Biomass & Bioenergy最新文献

{"title":"Development and optimization of sustainable activated biochar from waste pigeon pea stalks for efficient adsorptive removal of methylene blue from water","authors":"Shubhangi Umare ,&nbsp;Ajay K. Thawait ,&nbsp;Sumit H. Dhawane","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the valorization of pigeon pea stalk waste (PPSW) through the synthesis of activated biochar (AB) with enhanced adsorption properties for the efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. Addressing both agricultural waste disposal and water pollution, the research converts PPSW into high value adsorbents. Two types of AB were synthesized using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) as activating agents, designated as NaOH/AB and ZnCl₂/AB, respectively. The synthesis process was optimized using an L9 orthogonal array design, evaluating four key parameters: activation temperature, activation time, reagent to carbon ratio, and stirring speed. The influence of these parameters on the adsorption capacity (AC) and removal efficiency (RE) of MB was further examined through parametric studies. Statistical optimization and analysis were performed using ANOVA to validate the significance of each factor. The synthesized ABs were characterized using advanced analytical techniques. For NaOH/AB, optimal conditions yielding 100 % RE were found to be an activation temperature of 40 °C, activation time of 12 h, reagent-to-carbon ratio of 2:1, and stirring speed of 400 rpm. In the case of ZnCl₂/AB, maximum AC of 7.51 mg/g and 100 % RE were achieved at 80 °C, 12 h, a 6:1 reagent-to-carbon ratio, and 600 rpm stirring speed. The results confirm that AB derived from PPSW using NaOH and ZnCl₂ exhibits excellent adsorption performance and is highly effective in the complete removal of MB from contaminated water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108385"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technological challenges, research advancements and future prospects towards valorization of pine wastes","authors":"Arunima Nayak,&nbsp;Richa Bhatt,&nbsp;Brij Bhushan","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pine wastes especially pine needles are one of the abundantly found forestry wastes but are identified as the cause for destruction of forest ecosystem and are the major contributors to hazardous greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution as well as climate change. Under the context of circular economy, valorization to biofuels and biochemicals is a fruitful and successful strategy adopted for effective waste management of pine waste residues. But for successful execution and for industrial operation, there are the compositional hurdles and technological challenges with respect to production of each such value-added product. The review has not only highlighted such challenges but has focussed on assessment of some of the research and technological advancements made till date so as to enhance the yield as well as quality of the valorized products.</div><div>The endeavour is to contribute to environmental sustainability and resource management by encouraging sustainable and efficient utilization of pine residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108413"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of second-generation ethanol from coffee farming residue by fermentative bioprocesses with different wild yeast strains","authors":"Viviana Cristina Peixoto ,&nbsp;Iliseu Monteiro Alcântara ,&nbsp;Heloisa Aparecida Silva de Assis ,&nbsp;Marcus Vinicius Astolfo da Costa ,&nbsp;Caio Roberto Soares Bragança ,&nbsp;Marita Gimenez Pereira ,&nbsp;Sarah Regina Vargas","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioethanol is a renewable energy alternative and can be produced from biomass rich in organic matter such as coffee straw, an abundant agro-industrial waste in Brazil. This study evaluated fermentative bioprocesses with two strains of wild yeasts and using hydrolysate obtained in the treatment of coffee straw by thermochemical hydrolysis in batch systems for obtaining second-generation ethanol. The molecular identification of 15 strains of wild yeasts isolated from brewery wastewater and decaying fruit was performed. A screening of those strains revealed <em>Pichia kudriavzevii</em> (LMP-Y 10) and <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (LMP-Y 14) showed the best ethanol production (1.64 and 1.91 g L⁻¹, respectively). According to the optimization of biomass production, LMP-Y 10 at 38 °C, 20 g L⁻¹ of glucose, and pH 6.0 and LMP-Y 14, at 34 °C, 30 g L⁻¹ of glucose, and pH 7.0 provided better biomass yield. Fermentation bioprocess assays in a batch system from hydrolyzed coffee husk pretreated with H₂SO₄ 1 % and 2 %, with and without agitation, led to better ethanol production with H₂SO₄ 2 %, obtaining 0.58 g L⁻¹ with LMP-Y 10, under agitation, and 0.43 g L⁻¹ with LMP-Y 14, in static condition for both strains (in 20 mL of cultures at an F/M ratio = 1). The results reveal two previously unstudied wild strains with strong potential for second-generation bioethanol production through the valorization of coffee husk that can contribute to future research and advances in biotechnology, offering sustainable alternatives to produce bioenergy from agro-industrial waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle analysis of microalgae bioethanol production scenarios","authors":"João Felipe Freitag ,&nbsp;Victória Dutra Fagundes ,&nbsp;Viviane Simon ,&nbsp;Rosana de Cássia de Souza Schneider ,&nbsp;Luciane Maria Colla","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study evaluated the environmental impacts of bioethanol production from <em>Spirulina platensis</em> through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), comparing two biomass harvesting methods: centrifugation (Scenario A) and bioflocculation (Scenario B). The aim was to determine which harvesting approach offers the lowest environmental burden in biofuel production.