ERN: Equity最新文献

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Valuation Monotonicity, Fairness and Stability in Assignment Problems 分配问题的估值单调性、公平性与稳定性
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-07-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3246539
R. Brink, Marina Núñez, Francisco Robles
{"title":"Valuation Monotonicity, Fairness and Stability in Assignment Problems","authors":"R. Brink, Marina Núñez, Francisco Robles","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3246539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3246539","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the possibility of having stable rules for two-sided markets with transferable utility, that satisfy some valuation monotonicity and fairness axioms. Valuation fairness requires that changing the valuation of a buyer for the object of a seller leads to equal changes in the payoffs of this buyer and seller. This is satisfied by the Shapley value, but is incompatible with stability. A main goal in this paper is to weaken valuation fairness in such a way that it is compatible with stability. It turns out that requiring equal changes only for buyers and sellers that are matched to each other before as well as after the change, is compatible with stability. In fact, we show that the only stable rule that satisfies weak valuation fairness is the well-known fair division rule which is obtained as the average of the buyers-optimal and the sellers-optimal payoff vectors. Our second goal is to characterize these two extreme rules by valuation monotonicity axioms. We show that the buyers-optimal (respectively sellers-optimal) stable rule is characterized as the only stable rule that satisfies buyer-valuation monotonicity which requires that a buyer cannot be better off by weakly decreasing his/her valuations for all objects, as long as he is assigned the same object as before (respectively object-valuation antimonotonicity which requires that a buyer cannot be worse off when all buyers weakly decrease their valuations for the object that is assigned to this specific buyer, as long as this buyer is assigned the same object as before). Finally, adding a consistency axiom, the two optimal rules are characterized in the general domain of allocation rules for two-sided assignment markets with a variable population.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"05 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126972833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
More Educated, Less Mobile? Diverging Trends in Income and Educational Mobility in Chile and Peru 受教育程度高,流动性差?智利和秘鲁收入和教育流动的不同趋势
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3225751
A. Gaentzsch, G. Zapata Román
{"title":"More Educated, Less Mobile? Diverging Trends in Income and Educational Mobility in Chile and Peru","authors":"A. Gaentzsch, G. Zapata Román","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3225751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3225751","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse intergenerational persistence in income and education in Chile and Peru for birth cohorts of the early 1950s to 1990. Both countries have seen a structural expansion of education over this period and decreasing income inequality in recent decades. We impute non-observed parental income from repeated cross-sections and estimate persistence in the range of 0.63 to 0.67 in Peru and 0.66 to 0.76 in Chile for household heads of the birth cohorts 1977–90. The analysis of educational mobility covers household heads of birth cohorts from 1953 to 1990 and relies on retrospective information. We observe an increase in absolute mobility for younger generations, which we relate to the structural expansion of education that created room at the top. In relative terms, mobility patterns remain more stable – parental education is still a strong predictor of children’s educational achievement. The relationship is non-linear in both countries: persistence among very poorly and highly educated groups is strong, while individuals with parents of average education levels are more mobile. Upward mobility is stronger in Peru than in Chile: the chances to move from no formal education to higher education across one generation are 46% of the average in Peru compared to 20% in Chile. The chances of persisting in the top across generations are also slightly higher in Peru, with a factor of three times the average compared to 2.76 in Chile.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128606982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Socio-Economic Aspects of Information Deployment: Causes and Consequences 信息部署的社会经济方面:原因和后果
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-05-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3174828
E. Shook, Raychel Hardy, Sara C. Jorgensen
{"title":"Socio-Economic Aspects of Information Deployment: Causes and Consequences","authors":"E. Shook, Raychel Hardy, Sara C. Jorgensen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3174828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3174828","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a review of literature discussing the relationship between information communications technology (ICT) and low-income individuals. It seeks to identify ways in which economic class status impacts ICT engagement among low-income individuals, and to assess how class status impacts the attitudes of external interlocutors towards low-income ICT users. The study employs a three-part analysis, comprising a review of the information poverty model of information behavior and its critics, a review of literature discussing the deployment and impacts of information surveillance, and a review of literature assessing libraries as a site for closing information gaps. It presents a body of information which argues that low-income individuals interact with ICT within a complex cultural, legal and economic framework, and presents possibilities for further interdisciplinary investigation of this topic.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133622069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Suspicious Minds and Views of Fairness 多疑心理与公平观
