Biomass & Bioenergy最新文献

{"title":"Nanoarchitectured hollow rod-like hierarchical carbon from Celosia cristata L. vascular bundles for supercapacitors","authors":"Xin-ya Zhao ,&nbsp;Yu-fan Ma ,&nbsp;Qiu-hong Bai ,&nbsp;Xin-yi Feng ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Ye-hua Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass has become an ideal choice for preparing high-performance carbon materials due to its unique morphological and composition advantages. The vascular bundle system of <em>Celosia cristata L</em>. and rich content of non-metallic elements provide an ideal template for preparing carbon materials with a unique hollow rod-like structure and enhanced electrochemical performance. Using <em>Celosia cristata L</em>. as a precursor, nitrogen and oxygen self-doped carbon materials were successfully prepared through activation process. The effects of activation temperature on the morphology, pore structure, specific surface area, and surface chemical properties of <em>Celosia cristata L</em>.-derived carbon materials were systematically studied. The carbon materials prepared at an appropriate activation temperature exhibited superior microstructure and electrochemical performance, displaying unique vascular bundle morphology and a rich porous structure with abundant oxygen and nitrogen elements. Based on this unique hierarchical pore structure and composition advantage of nitrogen-oxygen co-doping, in a three-electrode system, the specific capacitance of the carbon material was 337 F g⁻¹ (0.5 A g⁻¹), and the capacitance retention rate reached 110% after 50,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g⁻¹, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor achieved a high energy density of 19.5 Wh kg⁻¹. Biomass materials with special intrinsic structures and compositions are of great significance in the development of high-performance energy storage materials and devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109168"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling biohydrogen production from residual hydrocarbons by immobilized bacteria using COMSOL multiphysics","authors":"David Abutu ,&nbsp;Hafizuddin Wan Yussof ,&nbsp;Francis Nyah ,&nbsp;Peter Ikechukwu Nwaichi ,&nbsp;Chika Umunnawuike ,&nbsp;Augustine Agi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing demand for low-carbon energy has increased interest in biological hydrogen production from unconventional resources. Residual hydrocarbons in depleted oil reservoirs offer a potential substrate for thermophilic biohydrogen generation, but integrated experimental modelling studies under reservoir conditions remain limited. This study investigates biohydrogen generation from residual hydrocarbons within a simulated media mimicking a depleted oil reservoir, combining batch experiments with COMSOL Multiphysics® modelling. Laboratory trials at 68.4 °C showed a progressive increase in hydrogen concentration from 0 to 7.63 mmol L⁻¹ within 168 h, corresponding to a 37 % substrate utilization. A three-dimensional axisymmetric domain was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics by coupling the transport of diluted species, coefficient form PDE, and heat transfer in porous media interfaces to simulate substrate diffusion, microbial reaction kinetics, and thermal effects within the porous reservoir system. The model achieved close agreement with experimental data (R² = 0.985; mean deviation = 7.8 %). Simulated peak hydrogen concentration reached 7.45 mmol L⁻¹ at 168 h, with maximum biomass density of 1.8 × 10⁷ cells cm⁻³ localized around immobilized beads. Sensitivity analysis indicated that a 10 % decrease in substrate diffusivity reduced hydrogen yield by 8.6 %, while temperatures above 72 °C decreased microbial activity by 12 %. Distribution plots revealed hydrogen accumulation zones extending 2-3 mm from bead surfaces, governed by local diffusion–reaction coupling. Model-predicted hydrogen productivity of 1.05 mmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹ validated the experimental average of 1.09 mmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹. These findings show residual hydrocarbons can support thermophilic biohydrogen in depleted reservoirs, and COMSOL modelling effectively predicts and optimizes subsurface production processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109165"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the performance of woody bio-oil alkaline fuel cells through efficient extraction of redox-active components","authors":"Xueyan Shang ,&nbsp;Xueyong Ren ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Changxia Sun ,&nbsp;Bowei Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Wu ,&nbsp;Yao Guo ,&nbsp;Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Woody bio-oil represents a promising renewable fuel for alkaline fuel cells (AFCs); however, its direct electrochemical utilization is fundamentally constrained by the low intrinsic electroactivity of crude bio-oil arising from its compositional complexity and limited abundance of