Biomass & Bioenergy最新文献

{"title":"Microalgal biohydrogen production: Mechanisms, current trends, barriers, economic viability, and CO2 utilization","authors":"Ali Abdullah Al Qadri ,&nbsp;Usama Ahmed ,&nbsp;Sagheer A. Onaizi ,&nbsp;Shaikh Abdur Razzak ,&nbsp;Ahmad Nawaz","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renewable energy production through microalgal biohydrogen systems enables sustainable conversion of CO₂ waste streams into renewable energy. A critical evaluation has been conducted on current biohydrogen production advancements regarding living microalgae chemical elements and metabolic processes together with process enhancement techniques. The article investigates integrated system concepts which unite photobiological production techniques of clean hydrogen with dark fermentation technologies while processing wastewater systems and implementing thermochemical modules. By optimizing microalgal strains and cultivation conditions for enhanced CO₂ fixation efficiency, and co-locating production facilities with industrial emission sources, the proposed system aims to create a closed-loop, carbon-neutral biorefinery. The key innovations of this approach lie in the synergistic integration of various technologies to overcome the limitations of current microalgal biohydrogen production systems, which often suffer from low productivity, high operational costs, and challenges in capture and separation. Through detailed process modeling and feasibility analyses, this study evaluates the technical and economic viability of the proposed integrated system, including sensitivity analyses on critical parameters such as CO₂ input requirements. The review also provides a comprehensive technical and economic comparison between microalgal biohydrogen and other hydrogen production technologies, highlighting the competitive advantages of the proposed integrated system. Overall, this transformative approach to CO₂ utilization through microalgal biohydrogen production offers a sustainable solution that can simultaneously address the challenges of renewable energy generation and carbon emissions reduction. By creating a circular economy around CO₂ resources, this innovative technology holds the potential to significantly contribute to a low-carbon future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"108480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145327170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tar-free and hydrogen-rich syngas from Euro cotton banknotes using gasification-catalytic reforming process and its life cycle assessment","authors":"Samy Yousef ,&nbsp;Justas Eimontas ,&nbsp;Inga Stasiulaitiene ,&nbsp;Kęstutis Zakarauskas ,&nbsp;Nerijus Striūgas","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, oxygen gasification technology has been used to convert Euro cotton banknote waste (BW) into hydrogen-rich synthetic gas (19 vol%), but the tar content is still above standard values and should be removed for future marketing. In this regard, this research was developed to study the possibility of using a catalytic reforming process to remove the tar content from syngas produced by BW gasification and enhance hydrogen (H₂) content in its composition. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of the proposed strategy and typical gasification of BW was also investigated according to ISO 14040/44 standard and ReCiPe 2016 pathway, and then compared to its incineration. The experiments were carried out using an updraft gasifier reactor (for production of syngas) connected in series with a catalytic reactor for upgrading reason. The untreated syngas of different compositions were prepared at different temperatures (700–900 °C) and equivalent air-fuel ratios (0.19–0.29), and then soot was separated from it using a ceramic filter. While the upgrading process of tar-laden syngas was carried out at 900 °C over Ni/Mg-porous clay heterostructure catalyst in a steam atmosphere. The results showed that the catalytic reforming process was very successful in removing tar (up to 99.98 %), resulting in an increase in the upgraded syngas production rate by 11–32 % with HHV = 9695 kJ/kg. In addition to its contribution to significantly enhancing H₂ content (53 vol%) and reducing CO and CH₄ content by 75.5 % and 96.6 % respectively. Meanwhile, the LCA showed a high potential in this strategy in reduce many environmental burdens compared to gasification combined with reforming process process with a significant reduction in the ranges of 73–99 % (gasification) and 68–99 % (gasification-catalytic reforming). Accordingly, gasification combined with catalytic reforming process can be considered as a promising eco-friendly technology to convert BW into tar-free and H₂-rich syngas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108506"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of biomass and waste gasification in fixed and fluidized beds: Influence of operating conditions on syngas quality and energy viability","authors":"Luís Carmo-Calado ,&nbsp;Paulo Brito ,&nbsp;Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez ,&nbsp;Julio Terrados-Cepeda","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the gasification of pine, olive pomace (OP), and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in