Biomass & Bioenergy最新文献

{"title":"Activated biochar from Co-hydrothermal carbonization of municipal sludge and enteromorpha for high-efficiency Pb(II) removal: Activation optimization and adsorption mechanism","authors":"Xinyuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Youwei Zhi ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Tonggui Liu ,&nbsp;Snabal Ashraf ,&nbsp;Donghai Xu ,&nbsp;Guanyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Yang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing accumulation of municipal sludge poses significant environmental challenges. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), as an advanced technology for the harmless treatment and resource recovery of sludge, enables the efficient conversion of organic matter into biochar. However, the resulting biochar is severely limited in its potential as an effective adsorbent due to its low carbon content and high ash content. This work addressed this limitation through co-hydrothermal carbonization of municipal sludge with Enteromorpha, a high-carbon, low-ash biomass waste. Activated biochar derived from the hydrothermal biochar was prepared by using KOH activation for Pb(II) adsorption in aqueous solutions. The effects of activation conditions on biochar yield and adsorption capacity were systematically investigated, along with the influence of adsorption parameters and the underlying mechanisms of Pb(II) removal. Optimal activation was achieved at 600 °C using 2 mol L⁻¹ KOH for 60 min, resulting in an adsorption capacity of 48.6 mg g⁻¹ and a biochar yield of 54.7 %. Adsorption kinetics analysis indicates that the process of active biochar adsorbing Pb(II) involves multiple mechanism interactions, including physical adsorption, complexation, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, precipitation, and cation-π interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108434"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From semi-arid biomass to carbon sequestration: Role of pyrolysis atmosphere and temperature on agave-derived biochar properties","authors":"Jean Constantino Gomes da Silva ,&nbsp;Luís Adolfo Mazini Rodrigues ,&nbsp;João Pedro Destro Alcântara ,&nbsp;José Luiz Francisco Alves ,&nbsp;José Balena Gabriel Filho ,&nbsp;Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira ,&nbsp;Gustavo Mockaitis","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar has emerged as a scalable negative emission technology with promising agronomic and environmental benefits. In this context, arid and semi-arid regions represent promising zones for carbon removal through soil biochar application, particularly when exploring new non-food biomass sources with high energy potential, such <em>Agave wercklei</em>. This study aims to evaluate the properties of biochars produced from <em>Agave wercklei</em> and investigate the role of pyrolysis atmosphere by comparing nitrogen (N₂) and recirculated pyrolysis gas (PyGR) across four temperatures (350, 425, 500, and 575 °C). PyGR-based biochars exhibited higher carbon content (up to 71.36 %), energy density, and enriched surface chemistry with increased aliphatic functional groups, retention of dissolved organic carbon, while N₂-based biochars showed greater aromaticity, higher thermal stability, and lower content of volatile compounds. Differences were also observed in handling and interfacial properties, with PyGR-based biochars presenting superior flowability and higher hydrophobicity, while N₂-based biochars exhibited greater water retention. Multivariate analysis revealed that the pyrolysis atmosphere plays a crucial rule in key indicators, including atomic ratios (H/C, O/C), aromatic indices, and thermal degradation profiles. Thus, the use of inert gas in bench-scale studies may thus misrepresent the carbon permanence and agronomic behavior of biochars produced under realistic industrial conditions. Furthermore, <em>Agave wercklei</em> demonstrated favorable biochar properties, positioning it as a valuable biomass for producing biochar in semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108430"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Structural Insulated Panels Based on date palm felt and functionalized graphene oxide for EMI shielding applications","authors":"Nabil Bouhfid ,&nbsp;Fouzia Lamnasfi ,&nbsp;Aziz Ettouhami ,&nbsp;Marya Raji ,&nbsp;Hamid Essabir ,&nbsp;Mohammed Ouadi Bensalah ,&nbsp;Abou el kacem Qaiss","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural fibers are an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic materials in construction, such as in structural insulated panels (SIPs), due to their high biodegradability, lightweight nature, ease of shaping, and reduced environmental impact. However, achieving high mechanical strength in natural fiber-based composites, particularly in thermoset biocomposites, remains a challenge. To address this issue while also enhancing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, a hybrid approach combining resin with graphene nanosheets is proposed. In this study, date palm felt composites were developed by carding the fronds into fibers and impregnating them with a hybrid epoxy