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-03-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3139596
Øivind Schøyen
{"title":"Suspicious Minds and Views of Fairness","authors":"Øivind Schøyen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3139596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3139596","url":null,"abstract":"Do people with different views of what is fair attribute different intentions to actions? As one typically cannot observe the strength or type of people's fairness view or their material incentives, inferring intentions from actions is a multidimensional inference problem. I study this problem by investigating intention attribution in a setting where the monetary incentives are easily identifiable: a redistribution choice of voting for either full redistribution or no redistribution. Individuals with above median incomes will have monetary incentives for no redistribution, and individuals with below median incomes will have monetary incentives for full redistribution. In a novel experimental design, participants predict how likely other participants' redistribution vote is motivated by selfishness. I find that participants are significantly more likely to attribute a no redistribution vote to selfishness if they view redistribution as fair. I define this effect, attributing actions not adhering to one's own fairness view to selfishness, as suspicious attribution. I develop a theory of intention attribution to show how suspicious attribution can be explained by two other findings from the experiment: participants underestimate how many have a fairness view that differ from their own, projection bias, and overestimate the selfishness of participants with other fairness views, out-group stereotypes. My results and the idea of suspicious attribution can contribute to explaining polarization of attitudes and how prosocial individuals legitimize engaging in group conflicts.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133275809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Innovation, Structural Change, and Inclusion. A Cross Country PVAR Analysis 创新、结构变革和包容。一个跨国家的PVAR分析
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-02-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3107748
Amrita Saha, Tommaso Ciarli
{"title":"Innovation, Structural Change, and Inclusion. A Cross Country PVAR Analysis","authors":"Amrita Saha, Tommaso Ciarli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3107748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3107748","url":null,"abstract":"Structural change can be both, a cause or a consequence of innovation, while structural change and innovations are usually accompanied by short-term outcomes of social inclusion or exclusion. Inclusion may in turn have an impact on further innovations. Yet, we find little evidence in the literature on the three-way relations between innovation, structural change and inclusion. This paper advances a first exercise in this direction. Given the multidimensionality of each (innovation, structural change, and inclusion), we extract the underlying unobserved common factor structure from various well-known macro indicators. With a structural vector auto regression (SVAR) model for a short panel of developing countries over 13 years, we nd the following main results. First, we con rm the virtuous cycle between innovation and structural change, aligning with existing literature. Second, the strongest result is the positive effect of inclusion on both innovation and structural change, that suggests policy to improve inclusion beyond poverty and inequality. Third, on decomposing the innovation index (formal, firm-level and ICT), we find each related differently to both structural change and inclusion, that suggests specific policy roles in their infl uence on inclusion and structural change.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124597417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Measuring Income-Related Inequalities in Risky Health Prospects 衡量危险健康前景中与收入有关的不平等
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-01-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3110552
Gustav Kjellsson, D. Petrie, Tom Van Ourti
{"title":"Measuring Income-Related Inequalities in Risky Health Prospects","authors":"Gustav Kjellsson, D. Petrie, Tom Van Ourti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3110552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3110552","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of health disparities is a key component for the assessment of health systems. One aspect of these disparities – which hitherto has received limited attention – is the risk people face about their future health. This paper integrates risk into the standard inequality measurement which measures the extent to which disparities in realized health are systematically associated with income. It develops a rank dependent inequality index that considers not only inequalities in expected future health but also the dispersion of individuals’ future health prospects. It is useful when a social planner wants to account for risk averse preferences in the assessment of income-related health inequalities. The empirical application using Australian longitudinal data highlights that neglecting risk underestimates income-related health inequalities since the poor were not only expected to be in worse health in the future, but also faced greater dispersion in their future health prospects compared to the rich.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130498062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Health Inequality of Opportunity: A Non-Parametric Approach Analysis 健康机会不平等:一个非参数方法分析