bubbling fluidized bed and fixed-bed gasifiers under varying conditions. Experiments were conducted at 700–800 °C with equivalence ratios (ER) of 0.18–0.34. For pine, H₂ reached 13.75 % at 800 °C, with an LHV of 5.71 MJ/Nm³ and CGE decreasing from 68.18 % (700 °C) to 50.11 % (800 °C). OP showed higher CGE (65.09 % at 700 °C) but faced persistent tar challenges, with tar content exceeding 9 g/Nm³ even at 800 °C. RDF exhibited the highest tar production (28–30 g/Nm³) and lowest CGE (28.53 % at 800 °C), attributed to its heterogeneous composition and high ash content. Pine achieved the highest syngas flow rate (154.6 Nm³/h at 800 °C), compared to RDF (136.1 Nm³/h). These findings underscore the impact of feedstock properties and operating parameters on gasification performance, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to optimize syngas quality and reduce by-products like tar.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108502"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-transforming maize husk residue into a multi-omics-validated biostimulant: Agro-waste bioformulation sustaining micronutrient delivery in millets","authors":"Shubham Anil Durgude ,&nbsp;Raj Kumar Jat ,&nbsp;Vijay Singh Meena ,&nbsp;Manish Kumar Vishwakarma ,&nbsp;Shiv Vendra Singh ,&nbsp;Suneel Kumar ,&nbsp;Pazhanisamy Selvaganesan ,&nbsp;Mohammed Hassnain ,&nbsp;Arun Kumar Joshi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Widespread iron and zinc deficiencies in cultivated soils impair crop performance and nutrition, while agro-waste recycling offers a cost-effective and bioavailable alternative to conventional fertilizers. Present study explored the aspect of transforming maize husk derived extract as a bioactive material for stabilizing Fe and Zn using a validated multi-omics approach to transform maize waste in bio-input. Maize husk extract incubation with 2.5 % Fe–Zn solution led to reduced levels of free elements (Fe: 11,250 mg L⁻¹; Zn: 12,300 mg L⁻¹) presenting successful micronutrient complexation in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Dynamic Light Scattering revealed that, against the commercial micronutrient (∼2000 nm), MHE incubation reduced particle size to ∼300–600 nm with improved uniformity. Scanning Electron and Transmission Electron Microscopy further revealed uniform spherical particles embedded within the maize husk, confirming successful micronutrient stabilization. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis indicated intensified chelating functional groups (–OH, –COOH), and metabolomic profiling showed ∼2-fold enrichment of citric (RT ∼12.3 min), malic (RT ∼15.6 min), and gallic acids (RT ∼21.4 min), acting as key chelators. Metagenomic analysis identified siderophore-producing <em>Streptomyces scabrisporus</em> (0.31 %) and <em>Pseudomonas umsongensis</em> (0.52 %) as dominant contributors to organic acid biosynthesis and micronutrient mobilization. Subsequent field trials with six millet crops confirmed that MHE-based foliar formulations significantly enhanced Fe and Zn uptake (25–45 %) and increased grain yield by up to 25 %, especially in foxtail and pearl millet, validating the bioavailability and agronomic efficacy of this waste-derived innovation. These findings validate MHE as an ecofriendly biostimulant that improves micronutrient bioavailability while valorizing agro-waste for sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108478"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the high-temperature co-pyrolysis of Elm and waste textiles","authors":"Yanyang Mei,&nbsp;Baojun Wang,&nbsp;Jiapeng Gong,&nbsp;Shan Zhang,&nbsp;Shuo Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the dual challenges of rising energy demand and solid waste valorization, this study conducted high-temperature co-pyrolysis experiments of Elm with Waste Textiles (PET, Cotton) in a vertical furnace and thermogravimetric analyzer. The experiments revealed that co-pyrolysis significantly altered the product distribution and composition, manifested by an increase in gas yield and a decrease in liquid yield. Co-pyrolysis of Elm with both textiles consistently promoted the generation of H₂ and CO while simultaneously suppressing CH₄ production. Notably, co-pyrolysis with Cotton yielded significantly higher amounts of H₂ (31.02 mmol) and CO (43.59 mmol) than co-pyrolysis with PET. Regarding the liquid products, the addition of PET substantially increased the aromatic hydrocarbon content (reaching a maximum of 81.20 %) and significantly inhibited the formation of phenols. Although the addition of Cotton also increased the aromatic content, the extent of this increase was lower than that observed with PET. Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric (TG-MS) analysis further elucidated that: The Elm-PET mixture exhibited an inhibitory effect during the low-temperature co-pyrolysis stage, characterized by delayed thermal weight loss peaks and increased residual mass, while promoting H₂ generation and inhibiting CH₄ release; Conversely, the Elm-Cotton mixture, due to overlapping pyrolysis temperature ranges, demonstrated a significant synergistic effect (evidenced by an increased DTG peak height), while also promoting CO release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108503"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-stage biogas upgrading system for household applications: Removal of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and moisture using Locally Sourced materials","authors":"Panadda Solod ,&nbsp;Wannadear Nawae ,&nbsp;Thanwit Naemsai ,&nbsp;Jaruwat Jareanjit ,&nbsp;Wasu Suksuwan","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we aim to study and develop a low-cost multi-stage biogas system for household applications using local materials. The system consisted of three sequential stages: hydrogen sulfide removal using ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide solution–coated clay pellets, carbon dioxide scrubbing with lime water, and moisture control with mangrove charcoal. From the experiments, H₂S can be reduced from over 100 ppm–1.67 ppm to achieve the non-corrosive level for domestic appliances by coated clay pellets. 10 g/L of lime water yielded the highest efficiency (7.84 %) for CO₂ removal. An increase in lime water concentration over 10 g/L diminishes the CO₂ removal due to calcium carbonate precipitation and mass-transfer limitations. In the moisture control stage, the adsorption of mangrove and compressed briquette charcoal is compared; mangrove charcoal exhibited higher capacity and maintained adsorption for ∼110 min, while compressed briquettes reached saturation earlier at ∼55 min. The methane concentration has remained stable in every stage while doing the experiment, with 0.5–1 % of total loss, which is a negligible penalty. The proposed integrated system effectively eliminated H₂S, reduced moisture, and partially removed CO₂, which increased the safety and usability of biogas. While commercial technology (PSA or membrane separation) provides high methane purity and high capital and operation costs. The proposed system offers a more affordable and accessible solution for small-scale rural households. The findings highlight both the feasibility and limitations of using simple, low-cost materials, while future research should emphasize kinetic modeling, CO₂ scrubbing optimization, and long-term adsorbent regeneration to strengthen scalability and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108499"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the combustion behavior of wheat straw using TG–DSC under multiple heating rates","authors":"Jialiu Lei,&nbsp;Yucheng Zhang,&nbsp;Jingtao Zhou,&nbsp;Shiru Deng,&nbsp;Yongjun Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combustion of biomass waste has become a hot research topic due to its potential for energy production and its role in addressing environmental issues caused by biomass waste accumulation. This article investigates the combustion of wheat straw using thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry within a wide range of temperatures up to 1073 K at various heating rates. Based on thermogravimetric analysis, the combustion process is categorized into five distinct phases: moisture evaporation, volatile matter combustion, lignin breakdown, the combustion of residual volatiles and fixed carbon, and the final burnout phase. It was observed that the combustion characteristic temperatures, maximum combustion rate, and comprehensive combustibility index all rise as the heating rate increases. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed exothermic reactions for all heating rates, with three exothermic peaks identified. The activation energy of the primary combustion phase using the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method was calculated as 121.4 ± 3.7 to 316.5 ± 7.9 kJ/mol, with an increasing trend as combustion proceeds. The pre-exponential factor ranged from 1.08 × 10⁹ to 2.46 × 10²⁷ s⁻¹ for KAS, varying with the heating rate. Based on the activated complex theory, the thermodynamic parameters for the conversion of reactants to the activated complex during combustion were derived. The activation enthalpy change ranges from 117.0 to 310.6 kJ/mol, while the activation Gibbs free energy change, with an average of 162.7 kJ/mol, confirms that activated complex formation during wheat straw degradation is a non-spontaneous process. The activation entropy change spans from −85 to 264 J/(mol·K), indicating molecular disorder and variations in energy efficiency. These results offer valuable theoretical insights and data for the further development of agricultural biomass utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108507"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano zero-valent iron enhances medium-chain fatty acids production from wine cellar sludge: Insights into metabolic pathways and interspecies cooperation","authors":"Yuhao Liu ,&nbsp;Yacong Duan ,&nbsp;Haiyang Lv ,&nbsp;Lei Zhao ,&nbsp;Xinyi Wang ,&nbsp;Siyi Li ,&nbsp;Gang Zhao ,&nbsp;Ziyan Yang ,&nbsp;Shuli Liu ,&nbsp;Gangfu Song ,&nbsp;Haiping Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study utilized anaerobic digestion sludge and wine cellar sludge as inocula, to which nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) was added at varying concentration gradients. It was found that the addition of the same concentration of NZVI to the wine cellar sludge was more