redox-active species. In this work, a targeted solvent-extraction strategy is developed to selectively enrich electroactive components from woody bio-oil, thereby enabling the functional upgrading of biomass-derived liquids toward electrochemical energy conversion. Among the solvents evaluated, ethyl acetate exhibits a pronounced selectivity for alcohols, sugars, and phenolic compounds, establishing a quantitative correlation between bio-oil composition and AFC discharge performance. Under optimized extraction and operating conditions, the resulting AFC with 6 mL bio-oil as fuel achieves a maximum current output of 12.15 mA with a sustained discharge duration of 24.27 h. Comparative GC–MS analyses conducted before and after AFC operation confirm that alcohols, sugars, and phenolic derivatives constitute the dominant contributors to anodic electro-oxidation under alkaline conditions, providing mechanistic insight into bio-oil electrochemical conversion. Collectively, this study advances an integrated strategy combining selective component enrichment and electrochemical optimization, and demonstrates the potential of lignocellulosic bio-oil as a functional electrochemical energy carrier for high-value biomass valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109162"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147329984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen-enriched nano-enhanced waste plastic pyrolysis oil blends: Combustion, emission, and machine learning-based optimization in a dual-fuel diesel engine","authors":"Zhenzhen Cui ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Cheng ,&nbsp;Jie Wei ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a hydrogen-enriched dual fuel engine operated with a nano-enhanced ternary fuel blend (diesel/waste-plastic-driven pyrolysis oil/diethyl ether). Experiments were conducted at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm, with a load variation ranging from 20% to 100%, a constant hydrogen flow rate of 3 LPM, and an Al₂O₃ nanoparticle concentration varying from 25 to 100 ppm. The nano-enhanced blends showed improved combustion and thermal efficiency compared to baseline blends (Diesel + H₂) operation. Under full load operating conditions, the P20DEE5NP100+H2 blend achieved an 11.5% improvement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), while carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased by 49 % and 29 %, respectively, compared to the baseline blend. However, enhanced combustion intensity led to increased NOx emissions, indicating a trade-off between efficiency and NOx formation. Combustion analysis showed 5% high peak cylinder pressure and an advanced heat release rate with nanoparticle dispersion, which suggests reduced ignition delay and improved premixed combustion. To support experiments, five different supervised machine learning (ML) models were developed for multi-output prediction. The Extra Tree (ET) and Gradient Boosting (GB) models exhibited superior predictive capability, attaining normalized performance scores of 1.00 and 0.96, respectively. Multi-objective optimization using a desirability-based approach identified an optimal operating condition at 62.45% load with 100 ppm nanoparticle dispersion, yielding a composite desirability of 0.651 and a prediction error within ±3.1%. These findings show the potential of integrating waste-driven fuels, hydrogen enrichment, and data-driven modeling for sustainable engine operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109144"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective analysis of Nigeria's energy system: Bridging energy poverty and environmental goals","authors":"Olasunkanmi Opeoluwa Adeoye,&nbsp;Electo Eduardo Silva Lora,&nbsp;Rubenildo Vieira Andrade,&nbsp;Osvaldo Jose Venturini,&nbsp;Leonardo Peña Pupo,&nbsp;René Lesme Jaén","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines Nigeria's energy system transformation from 2025 to 2060 using the LEAP (Low Emissions Analysis Platform) model. Unlike many analyses that base projections solely on fixed capacity expansion targets, it integrates both a proposed expansion plan and demand-driven capacity growth to align electricity generation with multi-sector energy use, population growth, and economic development. Three scenarios were evaluated: a Business as Usual (BAU) trajectory, a Gas Transition Economy (GTE), and an Ambitious Green Transition (AGT). The BAU scenario has the highest total emissions by 2060, at 783.4 MtCO₂e, followed by GTE at 766.1 MtCO₂e. In contrast, the AGT scenario, driven by large-scale electrification and renewable energy, presents the most sustainable pathway, reducing total emissions to 493.5 MtCO₂e. Notably, the AGT pathway also delivers the greatest developmental benefits. Despite having the lowest final energy demand (3991.4 PJ), it achieves the highest per capita electricity access, reaching 2.86 kWh/day by 2060. This is a direct result of strategic electrification and efficiency gains that decouple human development from raw energy consumption. A key