ERN: Equity最新文献

{"title":"Policy, Demography and Market Income Volatility: What Was Shaping Income Distribution in Australia Between 2002 and 2016?","authors":"Jinjing Li, H. A. La, D. Sologon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3325770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3325770","url":null,"abstract":"Isolating the impact of policy, demographic shifts and market volatility on changes in income inequality is of great interest to policymakers. However, such estimation can be difficult due to the complex interactions and evolutions in the social and economic environment. Through an extended decomposition framework, this paper estimates the effect of four main components (policy, demography, market income and other factors) on the year-over-year changes in income inequality in Australia between 2002 and 2016. This was a period marked by substantial policy, population and economic shifts due to factors such as the mining boom, the global financial crisis and increasing immigration. The framework also incorporates a flexible non-parametric market income model which captures demand-side shock better than a standard parametric model. Our results suggest that market income was the primary driver of income inequality for all segments of the income distribution in Australia over the past 15 years. Policy factors, on the other hand, have had a moderate impact on reducing inequality overall, but a more critical role for lower income earners.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129328529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Less Corruption Reduce Income Inequality in Indonesia?","authors":"Azwar Iskandar","doi":"10.28986/jtaken.v4i2.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28986/jtaken.v4i2.193","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely believed that corruption is a cause of income inequality and a barrier to successful its eradication. It undermines the efforts of developing countries, including Indonesia to alleviate income inequality. It is also argued that the increased inequality caused by corruption worsens the position of the poorest people in a society as it reduces public resources available for social spending of government. Besides, corruption might harm the quality and quantity of public services, such as education and health services. This study is designed to know the long-run and short-run impacts of corruption on the inequality of income. The study uses secondary data from World Bank and Transparency International then Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and dynamic Error Correction Model (ECM) during the year 1995-2017. The results of the study indicate that corruption has significant effects on the level of income inequality both in the short and long run. The negative implication of corruption on citizens' life is a major disaster in the economy and harmful to the growth and development of the people in Indonesia particularly, and the economy in general. The simple Pearson correlation findings also indicate that corruption has significant distributional consequences by affecting government expenditures. Therefore, the rise of corruption increases income inequality as it reduces the effectiveness of government spending on education, health, and final consumption for society. Thus, it can be concluded that for the Indonesian context, and increased inequality due to corruption has worsened the position of the poorest as fewer resources available for social spending.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122493888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Urban Inequalities on Monitoring Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals: Methodological Considerations","authors":"Philipp Ulbrich, J. Albuquerque, J. Coaffee","doi":"10.3390/ijgi8010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8010006","url":null,"abstract":"There is much discussion regarding the Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs) capacity to promote inclusive development. While some argue that they represent an opportunity for goal-led alignment of stakeholders and evidence-based decision-making, other voices express concerns as they perceive them as a techno-managerial framework that measures development according to quantitatively defined parameters and does not allow for local variation. We argue that the extent to which the positive or negative aspects of the SDGs prevail depends on the monitoring system’s ability to account for multiple and intersecting inequalities. The need for sub-nationally (urban) representative indicators poses an additional methodological challenge—especially in cities with intra-urban inequalities related to socio-spatial variations across neighbourhoods. This paper investigates the extent to which the SDG indicators’ representativeness could be affected by inequalities. It does so by proposing a conceptual framing for understanding the relation between inequalities and SDG monitoring, which is then applied to analyse the current methodological proposals for the indicator framework of the “urban SDG,” Goal 11. The outcome is a call for (1) a more explicit attention to intra-urban inequalities, (2) the development of a methodological approach to “recalibrate” the city-level indicators to account for the degree of intra-urban inequalities, and (3) an alignment between methodologies and data practices applied for monitoring SDG 11 and the extent of the underlying inequalities within the city. This would enable an informed decision regarding the trade-off in indicator representativeness between conventional data sources, such as censuses and household surveys, and emerging methods, such as participatory geospatial methods and citizen-generated data practices.