resin containing functionalized graphene oxide (GO) at concentrations of 0, 1, and 3 wt%. The composites were prepared with and without chemical modification using silane molecules (octyltriethoxysilane) as coupling agents. The composites were then processed via compression molding. The results demonstrated that incorporating graphene oxide as a nanofiller significantly improved the bending modulus by +40 %, while silane-modified graphene oxide enhanced tensile strength by +73 %. Additionally, the hydrophobic properties of the palm felt/epoxy composites were improved with the addition of functionalized graphene oxide, as evidenced by comparative contact angle measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108409"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating drivers, policies, and efficiency of wood pellet exports from the United States: An application of the stochastic frontier gravity trade model","authors":"Austin Lamica ,&nbsp;Rajan Parajuli","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global wood pellet markets have substantially grown over the past two decades. The United States (US) has been a major exporter of wood pellets, particularly to the United Kingdom, European nations, and lately Asian countries. In this study, we develop and estimate a stochastic frontier gravity trade model to assess various key trade determinants and policies driving wood pellet exports from the US. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine on global wood pellet trade. Findings suggest that US gross domestic product (GDP), distance, importer electricity production from combustible renewables, importer's domestic biomass consumption incentives, and importer's sustainability criteria significantly lead to an increase in US wood pellet exports. In contrast, importer's GDP and forest area are found to be negative drivers of US wood pellet exports. Similarly, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict is estimated to have a positive influence on US wood pellet exports. Lastly, the efficiency results suggest that from 2012 to 2023, US wood pellet exports were 40.5 % efficient, on average, indicating a significant potential to increase wood pellet exports from the US. The findings shed light on the export market dynamics and policy drivers, implications of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the efficiency potential of the US wood pellet industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108378"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the role and mechanism of biochar dosage and inoculum-to-substrate ratio in modulating interspecies electron transfer and alleviating acid inhibition","authors":"Yu-Hong Qiu ,&nbsp;Zi-Fan Wu ,&nbsp;Jia-Bing Li ,&nbsp;Zhi-Man Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar is a potential additive that can improve anaerobic digestion (AD) of kitchen waste by facilitating direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). However, little is known about the relationship between biochar dosage and inoculum-to-substrate ratio (ISR) in promoting AD of kitchen waste. Here, the methanogenic performance was tested under the conditions of different biochar dosages (5, 15, and 45 g/L) and ISRs (0.52, 0.26 and 0.13) using batch AD. The results showed that acidogenesis outperformed methanogenesis when ISR was reduced from 0.52 to 0.13. Although increasing biochar dosage significantly improved the methanogenic performance at each ISR, the regulatory ability of biochar on methanogenesis gradually decreased with the decline of ISR to 0.13. Microbial analysis revealed that altering ISR not only caused selective enrichments of the VFA-producers and DIET participants, but also changed methanogenesis from multiple methanogenic pathways to the DIET-based CO₂ reduction pathway in the biochar-amended AD systems. The positive effects of biochar on methanogenesis at low ISRs might be mainly ascribed to the enhancement of DIET between <em>Petrimonas</em> and <em>Methanosaeta</em>. The findings offered an important guidance for using biochar to treat perishable organic wastes at different ISRs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108429"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of industrial biomass fluidized bed gasification system and optimization of operating conditions","authors":"Haodong Fan ,&nbsp;Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Geng Li ,&nbsp;Xiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zixue Luo ,&nbsp;Lin Huang ,&nbsp;Shihong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion have emerged as a critical constraint on sustainable industrial development. Biomass gasification gas (BGG) represents a promising decarbonization pathway; however, the reliance on single-source biomass cannot ensure the operational reliability of industrial fluidized bed gasifiers. A key challenge to large-scale BGG adoption lies in the limited adaptability of fluidized bed reactors to different biomass, which exhibit heterogeneous physicochemical properties. Moreover, industrial research on the impact of structural parameters on gasification efficiency remains scarce. To investigate the impact of different