Talita Nascimento, Marta Ramos-Andrés, Rui Galhano dos Santos, António Aguiar, Ana C. Marques
{"title":"A mild acidic oxidative process for lignin-derived functionalized monomers under catalyst, solvent, and pressure-free conditions","authors":"Talita Nascimento, Marta Ramos-Andrés, Rui Galhano dos Santos, António Aguiar, Ana C. Marques","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lignoboost® (LB) Kraft lignin was subjected to a mild acidic oxidative depolymerization process under solvent-, catalyst-, and pressure-free conditions, achieving functionalized monomers with proportions of up to 79.4 % (w/w). This environmentally friendly method operates under naturally acidic conditions using only H<sub>2</sub>O and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, ensuring a high concentration of LB in suspension (300 mg/mL) and taking advantage of its inherent protonated nature. Monomers were directly recovered through simple drying, eliminating the need for precipitation or purification steps. Comprehensive characterization was performed using ATR-FTIR, HP-SEC, TGA, EA, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, and <sup>31</sup>P NMR techniques. The weight-average molecular weight (<span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>) and polydispersity index (PDI) decreased significantly from 1985 g/mol and 2.91 to as low as 300 g/mol and 1.79, respectively, after 7 h at 55 °C. Operational conditions were tuned to selectively enhance specific functional groups: phenolic OH groups increased up to 5.17 mmol/g under shorter reaction times (60 °C, 3 h), while moderate temperatures and longer reaction times favored carboxylic OH groups (4.99 mmol/g at 55 °C for 7 h). Additionally, alkene (C=C) groups reached up to 81.52 % of total hydrogen content under the highest temperature conditions (65 °C for 2 h). This process not only enhances our understanding of concurrent functionalization and depolymerization mechanisms but also establishes a scalable and green methodology for producing functionalized monomers as precursors for sustainable bio-based polymers. These findings contribute to the development of green technologies for lignin valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107949"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyu Wang , Teng Ma , Jianchao Sun , Lai Jiang , Yang Liu , Bo Yu , Yumin Chen , Ming Zhai , Huaichun Zhou
{"title":"Effects of pelletizing pressure and particle size on flame characteristics and potassium release in volatile combustion of biomass pellets","authors":"Xinyu Wang , Teng Ma , Jianchao Sun , Lai Jiang , Yang Liu , Bo Yu , Yumin Chen , Ming Zhai , Huaichun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While biomass palletization improves fuel properties, the effects of particle size and pelletizing pressure on volatile combustion characteristics and potassium (K) release remain poorly understood, hindering optimization of pellet quality and combustion efficiency. To clarify the effects of particle size and pelletizing pressure on volatile combustion characteristics (flame height, temperature distribution, etc.) and K release in biomass pellets, a combustion system using multi-wavelength imaging colorimetry and radiation spectroscopy was developed to investigate rice husk pellets (RHP), corn straw pellets (CSP), and poplar wood pellets (PWP) with varying particle sizes (210–420 μm, 125–210 μm, <125 μm) and pelletizing pressures (14.2 kN, 42.7 kN). The results show that higher pressure (42.7 kN) in RHP accelerates volatile release, advancing peak flame height by 3.4 s and increasing maximum side temperature by 114 K. RHP exhibit a unique trend where decreasing particle size increases flame height (from 74-79 mm to 100–102 mm), contrasting with CSP/PWP, whose flame heights decrease by 25–43 mm as particles refine. PWP combustion time shortens by 15–22 s for small particles, while their maximum flame temperature remains stable (1415–1453 K), differing from CSP, where small particles increase maximum temperature by 43–19 K despite reduced flame height. K release patterns also diverge: large-sized RHP/CSP emit 1.34–2.71 times higher K radiation than small-sized RHP/CSP, whereas medium-sized PWP exhibit the highest K radiation intensity (1.57 times large-sized PWP and 1.37 times small-sized PWP). These findings offer insights into biomass pellet utilization and equipment development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107916"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-Wei Lin , Yu-Ting Liu , Li-Cheng Huang , Shing-Chou Lin , Shean-Jen Chen , YongMan Choi