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-01-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3100013
Yacobou Sanoussi
{"title":"Health Inequality of Opportunity: A Non-Parametric Approach Analysis","authors":"Yacobou Sanoussi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3100013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3100013","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research is to measure and compare the importance of the contribution of inequality of opportunity in child health inequality. The latter is decomposed into within opportunity inequality and the between opportunity inequality using a non-parametric approach after building groups with deducted circumstance variables. \u0000The results showed that the total health inequality experienced a decrease between 1998 and 2013 from 0.65 to 0.26 in 15 years unlike the inequality of opportunities which has increased. It goes from 0.14 to 0.18 respectively in 1998 and 2013. The relatively low levels of inequality of opportunity are interpreted as an estimate of the lower bound of the set of variables of circumstances that can influence child health. Considering the results, the increase in the level of inequality of health opportunity would come more from the increase of the \"unfavorable opportunity\" group's contribution.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125766645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Inequality in the 21st Century: A Critical Analysis of Piketty's Work 21世纪的不平等:对皮凯蒂著作的批判性分析
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3125221
Nadia Garbellini
{"title":"Inequality in the 21st Century: A Critical Analysis of Piketty's Work","authors":"Nadia Garbellini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3125221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3125221","url":null,"abstract":"Thomas Piketty`s (2014) Capital in the XXI Century aims to analyze distributions of income and wealth in a set of developed countries and their determinants, from the nineteenth century to the present. The objective is a bold one, made even more so by the fact that Piketty pursues it not only from a theoretical, but also, from an empirical point of view. The task is particularly impressive not only because of the enormous effort required in collecting and organizing data, but also because the work entails attaching a deterministic interpretation to facts and figures from radically different countries over a time span that covers almost two centuries, thereby forcing comparison between numbers coming from clearly incommensurable contexts. These difficulties are not lost to Piketty, who states that ``[w]ithout precisely defined sources, methods, and concepts, it is possible to see everything and its opposite.`` (Piketty, 2014, pp.2-3) This study argues that the empirical `methods and concepts` adopted by Piketty are not always consistent with those coming from his reference theoretical framework, nor from National Accounts (United Nations, 2009).","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123089316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Role of Social Capital in Competition and Gender-Matching Environments - Evidence from East Asian Countries 社会资本在竞争和性别匹配环境中的作用——来自东亚国家的证据
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2017-12-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3143413
Seo-Young Cho
{"title":"The Role of Social Capital in Competition and Gender-Matching Environments - Evidence from East Asian Countries","authors":"Seo-Young Cho","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3143413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3143413","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the role of social trust in determining one’s willingness to compete in math competitions in school, observing how competitive occupational choices often require higher quantitative skills. Using the data of the PISA test in math, the empirical results highlight that a higher level of trust in school environments promotes a student’s willingness to participate in math competitions. However, this positive effect of trust maintains mainly in mixed-sex competition, but not in single-sex competition. Furthermore, the effect of trust on mixed-sex competition is greater for girls than boys, while the effect is equally insignificant for boys and girls in single-sex competition. These findings suggest the importance of trust in the rules of the game when girls are matched with boys. On the other hand, when they compete with other girls, concerns about fairness do not play a significant role in their consideration. This is possibly because single-sex matches reduce unfairness caused by gender discrimination.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125762760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Note on Ex-Ante Stable Lotteries 注:前赌注的稳定彩票
ERN: Equity Pub Date : 2017-11-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3077210
Jan Christoph Schlegel
{"title":"A Note on Ex-Ante Stable Lotteries","authors":"Jan Christoph Schlegel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3077210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3077210","url":null,"abstract":"We study ex-ante priority respecting (ex-ante stable) lotteries in the context of object allocation under thick priorities. We show that ex-ante stability as a fairness condition is very demanding: Only few agent-object pairs have a positive probability of being matched in an ex-ante stable assignment. We interpret our result as an impossibility result. With ex-ante stability one cannot go much beyond randomly breaking ties and implementing a (deterministically) stable matching with respect to the broken ties.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116336885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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