Biomass & Bioenergy最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw by intermittent ball milling","authors":"Guanya Ji, Bo Zhang, Bo Feng, Yuchen Xing, Bo Tao, Qijian Niu, Jinxiu Song, Zhong Tang, Haiyan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108423","url":null,"abstract":"The “high-solids effect” of enzymatic hydrolysis systems at high dry matter presents a significant challenge, limiting the efficiency of biomass conversion. Herein, we explore the potential of intermittent ball milling as a strategy to overcome this hurdle, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing reactivity, accelerating reaction kinetics, and reducing waste. The results revealed that this method increases glucose yield of rice straw at high-solid loading of 25 % (w/v) by 91.5 % after 12 h, compared to traditional enzymatic hydrolysis. Intermittent ball milling reduces particle size from 220.7 μm to 14.4 μm, enhancing substrate surface area and cellulose accessibility. We observed that cellulase adsorption and transfer in the high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis systems were most effective within the first 5 min of each milling cycle, leading to a 2.9-fold increase in adsorption after 12 h. These findings highlight the potential of intermittent ball milling to enhance high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency for biomass.","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in mechanical cell disruption for algal biofuel: A decade of progress toward industrial integration","authors":"Salma Samidin ,&nbsp;Setyo-Budi Kurniawan ,&nbsp;Azima Syafaini Japar ,&nbsp;Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak ,&nbsp;Mohd Shaiful Sajab ,&nbsp;Mohd Sobri Takriff ,&nbsp;Abdullah Amru Indera Luthfi ,&nbsp;Ding Gong Tao ,&nbsp;Chyi-How Lay ,&nbsp;Safa Senan Mahmod ,&nbsp;Nur Farahah Mohd Khairuddin ,&nbsp;Peer Mohamed Abdul","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global transition toward renewable energy has accelerated the search for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, positioning algae as a promising feedstock for biofuel production. Microalgae, in particular, stand out due to their high lipid content, rapid growth rates, and ability to thrive in diverse environments, including saline and wastewater systems. Despite these advantages, effective disruption of their robust cell walls remains a critical barrier to accessing intracellular components such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. This barrier limits energy efficiency, scalability, and overall economic viability. Over the past decade, researchers have developed several physical-mechanical disruption methods, including ultrasonication (US), bead milling (BM), and high-pressure homogenization (HPH), to address these challenges. For example, BM has increased lipid yields by four to five times compared to untreated cells, while combining US with HPH has reduced energy consumption by ∼50 %, achieving ∼105.6 kJ/g dry matter. Microwave (MW) treatment has also demonstrated lipid recoveries of up to 73 % using water as a solvent, highlighting its potential as an energy-efficient technique. This review evaluates recent advancements in physical-mechanical disruption technologies, with a focus on their efficiency, energy demands, and scalability. By contrasting these methods with conventional chemical and enzymatic approaches, the study highlights innovations that enhance lipid extraction and streamline biofuel production while reducing environmental and economic drawbacks. The review identifies key research gaps and offers direction for future development and practical implementation. Finally, this recent study suggests incorporating advanced disruption tactics into commercial systems to make algae-based biofuels an appealing alternative to low-carbon energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing thermoplastic starch: advances in nanocellulose reinforced biocomposites: a review","authors":"Melbi Mahardika, Khalissa Sekar Amanda Sudarjat, R.A. Ilyas, Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108419","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic-based food packaging has raised significant environmental concerns due to the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste. Starch-based biodegradable films offer a sustainable alternative due to their abundance, biodegradability, and modifiability; however, their practical applications are limited by their low mechanical strength and water resistance. Incorporating nanocellulose, derived from lignocellulosic fibers, into starch matrices effectively overcomes these limitations. Nanocellulose provides high crystallinity, exceptional mechanical strength, and a unique fibrillar morphology, enhancing the structural, barrier, and thermal properties of starch-based films. This review presents a comprehensive overview of starch–nanocellulose biocomposites, including preparation methods, structural and functional characteristics, and potential applications in food packaging, biomedical devices, environmental remediation, and other emerging areas. It also identifies current research gaps, demonstrates how nanocellulose reinforcement improves performance relative to conventional plastics, and highlights future directions for developing sustainable, high-performance, and eco-friendly biocomposites.","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-efficient separation of cardanol, cardol, and 2-methyl cardol from biowaste using solvent extraction","authors":"Byoung Chul Kim ,&nbsp;Woo-Seok Choi ,&nbsp;Hyo-Bin Ryu ,&nbsp;Su Yeong Jeong ,&nbsp;Jeom-Soo Kim ,&nbsp;Young Han Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardanol is yielded from cashew nutshells, known as a biowaste of cashew nut processing, and is used in the production of epoxy resin, polyurethane, surfactants, and various polymer materials. This study proposes solvent extraction as an energy-efficient separation technique for cardanol, cardol, and 2-methyl cardol from cashew nutshell liquid as an alternative to energy-intensive thin-film distillation. To develop the proposed process, the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) was experimentally measured and supplemented by quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations, enabling the formulation of the thermodynamic model necessary for the extraction process design. The molecular dynamic simulation results provided radial distribution functions (RDFs), which described the molecular interactions between pairs of molecules, clarifying the selective extraction of cardanol with hexane. For the development of the separation process, a sequential solvent introduction of pure and mixed solvents was proposed, and the separation products were examined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Finally, an extractor design for cardanol recovery from an aqueous ammonia solution using hexane is presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108427"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acacia Melanoxylon: A pathway from an invasive species to renewable bio-oil via thermochemical conversion","authors":"Ana R.P. Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Sila Ozkan ,&nbsp;Ivo Paulo ,&nbsp;Salma Dehhaoui ,&nbsp;Luciana Silva ,&nbsp;Jaime Puna ,&nbsp;João Gomes ,&nbsp;Rui Galhano dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents a comprehensive modelling approach for the liquefaction of mixed <em>Acacia Melanoxylon</em> biomass. The proposed model combines a statistical method that uses quantitative data from appropriate experimental designs to determine and simultaneously solve multivariate equations, simulating the complex thermochemical processes that occur during the liquefaction process, to predict the yield of the process. It considers crucial factors such as reaction temperatures (100, 135, 170 °C) and residence time (30, 115, and 200 min), as well as catalyst concentrations ranging from 0.5 % to 10 % (w/w). The optimal conditions for bio-oil yield were 86.42 %, with a higher heating value (HHV) of 32.93 MJ/kg, while the HHV of fresh biomass was 14.07 MJ/kg. A response surface methodology (RSM), Box-Behnken design, was used to optimize the liquefaction process. The independent variables were selected as the reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. The obtained model presented a high adjusted R-squared (0.944) and a good p-value (less than 0.002). Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to characterize the products. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the impact of the morphological changes on the solid samples' surface area. By harnessing biomass thermochemical liquefaction, this study not only unlocks the valorization potential of invasive species but also offers an opportunity to validate a sustainable and clean process for upcycling such woody matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108414"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion of biomass sugar to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural catalyzed by acid-base bifunctional polyphenylene sulfide fiber","authors":"Pengyu Li ,&nbsp;Haitao Cui ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Chen ,&nbsp;Yahui Yuan ,&nbsp;Senhao Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Xu ,&nbsp;Wenying Ai ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Mingli Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces C-PPS-SN5/1, a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fiber catalyst with acid-base bifunctionality for converting biomass sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The catalyst combines sulfonic acid and tertiary amine groups through a multi-step process, offering synergistic catalysis. Its innovative PPS fiber design with covalently bonded sites ensures exceptional stability and scalability. Characterization through SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and mechanical tests confirmed its structural integrity, successful grafting, and durability, retaining over 51 % strength after five cycles. By optimizing reaction parameters—including acid-base ratio (5:1), solvent system (NaCl(20 % wt)/DMSO, 1:4 v/v), temperature (160 °C for glucose; 120 °C for fructose), and catalyst loading (5 mol%)—exceptional yields of 92 % (glucose) and 95 % (fructose) were achieved with selectivities of 97 % and 95 %, respectively. The catalyst demonstrated broad substrate applicability, converting sucrose, maltose, galactose, starch, and cellulose to 5-HMF with yields up to 94 %. Remarkably, C-PPS-SN5/1 exhibited outstanding recyclability, maintaining &gt;80 % yield over five cycles, and stability in continuous flow operation (&gt;90 % yield for 72 h). These results underscore the catalyst's potential for scalable, sustainable biomass valorization in industrial settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green-synthesized Co@VHE nanocatalyst from Verbascum insulare for enhanced hydrogen generation and biological applications","authors":"Erhan Onat ,&nbsp;Yusuf Alan ,&nbsp;Ahmet Savcı ,&nbsp;Selma Ekinci ,&nbsp;Mehmet Sait İzgi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel multifunctional material was synthesized by decorating the hydrothermal extract obtained from Verbascum insulare Boiss. &amp; Heldr (VHE) with metallic cobalt nanoclusters (Co@VHE) via in situ reduction using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄). The material was first evaluated for its biological activity, including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. While VHE exhibited antifungal activity only against Y. lipolytica, Co@VHE demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with the highest zone of inhibition against B. subtilis (26.67 ± 1.16 mm). Co@VHE also exhibited superior antioxidant capacity, showing the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀: 4.30). LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of quinic acid and protocatechuic acid in Vrb-1, along with 17 phenolic compounds in VHE. Additionally, Co@VHE's catalytic performance was evaluated for hydrogen generation through sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) hydrolysis. Under optimal conditions (7.5 % NaOH, 15 mg catalyst, 3 % NaBH₄), a successful hydrogen generation rate of 36,624 mL g⁻¹ min⁻¹ was achieved. Kinetic and reusability studies further demonstrated the material's high efficiency, moderate activation energy (55 kJ mol⁻¹), and excellent stability over six cycles. Comparative analysis revealed that Co@VHE outperformed several previously reported synthetic cobalt-based catalysts. This work not only introduces V. insulare extract as an effective and eco-friendly catalyst support for the first time, but also highlights its multifunctional potential in both biomedical and energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108435"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing biomass-derived oleoresin yield and quality through chemical stimulants and tapping methods in Pinus roxburghii Sargent","authors":"Saurabh Sharma ,&nbsp;Bhupender Dutt ,&nbsp;D.R. Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Yash Pal Sharma ,&nbsp;Rajneesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Jayashree Behera ,&nbsp;Sarita Devi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oleoresin derived from pine trees is a renewable forest biomass product with diverse industrial and energy applications. In India, <em>Pinus roxburghii</em> Sargent (Chir Pine) is the main commercial source for oleoresin tapping and offers significant potential for sustainable biomass utilization. This study was conducted in Western Himalayan forests to assess the effects of chemical stimulants and tapping methods on both yield and quality of pine oleoresin. Forty-two trees were engaged in two different tapping methods, <em>i.e.,</em> the borehole and rill method, and six different chemical stimulants as treatments. Results indicated the maximum oleoresin yield was obtained from treatment T₇ (20 % H₂SO₄ + 20 % HNO₃), with the rill method yielding the highest seasonal output (3694.08g/tree/season). However, oleoresin yield per borehole and turpentine content, an important biofuel precursor, were higher with the borehole method, which also proved less detrimental to tree health compared to the rill method, indicating its suitability for sustainable biomass extraction. The rill method, conversely, produced resin with higher rosin content and density. Quality analysis revealed that the chemical composition of oleoresin, critical for bioenergy and bioproduct manufacturing, varied according to both stimulant and tapping method used. Additionally, the borehole method and chemical stimulants accelerated wound healing, preserving tree vitality for biomass accumulation. Overall, these findings highlighted the potential of optimizing tapping methods and chemical stimulants for improving the quality of oleoresin as a biomass-based renewable resource, supporting its role in the bioenergy and bioproduct sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of sustainable aviation fuel-range hydrocarbons via thermal cracking of cumaru oil using red mud as a selective catalyst","authors":"Helvia Nancy Fuzer Lira ,&nbsp;Roberto Freire da Silva ,&nbsp;Sandro L. Barbosa ,&nbsp;Foster A. Agblevor","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global pursuit of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) has intensified, generating growing interest in innovative catalysts capable of efficiently converting biomass into hydrocarbons. This study evaluated red mud, an abundant byproduct of the Bayer process, as a heterogeneous catalyst for the thermal cracking of cumaru oil <em>(Dipteryx odorata)</em>. Consequently, mineralogical and spectroscopic analyses were performed to verify the presence of metal oxides, including Fe<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. A comparison was made between products from catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions. The results demonstrated that red mud selectively enhanced the production of C₉-C₁₇ hydrocarbons. The resulting hydrocarbon distribution exhibited a strong resemblance to that of commercial aviation kerosene, underscoring its potential for use in the synthesis of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). It is noteworthy that the thermal cracking of cumaru oil proceeds without requiring hydrogenation, as the red mud catalyst effectively promotes decarbonylation and decarboxylation pathways. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed a significant reduction in oxygenated compounds, validating the efficiency of red mud as a selective catalyst. These findings contribute to the advancement of biomass conversion processes and highlight its potential for large-scale deployment in sustainable aviation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108391"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalyst evaluation for renewable fuels production from cocoa bean shell pyrolysis","authors":"Rodolfo Sapata Gonzalez,&nbsp;Raíssa Aparecida da Silveira Rossi,&nbsp;Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira,&nbsp;Carla Eponina Hori","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing concerns about Climate Change are driving the exploration of renewable technologies to replace fossil fuels, of which the pyrolysis process emerges as a promising solution. However, the efficiency of this thermochemical process requires enhancement, primarily concerning the quality of its products. To explore into improving this alternative, this study investigates the application of four different catalysts (zeolite HZSM-5, hydrotalcite (HTC), Ni-Re/Nb₂O₅ and Ni/Nb₂O₅) employing analytical pyrolysis of cocoa bean shells under helium atmosphere. The pyrolysis experiments involved three stages assessing the effects of: catalyst type, temperature and catalyst proportion. All four catalysts, evaluated at 550 °C with a catalyst-to-biomass (C:B) proportion of 3:1, displayed the ability to reduce oxygenated compounds when compared to the tests conducted on pure biomass that generated heterogeneous products with a prevalence of oxygenated compounds. However, niobium-based catalysts converted oxygenated into nitrogenated compounds, mainly long-chain nitriles, constituting 24 % with Ni/Nb₂O₅. Further tests with HTC and HZSM-5 at 450, 650, and 750 °C revealed that HTC's results improved at higher temperatures, producing 43 % of hydrocarbons at 750 °C. As the HZSM 5 catalyst proved to be more efficient, achieving values around 70 % of hydrocarbons in the product composition, it was selected for the final stage of experiments, conducted at 550 and 750 °C, with C:B ratios of 1:1 and 5:1. In conclusion, HZSM-5 exhibited satisfactory results for enhancing the pyrolytic products quality while also demonstrating low-temperature efficiency. Best results were achieved at 550 °C, where 90 % of the compounds were hydrocarbons, of which 82 % were aromatic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}