{"title":"Biomass energy for a sustainable Taiwan: Technologies, policies, and future prospects","authors":"Yu-Wei Lin , Yu-Ting Liu , Li-Cheng Huang , Shing-Chou Lin , Shean-Jen Chen , YongMan Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review introduces biomass resources in Taiwan. By focusing on agricultural and municipal solid waste, the impact of biomass energy is explored to strengthen renewable energy production capacity in Taiwan. The progress in biochemical conversion technologies such as anaerobic digestion and gasification that transform waste into bioenergy like biofuels and valuable by-products (e.g., biochar and organic fertilizers) is comprehensively assessed. In particular, the government of Taiwan supports green energy production industries and other research units to develop efficient bioenergy by utilizing abundant biomass resources. The government's endeavors related to status and challenges in biomass resources, potential economic and environmental advances, and policies are discussed. In 2020, the installed bioenergy capacity of Taiwan was 716 MW, which is expected to be 813 MW by 2025. The impact of modern systems on emerging biomass resources is pivotal for reducing the environmental influence. These systems can improve economic efficiencies and prevent pollution by integrating innovative technologies like the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence. Notably, the policy-driven promotion of biomass-based solid renewable fuels and smart agriculture management prominently contribute to Taiwan's transition towards more sustainable biomass energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107969"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adity Bora , Rathziel Roncancio , Zackery Sherrow , Jackson Bitterolf , Jay P. Gore , Sadhan Mahapatra
{"title":"Effect of operational parameters and petroleum coke blending on the recycling of CO2 during fixed-bed gasification of bamboo char","authors":"Adity Bora , Rathziel Roncancio , Zackery Sherrow , Jackson Bitterolf , Jay P. Gore , Sadhan Mahapatra","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass is a promising alternative energy source that can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and achieving carbon neutrality. Gasification is a process of converting biomass into producer gas, which can be used to produce heat or electricity. The interaction between carbon-rich raw materials and catalysts in gasification is crucial for efficient conversion, product gas composition, and process stability. Understanding this interaction is essential for scaling up gasification processes and promoting sustainability and economic viability. The present study uses CO<sub>2</sub> as a gasification medium to address the recycling of CO<sub>2</sub> and its reduction to CO. This study focuses on three key operating parameters influencing gasification reactivity: catalyst, temperature, and pressure. Bamboo and petroleum coke are used as feedstock for gasification. Potassium carbonate salt is used as a catalyst for the reaction. It is found that using catalyst-impregnated biochar leads to higher concentrations of CO than un-impregnated biochar. A notable increase in CO production and char conversion was observed as the temperature increased from 1023 K to 1173 K at three different pressures. It is also observed that ash residues melted at a temperature of 1173 K, which impacted the char conversion. Petroleum coke is added to catalyst-loaded bamboo char to study the synergistic effect of alkali metal on the CO<sub>2</sub> gasification process. It is found that increasing the percentage of bamboo char in the blended samples led to a significant increase in both CO fraction and char conversion. These findings are useful for recycling of CO<sub>2</sub>, and utilizing petcoke blended fuel samples in a gasification process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A model molecule for studying the production of renewable light olefins by cracking biomass derived alkanes","authors":"Ferran Torres Marti, Elisa Garcia Hurtado, Yannick Mathieu, Avelino Corma","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to concerns over plastic waste, there has been a shift toward developing green plastics to reduce the environmental impact of petroleum-based materials. Advances in processing technology are key to converting biomass into bio-based monomers for sustainable biopolymers like green polyethylene and polypropylene. Renewable fats and oils, due to their wide availability, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and low toxicity, have become important platform chemicals for creating renewable polymers. This study investigates the selective conversion of hydrotreated esters and fatty acids into light olefins using a cracking strategy within a continuous fixed-bed reactor, employing ZSM-5 zeolite as the catalyst. The research focuses on optimizing operational conditions and the physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 to maximize green light olefin production. Key factors like cracking temperature, hydrocarbon partial pressure, and Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) were optimized to boost conversion rates and light olefin yields while minimizing undesirable reactions, such as hydrogen transfer. The study found that limited diffusion restrictions of linear alkanes occur within the ZSM-5 porous network leading to minimal gains in activity or light olefin selectivity, even when reducing crystal size. Adjusting the silicon-to-aluminum (Si/Al) ratio had little effect on product selectivity, underscoring the zeolite's limited ability to promote bimolecular hydrogen transfer. Moreover, even if positioning