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128147555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Broken Social Contract, Not High Inequality, Led to the Arab Spring","authors":"Shanta Devarajan, Elena Ianchovichina","doi":"10.1111/roiw.12288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12288","url":null,"abstract":"During the 2000s, expenditure inequality in Arab countries was low or moderate and, in many cases, declining. Different measures of wealth inequality were also lower than elsewhere. Yet, there were revolutions in four countries and protests in several others. We explain this so‐called “inequality puzzle” by first noting that, despite favorable income inequality measures, subjective well‐being measures in Arab countries were relatively low and falling sharply, especially for the middle class, and in the countries where the uprisings were most intense. The increasing unhappiness, reflected in perceptions of declining standards of living, was associated with dissatisfaction with the quality of public services, the shortage of formal‐sector jobs, and corruption. These sources of dissatisfaction suggest that the old social contract, where government provided jobs, free education and health, and subsidized food and fuel, in return for the subdued voice of the population, was broken. The Arab Spring and its aftermath indicates the need for a new social contract, one where government promotes private‐sector jobs and accountability in service delivery, and citizens are active participants in the economy and society.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116418850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiculturalism and Its Effects on Inequality: A Case Study of Nigeria","authors":"Henry Akwuebu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3255991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3255991","url":null,"abstract":"Inequality has been steadily increasing in developing economies even as the number of people living in absolute poverty has seen a gradual but steady reduction. According to comparative studies jointly conducted by the IMF, UNDP, UNICEF and the World Bank, inequality directly and negatively affects any strategy to eradicate poverty, which makes it deleterious to every sustainable and meaningful development and or economy growth. There are many problems associated with multicultural societies and Nigeria, which is a multiculturalist State, is not exempted from these challenges. The prevalent multicultural political structure in Nigeria is responsible, among other factors for the increasing inequality and poverty rates in the country. The abysmal administration of the ethnic and cultural structures of Nigeria by successive government who incidentally are usually completely made up of the three main ethnic groups in Nigeria, has seriously affected the ethnic cohesion of Nigeria. The discussions about inequality usually centers on its effect on poverty and Nigeria’s challenges with multiculturalism has negatively affected employment rates and effective representation in national and sub-national levels of government. This paper is an attempt to explore some of the impacts of multiculturalism on inequality in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126917396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weighted Utilitarianism over Finite Streams","authors":"Tapan Mitra, Kemal Ozbek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3180977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3180977","url":null,"abstract":"We provide an axiomatic analysis of weighted utilitarianism from which many available characterizations follow. We show that a social preference order over finite utility streams has a weak weighted utilitarian representation if it satisfies the axioms of Weak Pareto, Minimal Individual Symmetry, and Shift Invariance. This result can be strengthened to yield a strong (that is, complete) weighted utilitarian representation if and only if it satisfies the above three basic axioms, and an axiom on the “continuity of indifference”. Unlike many available characterizations, our result directly constructs the social welfare weights (used in the above weighted utilitarian representation results) from the preference order. Moreover, the welfare weights are uniquely identified allowing for comparative statics analysis. We show with an example that the three basic axioms do not guarantee a representation (and therefore a weighted utilitarian representation) of the preference order.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115284438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Detrimental Effects of Luxury Goods Consumption on Socially Excluded Groups","authors":"Kenneth S. Chan, B. Hazari, Vijay Mohan","doi":"10.1111/rode.12524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12524","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of luxury goods consumption by the wealthy on the welfare of socially excluded groups. We find that a deterioration in the luxury goods terms‐of‐trade or an increase in the capital used to produce nonluxury traded goods have the consequence of increasing the welfare of the wealthier sections of society at the expense of the socially excluded groups.