biomass on gasification performance in fluidized-bed reactors, this study developed an industrial-scale fluidized-bed gasifier model using the Aspen Plus fluidized-bed module, based on an 8 t/h biomass gasifier operating in a regional facility. Key parameters, including equivalence ratio (ER), gasification pressure, and gasification temperature, were systematically evaluated to assess their effects on BGG composition and gasification efficiency. Furthermore, model validity was rigorously validated through computational and experimental data comparisons of critical design parameters. The results demonstrated that gasification temperature and ER are critical factors influencing biomass gasification efficiency. When the gasification temperature increased from 650 to 900 °C, the gas yield variation of corn stover and wooden blocks reached a maximum of 0.17 m³/kg. For corn stover gasification, the volumetric fractions of H₂, CO, CO₂, and CH₄ exhibited an increasing trend, rising by 11.43 %, 8.41 %, 7.73 %, and 2.24 %, respectively. Notably, biomass briquette gasification showed the most significant increase in H₂ fraction (11.4 %). Balancing operational safety and efficiency, the optimal gasification temperature was identified as 850 °C, with an ER range of 0.15–0.2. Increased biomass moisture content (2 %–25 %) reduced CH₄ concentration from 4.08 % to 2.95 %, lowering the overall BGG calorific value. Air temperature exhibited negligible impacts on gasification performance. Implementation of these findings in industrial biomass gasifiers validated the optimized parameters of the model can accurately predict and guide actual experiments, with &lt;20 % deviation in BGG composition under optimized conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic pyrolysis of non-textile button components as a co-feedstock for bioenergy production","authors":"Samy Yousef ,&nbsp;Justas Eimontas ,&nbsp;Nerijus Striūgas ,&nbsp;Mohammed Ali Abdelnaby","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, the co-pyrolysis of biomass and various types of plastic waste (PW) has shown great potential in improving H/Ceff ratio of biomass, making it a sustainable and competitive source of bioenergy, especially in the presence of catalysts. However, this strategy is limited by high contamination and the difficulty of sorting PW, requiring the development of another clean and uniform source of PW. In this context, this research presents polyester and nylon buttons (major part of non-textile components) as a new type of clean and sortable PW for this purpose. The experiments at this stage was focused on studying the catalytic pyrolysis of plastic buttons only by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to provide the basic data needed for future co-pyrolysis with biomass. The energy consumed during the reaction (Ea) and other catalytic pyrolysis characteristics over ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst were evaluated using kinetic models along with determination of their thermodynamic parameters. Also, an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm was proposed to expect TGA properties of buttons at ambiguous heating parameters. The TGA results revealed that polyester sample can be decomposed in two stages up to 360 °C and 460 °C, while nylon sample decomposed in a single stage up to 490 °C. The TGA-FTIR analysis highlighted that carbonyl groups (polyester) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (nylon) are the main functional groups of polyester and nylon vapors. Meanwhile, benzoic acid (72.94 % at 20 min/°C) the main compound of nylon sample and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid (plasticizers) the main compound of polyester and its toxic styrene compound was completely removed. Finally, the Ea used in decomposition of buttons was estimated at 241.6–262.7 kJ/mol (polyester) and 165.6–173.4 kJ/mol (nylon). The suggested ANN model showed high potential in predicting the catalytic pyrolysis characteristics with R &gt; 0.98. Based on these findings, plastic buttons can be used as a co-feeding hydrogen-rich source to biomass to enhance its H/Ceff ratio and aromatic compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD-based optimization of Tar destruction in downdraft biomass gasifiers via advanced injection strategies","authors":"Ahmed M. Salem,&nbsp;Ahmed Abdo,&nbsp;H.A. Nasef,&nbsp;Ayman Refat Abd Elbar","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gasification technology still restricted by the generation of tar compounds during the gasification process, which restricts the direct utilization of the resulting syngas. To tackle this challenge, the present study introduces a two-dimensional CFD model of rubberwood downdraft gasification to investigate the formation and destruction of key tar compounds – benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and phenol (representing primary, secondary, and tertiary tars) – and to evaluate the impact of side-nozzle injections attached to the reduction zone. Steam, oxygen, and CO₂ were each injected downstream to assess their combined effects on syngas composition and tar species yields.