acid sites within specific channels allows to limit hydrogen transfer side reactions leading to improved selectivities to light olefins at low cracking temperature of 400 °C. At higher reaction temperature, where cracking mechanisms are promoted and hydrogen transfer reactions are not thermodynamically favoured, no significant enhancement of the confinement effect or promotion of monomolecular reactions over bimolecular ones are observed. Despite these limitations, the study successfully demonstrated the considerable potential for producing light olefins through the cracking of renewable paraffins. Under constant reaction conditions of 600 °C, atmospheric pressure, and an initial hydrocarbon partial pressure of 0.33 bar, high yields of 65 % for light olefins and 35 % for propylene were achieved over ZSM-5 having a Si/Al ratio of 30 at an optimized WHSV of 250 h<sup>−1</sup>, with near-complete conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 107952"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced electrochemical performance of carbon materials derived from wood pitch via green ball-milling","authors":"Junwei Wu, Ningning Tan, Haijun Li, Yaohang Weng, Biao Huang, Beili Lu, Lirong Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wood pitch, a byproduct of bamboo and wood production, is a promising raw material for carbon substances because of its high carbon yield and aromatic structures. In this study, a green, solvent-free ball-milling method was employed to control the degree of oxidation of wood pitch by adjusting the milling time. The degree of oxidation degree was positively correlated with the milling time, reaching 0.4 (O/C atomic ratio) at 11 h. The ball-milling process reduced the particle size and enhanced the exposure of the oxygen-containing groups, thereby improving the reactivity. Prolonging the milling time increased the number of oxygen-containing functional groups in wood pitch, improving the electrochemical performance of porous carbon materials. After 9 h of ball-milling, the resulting carbon material exhibited a specific capacitance of 297 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. It demonstrates advantages such as environmental friendliness, low cost, and easy functionalization, making it a highly promising electrode material for supercapacitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107967"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiseok Hong, Hyunjung Kim, Changwon Chae, Dong Hyun Kim, Seung Oh Lee, Ijung Kim
{"title":"Sulfamethazine adsorption using livestock manure-derived biochar: Significance of oxygen concentration during biochar generation","authors":"Jiseok Hong, Hyunjung Kim, Changwon Chae, Dong Hyun Kim, Seung Oh Lee, Ijung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of oxygen concentration (0.5–10 %) during biochar production on its characteristics and capacity for sulfamethazine adsorption. The biochar was produced from cattle manure, which was either pretreated with ZnCl<sub>2</sub> or left untreated, and subsequently pyrolyzed at different temperatures. Increasing oxygen concentration during pyrolysis led to biochar oxidation, which reduced its carbon content and adsorption efficiency. Higher pyrolysis temperatures and lower oxygen concentrations enhanced the sulfamethazine removal efficiency, primarily due to the increased specific surface area. Biochar produced at 0.5 % oxygen concentration maintained over 90 % removal efficiency after at least four cycles of reuse, while biochar produced at higher oxygen concentrations exhibited significant efficiency loss upon reuse. Continuous-flow experiments revealed that flow rate, column height, and initial solute concentration significantly influenced breakthrough dynamics, with optimal adsorption observed at lower flow rates and increased column height. Experiments with the livestock wastewater demonstrated that the adsorption process was conformed to the Freundlich and Elovich model, indicating that adsorption occurred unevenly across heterogeneous sites of the biochar and was controlled by mass transport as a heterogeneous diffusion process. These findings underscore the significance of regulating oxygen levels during biochar generation to enhance its viability as adsorbent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 107970"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maneesh Kumar , Praveen K. Surolia , Gayatri Prasad