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study used LCA to evaluate stages of bioethanol production, including cultivation, harvesting, drying, pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, alcoholic fermentation, and distillation. Data for the LCA were sourced from literature and analyzed using SimaPro v. 9.5.0.1 software. The impacts were assessed using the ReCiPE method, focusing on categories such as Global Warming Potential (GWP), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (TET), and Fossil Resource Scarcity (FRS).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis showed that Scenario B (bioflocculation) had higher environmental impacts, with GWP reaching 241.03 kg CO₂ eq., compared to Scenario A (centrifugation), which had 176.99 kg CO₂ eq. However, Scenario B exhibited higher biomass harvesting efficiency (99.5 %), making it more effective for generating valuable bioproducts. Energy consumption significantly influenced the impact results, but excluding energy revealed a negative carbon balance in the cultivation, harvesting, and drying stages. Uncertainty analysis indicated variability of 4.69 % for Scenario A and 3.93 % for Scenario B.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study concluded that while bioflocculation (Scenario B) presents higher environmental impacts, it offers greater efficiency in biomass harvesting. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating biomass utilization into biorefinery frameworks to reduce environmental impacts and align with sustainable bioeconomy and circular economy strategies in bioethanol production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108398"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the modeling and simulation of the pre-treatment process of coffee husks for renewable energy production in the Brazilian agro-industrial sector","authors":"Amanda de Oliveira e Silva,&nbsp;Ivan Felipe Silva dos Santos,&nbsp;Hugo Perazzini","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brazil, the world's largest coffee producer and exporter, generates substantial quantities of coffee husks, the main residues from wet processing. Recent research has demonstrated their energy potential. However, the high moisture content, low density and irregular particle size require a pre-treatment for efficient thermochemical conversion. This study analyzes the economic viability of a pre-treatment and combustion plant of coffee husk briquettes for electricity generation. The pre-treatment design, cost estimates, and sensitivity analysis were conducted, focusing on the influence of drying operational variables. Energy studies showed that the Southeast region produced 85.5 % of Brazil's coffee husks in 2024, potentially generating 178 GWh yr⁻¹. Nonetheless, most scenarios were economically unviable, presenting a negative Net Present Value (NPV) equal to −$7.92 million, mainly due to the high investment in combustion technology (63.7 % of the total), and high drying costs (56.8 % of operating costs). The lowest Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) was $198 MWh⁻¹, achieved at the highest drying air temperature in the optimistic scenario, though still above the base tariff ($67.3 MWh⁻¹). The air temperature, followed by the bed height, were the drying variables with the greatest influence on the bioenergy plant's economy, while the air velocity proved to be inelastic. This paper highlights the importance of key design parameters in reducing total costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of particle structural characteristics effects on coking behavior in cellulose hydrolysis","authors":"Haoyang Wei,&nbsp;Xiangqian Wei,&nbsp;Gehao Chen,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhou,&nbsp;Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Xinghua Zhang,&nbsp;Longlong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous flow depolymerization offers a sustainable pathway for converting biomass into energy-dense fuels, addressing challenges such as coking and mass transfer inefficiencies that hinder biomass's viability as a renewable fuel feedstock. Here, a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model reveals how multiparticle lignocellulose configurations in fixed-bed reactors govern flow-structure evolution. By achieving equilibrium between intra- and extra-particle mass transfer, this approach enhances hydrogen ion diffusion—essential for catalytic biofuel synthesis—while reducing coking-induced energy losses. The lignin-first strategy further improves reactor performance by intensifying fluid-solid interactions, thereby advancing transport kinetics critical for scalable biofuel production. These structural engineering principles enable efficient biomass-to-fuel conversion with minimized humins formation, directly supporting cleaner energy outputs and circular economy goals in renewable fuel manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108412"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effect