Chemical Engineering Journal最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Piezophotocatalysis of ZnO@PVDF coaxial nanofibers modified with BiVO4 and Ag for the simultaneous generation of H2O2 and removal of pefloxacin and Cr(VI) in water” [Chem. Eng. J. 484 (2024) 149514]","authors":"He Lv, Yanan Liu, Jianfeng Zhou, Yubin Bai, Hongpu Shi, Bin Yue, Shuling Shen, Deng-Guang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.161893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.161893","url":null,"abstract":"We would like to correct an error in <span><span>Fig. 3</span></span>e in page 6, <span><span>Fig. 5</span></span> about the title in page 8, <span><span>Fig 6</span></span>c–e in page 9. The error occurred due to a mistake in pasting a wrong photo. No any revisions about the texts.","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dilithium squarate: A game-changing sacrificial salt for pre-lithiation and interphace stabilization in non-SEI forming electrolytes","authors":"Miguel Granados-Moreno, Rosalía Cid, Maria Arnaiz, Juan Luis Gómez-Urbano, Andrea Balducci, Eider Goikolea, Jon Ajuria","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162277","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) represent a promising hybrid energy storage technology, merging the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries with the high power density of supercapacitors. However, the absence of lithium in conventional carbon-based LIC electrodes imposes a pre-lithiation step to introduce the Li⁺ required to properly form the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This work introduces the role of dilithium squarate (Li₂C₄O₄) sacrificial salt as a breakthrough lithium agent integrated in the positive electrode, that together with non-conventional and beyond carbonate based electrolytes facilitates pre-lithiation and stable SEI formation in LICs. The universality of this approach is demonstrated with three electrolytes with chemically distinct solvents: 1 M LiPF₆ in 3-cyanopropionic acid methyl ester (CPAME), ethyl isopropyl sulfone (EiPS), and γ-valerolactone (GVL). The Li₂C₄O₄ decomposition, and the release of CO₂ and CO decomposition products, lead to robust SEI formation independent of the solvent chemistry. Electrochemical characterization revealed significant enhancements in cell performance and stability, underscoring its compatibility across diverse solvents. This multifunctional additive simplifies LIC design by eliminating the need for SEI-forming additives, reducing costs. Thus, enabling the integration of advanced electrolytes in lithium-ion capacitors and lithium-ion batteries, achieving enhanced properties that include extended electrochemical stability window, high thermal stability or improved safety and sustainability. These findings establish Li₂C₄O₄ as a pivotal enabler for next-generation energy storage technologies.","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel N/C co-modified FeS2 nanocomposite synthesized by wet-mechanochemical method for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation and nearly 100% SO4●─ selective generation","authors":"Longquan Zhang, Guangfei Gao, Xiaoguo Shi, Zunqing Wen, Minglu Zhang, Qingyun Wang, Qing Feng, Jing Sun, Xuezheng Liu, Ying Zhao, Yawei Gu, Wenqiang Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162089","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfate radical (SO₄^●─) is a strong reactive oxygen species for efficiently oxidizing refractory organics. Nevertheless, its effective and selective generation in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system maintain a great challenge. Herein, a novel N/C co-modified FeS₂ nanocomposite (FeS₂-20@N(C)) with high activity, selectivity, and stability was prepared through a simple wet-mechanochemical method. The FeS₂-20@N(C)/PMS system exhibited nearly 100 % SO₄^●─ selective generation with faster PMS utilization rate, and achieved 100 % sulfadiazine (SDZ) removal within 6 min with a <em>k</em>_obs (0.931 min⁻¹) approaching 2 times that of pristine FeS₂. The multiple active sites (S^2─, S_n^2─, C=O, N components, Fe₃N and Fe-C bonds) as electron donors/shuttles expedited Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox-cycle for performance improvement. The experimental results and DFT calculation demonstrated that the newly formed CN (different N components, especially pyrrole N) could not only availably enhance the PMS adsorption and exogenous electron transfer to PMS, but also offer endogenous electrons for PMS to generate SO₄^●─. Furthermore, the abundant iron species including Fe(II)-S, Fe₃N and fast Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox-cycle all contributed to the efficient PMS activation and SO₄^●─ generation. This work highlighted the essential role of CN species in efficient and selective generation of SO₄^●─, and provided a new way for the rational regulation of efficient ROS production with selectivity in FeS₂-based system.","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly accurate multiplexed nanoplasmonic detection of microRNAs using splinted ligation","authors":"Yun Ju Sung, Sihwa Joo, Ui Jin Lee, Ki joong Lee, Jaejong Lee, Na rae Jo, Yong-Beom Shin, Mina Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162100","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Abnormal expression of miRNAs is