{"title":"Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of cellulosic materials using Coats-Redfern method","authors":"Maneesh Kumar , Praveen K. Surolia , Gayatri Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of cellulose components extracted from waste leaves of <em>Butia monosperma</em> using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The crude cellulose was then fractionated into α-cellulose and β-cellulose, with α-cellulose being the predominant fraction. The major pyrolytic zone for crude cellulose was observed between 240 and 510 °C, for α-cellulose between 210 and 465 °C, and for β-cellulose between 240 and 451 °C. To determine the kinetic parameters and thermodynamic properties, the Coats-Redfern method was applied, considering 21 different reaction mechanism models. The analysis revealed that the DM 6 model (Zhuravlev equation) provided the best fit for crude cellulose and β-cellulose. In contrast, the NM 4 model (Avrami-Erofeev equation with n = 2) was found most suitable for α-cellulose, also showing superior R<sup>2</sup> values. These models showed activation energies of 76.84 × 10<sup>3</sup> J/mol for crude cellulose, 60.10 × 10<sup>3</sup> J/mol for α-cellulose, and 139.78 × 10<sup>3</sup> J/mol for β-cellulose. The positive data for ΔH suggest the obligation of external energy to instigate the pyrolysis process. All ΔG values emerged as positive, indicating the non-spontaneous process of pyrolysis. The revealed negative values of entropy suggest a less significant alteration in product structure upon bond breaking compared to the original reactant. Cellulose backbones carried functional groups, and their morphology is evaluated by using FTIR spectra and SEM images, respectively. This research highlights the potential of utilizing <em>Butia monosperma</em> waste leaves in high-value applications, particularly in thermochemical conversion processes and the fabrication of advanced composite materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107947"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Şeyda Karadirek, Nergiz Kanmaz, Özlem Tuna, Pelin Demircivi
{"title":"Designing of N/O heteroatoms doped biomass-derived activated carbon for boosting toxic dye pollutant adsorption","authors":"Şeyda Karadirek, Nergiz Kanmaz, Özlem Tuna, Pelin Demircivi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, N/O-doped activated carbon (ACON) was obtained through carbonization of acorn pulp followed by hydrothermal reaction with oxalic acid and urea. The synthesized activated carbon samples were employed as adsorbents for methylene blue (MB) adsorption. The admirable properties provided high MB adsorption efficiency (94.21 %), which was 1.63 times greater than that of the bare activated carbon (57.60 %). This could be due to the enhancement of specific surface area and the formation of new active groups, supporting BET, SEM, FTIR and XPS analyses. The adsorption of dye onto ACON was a spontaneous endothermic process, as well as the adsorption mechanism could be explained with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model<strong>.</strong> Adsorption efficiency decreased due to the competition of cationic species in different water matrices with MB. In the fourth cycle, 71.8 % MB removal was achieved, and the sorbent was found relatively stable. The interactions were proposed to mainly account for sufficient combination of cationic dye molecules and nearly amphoteric ACON surface. In addition, the adsorbent showed promising performance in malachite green (MG) and ciprofloxacin (CP<sub>x</sub>) adsorption processes. To conclude, this study showed the applicability of N/O-doped activated carbon in wastewater treatment systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107968"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
César Gracia-Monforte , Francisco Maldonado-Martín , María Atienza-Martínez , Javier Ábrego
{"title":"Low temperature chemical looping combustion of pyrolysis gases in a fixed bed reactor","authors":"César Gracia-Monforte , Francisco Maldonado-Martín , María Atienza-Martínez , Javier Ábrego","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an experimental investigation into the feasibility of oxidizing biomass pyrolysis gases at relatively low temperatures using a chemical looping combustion (CLC) approach. The application of this alternative method would enable the capture of carbon from the pyrolysis gas stream, which is currently released into the atmosphere in most pyrolysis systems, as high-purity CO<sub>2</sub>. In a fixed bed reactor, the reduction behavior of three different Cu-based oxygen carriers (OC) - pure CuO pellets, carulite and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-supported CuO - was evaluated to determine whether pyrolysis gases could be completely oxidized to CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O within a temperature range of 600–650 °C and at weight hourly space velocities (WHSV) of 0.06–0.10 h<sup>−1</sup>. Both CuO and carulite exhibited significant amounts of unconverted pyrolysis gases even during the initial stages of the reduction experiments. In contrast, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-supported CuO emerged as the most effective material, facilitating the complete oxidation of pyrolysis gases over extended reaction times. For this oxygen carrier, a decline in the combustion efficiency was only observed at very high (90 %) reduction conversions. Reduction/oxidation cycles for this most promising material were successfully demonstrated, with the oxygen carrier showing no signs of activity loss after 10 cycles. However, carbon deposition was detected under several experimental conditions, which could potentially reduce the carbon capture efficiency of the process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107911"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}