conclusion of this study is that Nigeria's path to a low-carbon, inclusive future lies in prioritizing strategic electrification and aggressive renewable energy targets, which are proven to reduce emissions while simultaneously improving energy access for its citizens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109146"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass-inherent nitrogen doping in utilized chopsticks carbon for alkaline electrolysis","authors":"PratimaDevi Sivasubramanian ,&nbsp;Yen-Ping Peng ,&nbsp;Po-Hsun Lin ,&nbsp;Subramanian Sakthinathan ,&nbsp;Te-Wei Chiu ,&nbsp;Ching-Lung Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the requirement for the generation of green hydrogen enhances, there is a critical necessity for electrocatalysts which are inexpensive, and resource efficient. In this research, we present a facile and chemically unmodified technique to transform utilized chopsticks doped with urea, overabundant single-use biogenic waste, into biochar for water splitting reactions. The biochar was prepared through straightforward pyrolysis devoid of reagent activation or doping of metals, affirming a minimalist and sustainable approach. The chopsticks derived biochar displayed notable dual functional electrocatalytic performance, attaining an overpotential of 333 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 351 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), in an alkaline media at 10 mA cm⁻². Further, the catalyst delineated stable activity over prolonged electrolysis, accentuating the robustness and the feasibility of biochar for real-time applications. The improved catalytic performance is attributed to the nitrogen species, from urea, that modulate the electronic, structure, create abundant active sites, and accelerate interfacial charge transfer. This research introduces an unexplored route to untreated biochar from post-consumer chopsticks that could directly serve as a promising and renewable electrocatalyst for both HER and OER, independent on expensive materials or complex preparation procedures. With the exploitation of single-use biomass residue via an extensible approach, this study provides to solid waste utilization and evolution of off-grid hydrogen energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109233"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation into the transformation mechanisms of heavy metals and phosphorus and their bioavailability during sheep manure composting under functional membrane coverage on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","authors":"Rui Cai ,&nbsp;Rongrong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of functional membrane-covered composting (FMC) technology can enhance the humification efficiency of composting. However, the application of this technology on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) still requires further enhancement. Furthermore, research on the potential mechanisms underlying the transformation of heavy metals and phosphorus in composting under this technology remains highly limited. This study explored the effects of FMC on the transformation and bioavailability of heavy metals and phosphorus of sheep manure composting on QTP, as well as its underlying mechanisms. Results indicated that FMC elevated the compost temperature by 10.7 °C, while simultaneously enhancing humic acid content and the germination index by 17.9% and 13.8%, respectively. FMC increased the proportions of residual Pb, Mn, Zn, and Cr in sheep manure compost by 23.6%, 11.1%, 9.2%, and 8.0%, respectively, and enhanced the labile phosphorus concentration by 19.2%. Through plant cultivation experiments, it was observed that FMC inhibited the uptake of Pb, Cr, Zn, and As by corn seedlings while promoting an increase in phosphorus concentration. The speciation of heavy metals and phosphorus was substantially influenced by organic matter content, temperature, humic substances, and maturity of compost. FMC could regulate these environmental factors, thereby influencing the bioavailability of heavy metals and phosphorus. Furthermore, FMC could enhance phosphorus bioavailability by promoting microbial processes such as organic phosphorus mineralization, inorganic phosphorus solubilization, and polyphosphate degradation. These research findings provide a scientific support for the harmless treatment and resource-oriented utilization of sheep manure on QTP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109218"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Açaí seed valorization through torrefaction and pyrolysis: Pathways toward high-energy and low-carbon biocoal","authors":"Alisson Lara de Carvalho ,&nbsp;Edgar A. Silveira ,&nbsp;Thiago de Paula Protásio ,&nbsp;Tiago Jose Pires de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable use of Amazonian residues plays a key role in Brazil's decarbonization strategy and circular bioeconomy. Among these residues, açaí seed (<em>Euterpe sp.