widely observed in cancer; hence, miRNAs have been recognized as important cancer biomarkers. However, the accurate detection of miRNAs is challenging owing to their short length and high sequence homology. In this study, we developed an accurate multiplexed miRNA detection method based on localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) of metallic nanostructures. MiRNAs were labeled with DNA probes by splinted ligation and immobilized on a gold nanodot array. After further intensification via enzyme-assisted precipitation, the shift in LSPR absorption was measured to estimate the concentration of miRNAs. Three miRNAs (miR-34c, miR-99a, and miR-125b) were detected with very high sensitivity (limit of detection: 18–261 zmol). The clear discrimination of single-nucleotide variations and precise estimation of miRNA concentrations demonstrated the high accuracy of this method. The relative abundance of miRNAs in total RNA was also successfully assessed using this method","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triggered synergistic effect of Fe single atoms and tiny Co nanoparticles to enhanced oxygen electrocatalysis bifunctionality for zinc-air batteries","authors":"Jing Wu, Jian Rong, Chaohai Wang, Chaosheng Wang, Ning Fang, Yuzhe Zhang, Huaisheng Ao, Chao Jing, Yusuke Yamauchi, Ziyao Zhou, Zhongyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162281","url":null,"abstract":"Developing efficient and stable non-noble metal-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions (ORR and OER) is the key to achieving large-scale commercial application of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) porous Fe_SA-Co_NP@NC electrocatalyst featuring well-dispersed Fe-N₄C single-atom and tiny metallic Co nanoparticle sites on N-doped carbon was synthesized through pyrolysis combined with metal macrocyclic compounds coupling methods. The optimized Fe_SA-Co_NP@NC-2 exhibits a desirable bifunctional electrocatalytic activity for ORR (half-wave potential of 0.90 V <em>vs</em> RHE) and OER (potential of 1.53 V <em>vs.</em> RHE at the current density of 10 mA cm⁻²), outperforming the commercial Pt/C + RuO₂ composite catalyst and selected recently reported advanced transition metal-based electrocatalysts. Remarkably, Fe_SA-Co_NP@NC-2-based ZAB displays a high peak power density of 208.38 mW cm⁻², energy density of 847.43 Wh kg_Zn^-1, and promising charge/discharge cycling stability. Experimental and theoretical results collectively corroborate that Fe single atoms and Co nanoparticles are responsible for excellent ORR and OER activity, respectively. Moreover, the adjacent tiny Co nanoparticles effectively optimized the electronic structure of Fe single atoms. They accelerated the desorption of hydroxyl species, thus achieving the synergistically enhanced bifunctional electrocatalytic activity of Fe_SA-Co_NP@NC compared with the isolated Fe single atom and Co nanoparticle electrocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 catalyst modified with zirconium: Experimental and theoretical insights","authors":"Yechunzi Liu, Lingrui Cui, Cao Liu, Lei Huang, Fahai Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162221","url":null,"abstract":"For CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, optimizing catalytic performance with long life and excellent activity remains one of the major challenges. In this paper, a series of Cu-ZnO-Al₂O₃ (CZA) catalysts modified with different amounts of Zr were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The effect of Zr promoter on the catalytic performance was explored by experiment combined with DFT calculation. The experimental results show that Cu-ZnO-Al₂O₃-Zr catalyst with a molar ratio of Cu/Zn/Al/Zr = 2:1:1:0.5 could improve the activity and stability of the catalyst, achieving a CO₂ conversion (25.1 %) and methanol selectivity (60.3 %) under condition of 260 ℃, 6 MPa and 6000 mL × g_cat^-1 <strong>×</strong> h⁻¹, which is higher than that of the commercial Cu-based catalyst (X_CO2 = 20.5 %, S_MeOH = 33 %). TEM and XRD characterizations show that Zr doping promotes the dispersion of Cu species by forming small Cu particles. The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) investigation reveals that the CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol on Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃-Zr0.5 catalyst follows the formate pathway. DFT calculation results show that the creation of ZrO_x/Cu₂O interfaces could significantly promote the adsorption of intermediates by reducing the reaction energy barrier of several elementary steps. This work has demonstrated the role of Zr doping in the catalytic improvement of Cu-based catalysts via experiments combination with theoretical calculation, providing new insights in the catalyst designing for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol.","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide/Ni/carbon nanocoils synergizing dielectric/magnetic/chiral multiple losses for weather-resistant electromagnetic protective application","authors":"Haiming Lv, Lihong Wu, Changlong Du, Gengping Wan, Jun Liu, Pengpeng Mou, Rui Liu, Hualin Xiong, Mingnan Zhang, Guizhen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162263","url":null,"abstract":"Coupling carbon-based materials with magnetic nanoparticles is one of effective methods to enhance their electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) performance. However, magnetic nanoparticles with highly chemically active surfaces are prone to be oxidized and corroded in air, severely hindering their long-term serviceability. Herein, Ni/carbon nanocoils (Ni/CNCs) were coated with ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) via a simple electrostatic self-assembly method to improve simultaneously their EWA and stability. The GO coating enhances interfacial polarization through the introduce of heterogeneous interfaces and significantly improves the oxidation resistance of Ni nanoparticles by shielding them from air. Furthermore, as a representative chiral material, CNCs provide an additional enhancing mechanism for EWA by inducing cross-polarization loss. The uniform distribution of Ni nanoparticles on CNCs introduces magnetic loss and improves impedance matching. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of dielectric, magnetic, and chiral properties, GO/Ni/CNCs composite exhibits superior EWA performance, with a minimum reflection loss of –56.62 dB at an ultrathin thickness of 1.6 mm. Notably, the oxidation temperature of Ni nanoparticles is increased by approximately 100 °C. To enhance weather resistance, GO/Ni/CNCs are further embedded in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix. The resulting PTFE/GO/Ni/CNCs film demonstrates excellent photothermal, hydrophobic, and corrosion-resistant properties. Moreover, by adjusting the filling loading of GO/Ni/CNCs, PTFE/GO/Ni/CNCs undergo a controllable transformation from EWA to electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. An absorption-dominated shielding film with absorption coefficient of 0.63 was further designed and fabricated based on the asymmetric gradient double-layer structure of two PTFE/GO/Ni/CNCs films. This work provides a valuable inspiration for designing advanced electromagnetic protective materials with enhanced environmental stability.","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic study and deactivation phenomena for the methanation of CO2 and CO mixed syngas on a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst","authors":"Fabrizio Celoria, Fabio Salomone, Alessio Tauro, Marta Gandiglio, Domenico Ferrero, Isabelle Champon, Geneviève Geffraye, Raffaele Pirone, Samir Bensaid","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162113","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a detailed kinetic and deactivation analysis of a 24 wt% Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO₂ and CO to CH₄, focusing the attention on the CO₂ and CO co-methanation. More than 300 reaction conditions were tested on a fixed-bed reactor obtaining 907 observations. Among them, 852 measurements were used to derive the kinetic parameters in an isothermal reactor model. Power-law models accurately describe CO₂ or CO methanation, but fail to predict co-methanation due to preferential adsorption of CO. On the contrary, a three-reactions Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson model (model M4) successfully described it together with the different hydrogenation pathways. Experimental and literature insights suggest that CO₂ adsorption occurs via either dissociative or H-assisted associative mechanism, and then, the high H* coverage favors its conversion into CH₄ via the so-called dissociative formyl (CHO*) route. On the contrary, the exergonic CO adsorption increases the CO* coverage promoting the dissociative carbon (C*) route. In addition, C* species are responsible for the higher deactivation rates in CO methanation due to the formation of nickel carbides and coking. Long-term stability tests revealed several deactivation phenomena. CO₂ methanation induced mild sintering, while CO methanation led to a significant decrease in stability. Notably, co-methanation improved stability at low temperature by suppressing nickel carbide formation. Contaminants like O₂ and C₂H₄ decreased the stability due to re-oxidation and coking, respectively, while poisons like H₂S deactivated the catalyst irreversibly. Power-law deactivation models were developed to predict the activity loss, supporting the potential scale-up of CO₂ and CO methanation processes","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Multifunctional hydrogel sensor with Tough, self-healing capabilities and highly sensitive for motion monitoring and wound healing” [Chem. Eng. J. 497 (2024) 154890]","authors":"Lili Tian, Taishan Liu, Yingxue Jiang, Bingyu He, Hong Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.161900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.161900","url":null,"abstract":"The authors regret they found an error in &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fig. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e and &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fig. 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;g. The green channel in &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fig. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e, f should be labeled as CD68 instead of CD86, and we mistakenly used the MHPBA-GO group images in &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Figs. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e and &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e. This error was caused by confusion in folder naming during image classification. We have attached the correct MHPBA-GO group images in &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Figs. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e and &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;g. The fluorescence images in &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Figs. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e and &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;g are intended to semi-quantitatively highlight the differences in INOS and CD31 positivity between different groups. The INOS and CD31 positivity of the MHPBA-GO group in &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Figs. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e and &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;g was originally calculated based on the images of the MHPBA-GO group, and the results remain unchanged. This correction does not affect the conclusions of this paper. We sincerely apologize for the inconvenience caused and hope to correct this error by providing the corrected &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Figs. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e and &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;g.&lt;figure&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"cn0005\" height=\"596\" src=\"https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1385894725027263-gr1.jpg\"/&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Download: &lt;span&gt;Download high-res image (1MB)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Download: &lt;span&gt;Download full-size image&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fig. 5&lt;/span&gt;. Cytocompatibility, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory of MHPBA-GO hydrogels. (a) Cell viability in the control, HPBA, and MHPBA-GO groups (n = 3). (b) Live/Dead staining of L929 cells after being treated with MHPBA-GO hydrogels for 1, 2, and 3 days, respectively, scale bar: 100 µm. (c) Images of survival bacteria (&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; and S. aureus) clones on culture plates after contact with the control, HPBA, MHPBA-GO, and MHPBA-GO Laser groups respectively (n = 3). (d) Bacterial viability in control, HPBA, MHPBA-GO, and MHPBA-GO Laser groups (n = 3) against &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;S. aureus&lt;/em&gt;. (e) Fluorescence images and (g) quantitative analysis of INOS after treatment with DHE (n = 3). (f) Fluorescence images and (h) quantitative analysis of CD206 after treatment with DHE (n = 3). (i) Quantitative analysis of the M2/M1 ratio. The scale bar in e and f is 50 μm. INOS (red): M1 macrophages, CD206 (red): M2 macrophages and nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue), data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01, ***p &lt; 0.001.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;figure&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"cn0010\" height=\"577\" src=\"https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1385894725027263-gr2.jpg\"/&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Download: &lt;span&gt;Download high-res image (1MB)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Download: &lt;span&gt;Download full-size image&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sp","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating solvent-free mechanochemistry and heat curing for the green production of highly charged and highly crystalline phosphorylated cellulose nanocrystals","authors":"Xue Gao, Lei Zhang, Mei Cui, Wei Qi, Hon Loong Lam, Renliang Huang, Rongxin Su","doi":"10.1016/j.cej.2025.162260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.162260","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorylated cellulose nanocrystals (P-CNCs) are important derivatives of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which have attracted much attention in food, cosmetics and composite material. However, P-CNCs reported previously involved water- and energy-intensive processes, namely, aqueous-based pre-phosphorylation containing soaking, drying and heat curing. In this study, we proposed a pre-phosphorylation process consisting of solvent-free ball milling and heat curing for the production of highly charged P-CNCs. Highly transparent P-CNC suspension was obtained by ball milling for 30 min at 650 rpm and a molar ratio of MCC:P₂O₅:Urea = 1:0.5:5, curing at 150 °C for 20 min, followed by washing and high-pressure homogenization. The as-prepared P-CNCs had ultrahigh charge content (4.03 mmol g⁻¹) and high crystallinity (76.3 %). The multiple phosphate structures on P-CNCs, including monophosphate, polyphosphate and cross-linked phosphate groups, were visualized via liquid-state ³¹P NMR analysis. As expected, the energy consumption (0.338 kWh g⁻¹P-CNCs), was significantly lower than that in the aqueous-based phosphorylation process (0.565 kWh g⁻¹). Furthermore, compared to heat soaking-assisted pre-phosphorylation process reported in our previous work, this process was more effective and possessed lower environmental impacts according to the life cycle assessment (LCA) results. Therefore, this efficient process provides an energy-saving and environment-friendly way for the industrial production of P-CNCs.","PeriodicalId":270,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}