after a certain number of periods, when the purported improvement in the performance distribution of the targeted group becomes small enough.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117017775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Exploring the Propensity to Travel of People with Disabilities: A Literature Review 探索残障人士的旅游倾向:文献综述
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2021-04-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3832082
Angelina De Pascale, M. Meleddu, T. Abbate
{"title":"Exploring the Propensity to Travel of People with Disabilities: A Literature Review","authors":"Angelina De Pascale, M. Meleddu, T. Abbate","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3832082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3832082","url":null,"abstract":"Although accessible tourism represents an interesting research field, the study on the participation of people with disabilities (PwDs) in tourism activities and the constraints limiting their involvement is still in its initial phase. This paper proposes a comprehensive review of the literature on the role of constraints on the travel propensity of PwDs. It also offers an empirical application using the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints model as the primary guiding theoretical framework. The findings revealed that the presence of constraints limits the intention to travel of PwDs. Additionally, they underlined that many PwDs give up travelling despite the attempts of many tourist destinations to reduce or eliminate these constraints.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114610801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Неравенство социальной нагрузки: особенности социально-экономического положения населения, испытывающего “сэндвич-синдром” (Inequality of Social Burden: Features of the Socio-Economic Situation of the Population Experiencing the ‘Sandwich Syndrome’)
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2021-01-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3874936
T. Maleva, Marina Kartseva, Polina Kuznetsova, A. Salmina
{"title":"Неравенство социальной нагрузки: особенности социально-экономического положения населения, испытывающего “сэндвич-синдром” (Inequality of Social Burden: Features of the Socio-Economic Situation of the Population Experiencing the ‘Sandwich Syndrome’)","authors":"T. Maleva, Marina Kartseva, Polina Kuznetsova, A. Salmina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3874936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3874936","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract:В данной работе проводится исследование социально-экономического положения лиц, испытывающих “сэндвич-синдром”. Работа включает в себя критический анализ литературы, посвященной влиянию “сэндвич-синдрома” на различные аспекты жизнедеятельности человека, а также эмпирический анализ распространенности, демографических и социально-экономических особенностей “сэндвич-синдрома” в России. English Abstract:In this paper, a study of the socio-economic situation of persons experiencing \"sandwich syndrome\" is carried out. The work includes a critical analysis of the literature on the impact of the \"sandwich syndrome\" on various aspects of human life, as well as an empirical analysis of the prevalence, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the \"sandwich syndrome\" in Russia.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122087893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Foreign Direct Investment and Gender Inequality: Evidence from South Africa 外国直接投资与性别不平等:来自南非的证据
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.18356/2076099X-27-3-7
Victor Stolzenburg, M. Matthee, C. C. Janse van Rensburg, Carli Bezuidenhout
{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment and Gender Inequality: Evidence from South Africa","authors":"Victor Stolzenburg, M. Matthee, C. C. Janse van Rensburg, Carli Bezuidenhout","doi":"10.18356/2076099X-27-3-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2076099X-27-3-7","url":null,"abstract":"We study an often-overlooked factor behind gender inequality: globalization, in particular, foreign direct investment (FDI). Building on a growing literature that studies the impact of trade and FDI on gender inequality, we test whether foreign-owned firms exhibit a different gender wage gap (GWG) than firms with domestic ownership, using unique South African administrative matched employer-employee data. We find that the unconditional GWG is substantially smaller in foreign-owned firms than in firms with domestic ownership. We also find that for foreign-owned firms this difference is reversed once we control for a large set of fixed effects. In our preferred specification, foreign-owned firms have a larger GWG of about 2.4 percentage points. The share of women employed in foreign firms is lower than in firms with domestic ownership, in contrast to similar studies, which may indicate an underlying inequality in opportunities for women within a developing country context.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115657940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
When Standards Have Better Distributional Consequences Than Carbon Taxes 当标准比碳税有更好的分配效果时
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2020-11-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3739546
Jiaxin Zhao, Linus Mattauch
{"title":"When Standards Have Better Distributional Consequences Than Carbon Taxes","authors":"Jiaxin Zhao, Linus Mattauch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3739546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3739546","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon pricing is the efficient instrument to reduce emissions. Nevertheless, the geographical and sectoral coverage of substantial carbon pricing remains low, often due to concerns that it may increase economic inequality. Regulatory standards such as fuel economy standards are more popular. Could it be the case that they have an equity advantage over carbon pricing? We develop two formal models to identify economic situations in which standards have better distributional consequences. First, we prove that an efficiency standard can be more equitable than carbon pricing when consumers exhibit a preference for high-carbon technology attributes. Evidence from the US vehicle market confirms this finding. Second, we show theoretically, and by means of a numerical application to the Chinese transport sector, that intensity standards are preferable when richer households consume more goods with high carbon intensity. Our results hold when the revenue from carbon pricing is not very progressively redistributed. These insights may help advance decarbonisation when pricing remains unpopular.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128109257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Inequality, Finance and Renewable Energy Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa 撒哈拉以南非洲的不平等、金融和可再生能源消费
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2020-11-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3729336
S. Asongu, N. Odhiambo
{"title":"Inequality, Finance and Renewable Energy Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"S. Asongu, N. Odhiambo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3729336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3729336","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates linkages between financial development, income inequality and renewable energy consumption from 39 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical evidence is based on data for the period 2004-2014, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Quantile Regressions (QR). The GMM results show that financial development unconditionally promotes renewable energy consumption while income inequality counteracts the underlying positive effect. The QR results reveal that the GMM findings only withstand empirical validity in bottom quantiles of the renewable energy consumption distribution. In order to increase room for policy implications for the promotion of renewable energy consumption, critical masses of income inequality that should not be exceeded are computed for bottom quantiles of the renewable energy consumption distribution while income inequality thresholds that should be exceeded are computed for top quantiles of the renewable energy consumption distribution. The study reconciles two strands of the literature. Theoretical, practical and policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115043681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 60
Social Capital, Social Contracts, and Public Policy in the United States 美国的社会资本、社会契约与公共政策
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3722907
Steven Tanimura
{"title":"Social Capital, Social Contracts, and Public Policy in the United States","authors":"Steven Tanimura","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3722907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3722907","url":null,"abstract":"The underlying social framework in which we live seems to becoming less social. The connections we have between individuals, businesses, and government has become impersonal and distant. If this is a valid trend of society then our connection with our elected officials may be a lot less meaningful and may explain the outcomes of public policies that are now in existence.<br><br>It seems reasonable that enhancing our social capital will increase social welfare. If we, as society, are diminishing our store of social capital, then maybe, we should seek to better understand what this concept is and how it might affect our aggregate social welfare and its impact on economic justice.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125242447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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