</em>) accounts for 70–80% of the fruit mass and remains largely underutilized, despite its high lignin and low ash contents. This study systematically investigated the torrefaction (200–320 °C) and pyrolysis (350–700 °C) of açaí seed in a fixed-bed reactor to define process boundaries and optimal operating conditions for high-energy solid fuel production. The reactor was operated at a heating rate of 1.67 °C min⁻¹ with a residence time of 30 min. Progressive carbonization increased the fixed carbon from 18.70% to 91.67%, while the higher heating value (HHV) rose from 19.43 to 32.97 MJ kg⁻¹. The transition from fuel-grade biocoal to reductant-grade biochar occurred between 450 and 500 °C, with the EMCI peaking (23.02) at 500 °C, where the optimal balance between solid retention and energy densification was achieved. The volumetric energy density reached 15.99 GJ m⁻³, and the resulting biochar exhibited H/C and O/C ratios as low as 0.03 and 0.10, respectively, satisfying the European Biochar Certificate criteria for highly carbonized materials. These properties indicate that açaí seed can yield carbon-rich biocoal comparable to petroleum coke, suitable for metallurgical and decentralized energy applications. Overall, this work provides an integrated assessment of açaí seed torrefaction and pyrolysis, establishing quantitative benchmarks for the valorization of this abundant agro-industrial residue and contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7, 12, and 13) through low-carbon bioenergy and waste-to-resource strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109192"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic analysis of key methanogenic pathways in solid-state anaerobic co-fermentation of weathered coal and cattle manure","authors":"Bo Song ,&nbsp;Cui Quan ,&nbsp;Hongyu Guo ,&nbsp;Ningbo Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research leveraged metagenomic sequencing to assess microbial diversity and functional activity structures during solid-state anaerobic co-fermentation of cattle manure with weathered coal, aiming to evaluate key metabolic pathways. Results demonstrated that anaerobic co-fermentation significantly enhanced biomethane production, concomitant with substantial upregulation of carbohydrate-active enzymes including cellobiose phosphorylase (GH94), glycosyltransferase (GT4), and glycoside hydrolase (GH18). The process reinforced microbial interspecies electron transfer through enrichment of 2-oxoglutarate/2-oxoacid ferredoxin oxidoreductase subunit α, pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase α subunit, and methyl-coenzyme M reductase β subunit, while glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase II played pivotal roles in cellulose degradation within mixed substrates. Combined Solid-state anaerobic co-fermentation was dominated by methane production from the acetyl fragmentation pathway, and that the two synergistically promoted the CO₂ reduction pathway. This study provides a mechanistic study for the treatment of weathered coal and cattle manure, which provides new ideas for solid waste treatment and clean energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Models and methods for estimating nutrient recycling and energy recovery potentials from agricultural wastes: A case study of Henan Province in China","authors":"Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Wuliyasu Bai ,&nbsp;Boyan Lei ,&nbsp;Zhiqiao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid global climate change and energy security concerns, the recycling and utilization of agricultural waste holds enormous potential in increasing green energy supply and improving rural production and living environments. However, little attention has been paid to how crop residues and livestock excrement contribute to meeting nutrient demands and household energy consumption. This study developed a methodological framework integrating spatial-temporal distribution analysis, nutrient recycling and energy recovery potential estimation, and resource substitution capability evaluation of agricultural waste. Then, 18 cities in China's Henan Province were taken as examples to test this framework. It revealed that: (1) From 2012 to 2023, crop residues in Henan province rose from 71.4 to 80.7 million tons, while livestock excrement dropped from over 100 to below 70 million tons. (2) About 2.0–2.5 million tons of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅), and potassium (K₂O) resources can be recovered from agricultural waste, meeting 30% to 50% of N and P₂O₅ requirements and 50% to 90% of K₂O requirement for local crop growth. (3) The energy recovery potential from crop residues and livestock excrement in Henan province reached 36.4–42.2 and 4.6–7.1 million tce, respectively, equivalent to 33.6–38.9 and 3.4–5.1 bcm natural gas, which is sufficient to meet local energy demands, but shows a rapid downward trend. Policy insights were drawn from the aspects of legal systems, financial incentives, technological advancements and targeted promotion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109173"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}