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129076407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rich Man, Poor Man: The Policy Implications of Canadians Living Longer","authors":"Kevin S. Milligan, Tammy Schirle","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3237638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3237638","url":null,"abstract":"A longevity gap between rich and poor has persisted over the years in Canada with significant policy implications, according to a new report from the C.D. Howe Institute. In “Rich Man, Poor Man: The Policy Implications of Canadians Living Longer” – the first study of long-term changes in longevity across earnings groups in Canada – authors Kevin Milligan and Tammy Schirle provide new evidence on the incomes and life expectancy of Canadians.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124245822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TEACHING ETHICS AND VALUES IN AN AGE OF RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE","authors":"L. Trautman, Kenneth J. Sanney, Eric D. Yordy, T. Cowart, Destynie Sewell","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3102552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3102552","url":null,"abstract":"Bribery, climate change, corporate ethics, corruption, diversity, drug addiction, free speech, LGTBQ rights, gender equality, globalization, impact of smart phones on youth (and former youth), innovation, lying, privacy, racism, sustainability, sexism and sexual harassment, and truth telling; these are all issues that require today’s businesses to provide leadership and successfully manage. Carnegie Mellon business school professor Leanne Meyer states, “Up until now, business leaders were largely responsible for delivering products. Now, shareholders are looking to corporate leaders to make statements on what would traditionally have been social justice or moral issues.” Ethics and examples of corporate bad behavior dominate the news and our culture during recent months, from the creation of fake accounts at Wells Fargo’s to sexual harassment in the entertainment and news industries, to the improprieties at Uber, or the deadly ignition switch issues at General Motors. \u0000 \u0000Discovering, using, and refining your personal ethical framework is likely to be a lifelong process, influenced by various experiences. Presented here are introductory remarks to start building a foundation about how individuals might start to think about our ethics and values and examine those shown by the actions and behavior of others, particularly in a business or workplace setting. We contend that superior top-management-teams will successfully foster a culture promoting the virtues of organizational truth-telling. Bad news needs to be dealt with immediately and with full knowledge of all relevant considerations surrounding challenging situations. Any enterprise cannot be expected to produce superior results without understanding the source and magnitude of problems as they develop into even the most remote threat—long before materializing into an actual crisis. Decisions must be made based upon accurate information; and management of anything can’t be expected to chart a successful course when given false or intentionally deceptive information. We believe our Article contributes to the literature by providing a pedagogical resource to introduce the subject of business ethics to those interested, but it also provides an introduction and overview of many contemporary issues impacting the topic of business ethics.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131566175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Reduce Poverty and Address Climate Change? An Empirical Crosscountry Analysis and the Roles of Economic Growth and Inequality.","authors":"D. Malerba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3242095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3242095","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How can countries eradicate poverty while also addressing climate change? Despite the necessity to deal with both issues simultaneously, no study has analysed the empirical relationship between the two aforementioned goals and the factors that drive these interlinkages. This paper addresses this gap in the literature, and the initial research question, by developing a framework to analyse this relationship and its drivers. It then econometrically tests the propositions derived from the framework, using data from 135 developed and developing countries. The paper’s findings show that the carbon intensity of poverty reduction (CIPR), defined as the ratio between proportional changes in emissions levels and the share of the population above the poverty line, is heterogeneous across countries. This heterogeneity is partly explained by economic growth, which is found to have a negative effect on the CIPR up to a certain income level, defined here as a ‘turning point’. Above that turning point, economic growth increases the CIPR. By contrast, inequality reduction is shown to have an unambiguous negative effect on the CIPR. The results are robust for different poverty lines and different model specifications. In addition, the research underlines the tension between policy perspectives at the national and global levels. Economic growth, despite the potential to reduce the national carbon intensity of poverty reduction for the numerous countries that lie below the estimated turning points, needs to confront global environmental boundaries. Given this tension, the paper concludes that, alongside developed countries drastically reducing their emissions, developing countries should follow alternative development paths. Among them, a stronger greening of economic growth or an increased use of cash transfers and inequality-reducing policies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":282303,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Equity","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125023896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}