</div><div>Oxygen and CO₂ downstream injections effectively reduced tar, but caused a significant drop in syngas heating value, limiting their practical application. In contrast, steam injection (at reduction zone) achieved a notable reduction of total tar content by 15–35 wt %, boosted hydrogen production, lowered CO₂ emissions, and preserved high heating values without the need for additional tar separation.</div><div>These findings demonstrate that steam injection in the reduction zone offers a practical, scalable strategy for tar mitigation in biomass gasification. This approach enhances syngas quality and supports possible broader adoption of sustainable gasification technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108415"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of kaolin on ash partitioning and slagging for the combustion of biomass fuels in a field-scale 250 kW grate boiler","authors":"Nik Nor Aznizam Nik Norizam ,&nbsp;János Szuhánszki ,&nbsp;Xin Yang ,&nbsp;Nik Nor Azrizam Nik Norizam ,&nbsp;Derek Ingham ,&nbsp;Andy Heeley ,&nbsp;Kris Milkowski ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz Gheit ,&nbsp;Karim Rabea ,&nbsp;Lin Ma ,&nbsp;Mohamed Pourkashanian","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ash-related issues such as slagging and ash deposition in the heat transfer region of the grate boiler have been considered serious problems for safe and efficient operation. These issues must be addressed to avoid any unplanned shutdown due to failure in controlling the agglomeration and slagging during combustion. Various methods have been proposed, such as the injection of chemical additives into the grate boiler to reduce the alkali species in the bottom ash and depositions in the heat transfer region during combustion. However, the impacts of the boiler condition especially the bed conditions of the grate boiler have not been understood well in the past when adding the kaolin. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, the effects of blending biomass fuels with kaolin on ash-related issues in a 250 kW field-scale grate boiler. It was found that the kaolin powder performed quite effectively as an absorbent for potassium under firing conditions. The deposition propensity of fly ash was found to reduce by at least 50 % after the addition of the kaolin to the fuel mixtures. However, an increase in the degree of agglomeration was observed in the combustion chamber of the grate boiler when the kaolin was added to the fuel mixtures. High sintering was observed for the virgin wood and the recycled wood fuel blended with the kaolin at any dosages in the grate boiler. According to the elemental analysis by ICP-MS, the most dominant element found in the bottom ash, slag, and coarse fly ash was silica which captured potassium-related species and promoted the formation of slags. This also can be confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis which shows that a high concentration of silica in crystalline structures were observed in both fuel mixtures. Moreover, according to the XRD analysis and thermodynamic equilibrium model prediction, adding kaolin to the feedstocks significantly influences the crystalline structure formation in the bottom ash such as the formation of Kalsilite, Leucite, Sanidine and many more.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108418"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using multivariate models to link seasonality and biodiesel efficiency in red sea brown algae","authors":"Mohamed Aboueldahab ,&nbsp;Yanyou Wu ,&nbsp;Eman Alwaleed ,&nbsp;Gratien Twagirayezu ,&nbsp;Kashif Ali Solangi ,&nbsp;Hani Saber","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated five Phaeophyta species from the northern Red Sea during different seasons, focusing on their physiological parameters as potential candidates for biodiesel production. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to assess the effect of seawater's physicochemical parameters on the bioactive compounds of Phaeophyta. The findings demonstrated that carbohydrate concentrations peaked during cooler seasons, with <em>Hormophysa cuneiformis</em> exhibiting a maximum value of 206.76 mg/g in the fall. The protein concentration demonstrated species-specific stability, with <em>Sargassum aquifolium</em> maintaining relatively constant levels of approximately 67 mg/g. <em>Padina gymnospora</em> significantly diminished from 46.47 mg/g in winter to 20.37 mg/g in spring. The lipid content exhibited considerable seasonal fluctuations, with <em>P. gymnospora</em> attaining a peak of 9.78 mg/g during summer. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic and stearic, crucial for the stability of biodiesel. <em>Turbinaria decurrens</em> exhibited higher cetane numbers of 76.33 in summer and remarkable cold flow properties of 3.31 °C in fall, underscoring its suitability for high-quality biodiesel production. This indicates that multivariate analysis and comprehension of seasonal variation can improve the optimization of cultivation, harvesting, and biodiesel production from the brown macroalgae in the Red Sea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108416"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}