beneficial for the formation of caproate than the anaerobic digestion sludge. Among them, the caproate concentration of 20 g/L NZVI nearly reached the highest of 22 g/L, the selectivity reached 96 %, which was a 1.57-fold increase compared to the control. Concentrations of odd carbon MCFAs, butanol and hexanol in the cellar sludge group were significantly lower than those in the anaerobic sludge group, which reduced the diversion of carbon sources and was conducive to the formation of caproate, indicating that the cellar sludge was an ideal chain elongation inoculum. Through microbial analysis, the dominant genera of different inocula were significantly different, and metagenomic analysis showed that the methanogen <em>Methanothrix</em> may be involved in the chain elongation process through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, and the abundance of functional enzymes in the FAB pathway in wine cellar sludge was higher. Metatranscriptomic analysis showed that there was a cooperative relationship between species in the process of chain elongation to promote the chain elongation reaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108495"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing wheat straw utilization: An integrated, near-zero-waste sequential biorefining approach","authors":"Harmeet Kaur ,&nbsp;Dinesh Goyal","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces an integrated, near-zero-waste biorefining approach for comprehensive wheat straw (WS) valorization to multiple value-added products. Wheat straw underwent various chemical pretreatments wherein each step generated distinct solid and liquid streams serving as a feedstock for subsequent processing, rather than focusing on a single product. Initial dilute acid treatment (1 % (v/v) H₂SO₄) of WS (20 g) releases xylose (9.59 g/L, 51.12 %) and glucose (25 g/L, 42.14 %), which are fermented by <em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> to produce lactic acid (LA) (4.12 g/L; yield: 0.139 g/g). Alkaline treatment of acid-pretreated solid residue using varying NaOH concentrations (1.5, 3 %, 5 %) produced black liquor, with maximum lignin recovery (32.96 ± 0.42 %) at 3 % NaOH alongside a phenolic rich extract (0.07 g) primarily composed of acetosyringone (27.20 %), p-coumaric acid (22.36 %), ferulic acid (10.48 %) and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (21.36 %). The final sodium chlorite treatment of residue produces cellulose pulp (3.26 g), effectively removing the residual lignin from alkaline pretreatment step. Structural characterization of lignin by FTIR and ¹H/¹³C NMR confirmed its guaiacyl-syringyl-hydroxyphenyl (GSH) type structure with preserved aromatic motifs and minimal degradation. Extracted lignin exhibited strong ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 0.7 mg/mL) surpassing commercial alkaline lignin and phenolic extract. The cellulose pulp showed 9.98 % increase in crystallinity index compared to raw WS, complete absence of lignin associated FTIR peaks (1640 cm⁻¹, 1514 cm⁻¹, 1467 cm⁻¹) and fibrillar morphology confirming the effective delignification of biomass. A detailed mass balance elucidated compositional changes throughout the process and product accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108486"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore-scale modeling of coking during catalytic conversion of glucose to levulinic acid","authors":"Gehao Chen,&nbsp;Changyu Weng,&nbsp;Xiangqian Wei,&nbsp;Haoyang Wei,&nbsp;Song Li,&nbsp;Xinghua Zhang,&nbsp;Longlong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for biomass-derived products has driven the wider adoption of packed-bed reactors in industrial processes. However, inevitable catalyst coking during operation impedes the efficiency and stability of continuous-flow systems, yet this issue has received limited attention. To address this industrial challenge, a 3D reactive-transport lattice Boltzmann model was developed, incorporating the coking effect to systematically simulate glucose catalytic conversion in fixed-bed reactors. The continuous influence of humins-derived coking on mass transfer was quantified, and the simulations successfully reproduced experimental trends. Based on these analyses, the study revealed the mechanisms by which key operating parameters and bed characteristics affect coking behavior in industrial production. Elevated initial glucose concentrations accelerated coking, while accumulated coke subsequently impeded both reaction and mass transfer, thereby self-limiting further coking. Packed beds of small particles, characterized by low porosity, exhibited pronounced inter-particle coking, whereas larger particles showed enhanced internal carbon deposition due to extended diffusion pathways. Targeted mitigation strategies, including feed concentration control, particle size optimization, and bed architecture design, were proposed. This work provides actionable insights into reactor design, process optimization, and coking control, thereby enabling efficient industrial-scale biomass catalytic conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 108494"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145315110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}