of primary air conditions on flame temperature zones during stacked biomass combustion using novel computer vision method","authors":"Akash Borthakur ,&nbsp;Biswajit Gogoi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flame formation is an indicative parameter during combustion and is used with imaging techniques to collect the parametric flame characteristics. Image processing and advanced imaging techniques have improved the flame data extraction and utilization. Flames, being a multi-temperature formation, affect the target load at different heat transfer rates, corresponding to different flame temperature regions. The multi-temperature zones of flame could never be assessed only through imaging techniques. Therefore, the present study presents a novel method of integrating computer vision with thermal imaging to deduce the variation in the in-situ flame area with changes in temperature within the flame. The technique has been depicted using Python and verified through multi-experimental studies with changes in primary air conditions for highly dynamic stacked biomass combustion. During natural draft (ND), forced draft (FD) and forced draft with pre-heated air (AFD) combustion, burn rates of 0.14 g/s, 0.22 g/s and 0.23 g/s, respectively, were obtained. Flame regions corresponding to 200–300 °C occupy the highest flame area of 2.23 × 10⁻² m² (300 s), 2.21 × 10⁻² m² (300 s) and 2.62 × 10⁻² m² (600 s) during ND, FD and AFD, respectively. Although cumulative flame area under ND remains highest (1.88 × 10⁻¹ m²), flame area during AFD condition has the highest peaks of 2.62 × 10⁻² m², 2.28 × 10⁻² m², 1.09 × 10⁻² m², 6.97 × 10⁻³ m², 5.01 × 10⁻³ m², 3.71 × 10⁻³ m², 1.36 × 10⁻⁴ m² and 3.60 × 10⁻⁷ m² corresponding to 200–300 °C, 301–400 °C, 401–500 °C, 501–600 °C, 601–700 °C, 701–800 °C, 801–900 °C and 901–1000 °C respectively. For all cases, the flame area decreases with increased flame temperature, and high-temperature zones remain closer to the combusting particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108420"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal pretreatment of brewer's spent grain: A pathway to sustainable biogas production and waste valorization","authors":"Paula Bucci ,&nbsp;Danilo Cantero ,&nbsp;Andrea Casas ,&nbsp;Enrique Marcos ,&nbsp;Enkeledo Menalla ,&nbsp;Raúl Muñoz","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brewer's spent grain (BSG), a by-product of the brewing industry, faces significant waste management challenges but holds potential as a substrate for biogas production via anaerobic digestion (AD). However, its lignocellulosic complexity limits microbial degradation and methane yield. In previous studies by our research group, various treatment strategies for BSG were explored, including approaches aimed at recovering high-value compounds. Building upon this foundation, the present work evaluates the potential of hydrothermal pretreatment to enhance methane production from BSG via AD. The novelty lies in the combination of a continuous hydrothermal pretreatment reactor with meta-transcriptomic analysis of the anaerobic digestion process, enabling a direct correlation between operational performance and microbial functional shifts. Hydrothermal pretreatment was applied to partially hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose into fermentable sugars, improving biodegradability while minimizing the formation of inhibitory compounds. Results showed that hydrothermally pretreated BSG supported methane productions over 1500 mL CH₄/L_reactor·day, markedly higher than the 100–500 mL CH₄/L_reactor·day observed for untreated BSG. Volatile solids degradation efficiency improved by 30 %, while methane content in biogas increased from 30 % to 65 %. Genomic analysis of the microbial consortium revealed enhanced activity of methanogenic archaea and fermentative bacteria associated with the increased methane production. This integrated approach not only disrupts lignocellulosic barriers more effectively but also provides deeper insights into microbial functionality, reinforcing hydrothermal pretreatment as a viable strategy for boosting biogas yield and advancing sustainable waste-to-energy solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108399"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-continuous hydrothermal process for conversion oat husks to fuel and precursors","authors":"Crisleine P. Draszewski,&nbsp;Paula G.D. Porta,&nbsp;Caroline M. Weise,&nbsp;Ederson R. Abaide,&nbsp;Fernanda de Castilhos","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrothermal process uses water as a solvent and high thermodynamic condition for converting lignocellulosic biomass, being an environmentally friendly and promising alternative. Subcritical water conditions were exploited for hydrolysis carbohydrates, including cellulose and hemicellulose, present in oat hulls, in order to produce biofuels and precursors as platform chemicals and fermentable sugars. A synergistic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass at the evaluated temperatures (300 and 330 °C) and 20 MPa, makes the process versatile for producing different products. Under these drastic temperature and pressure conditions, it was a challenge to operate in semi-continuous mode due to difficult temperature control and blockages in the process lines. At 300 °C, the highest yields of fermentable sugars (4.98 g/100 g oat hulls) and platform chemicals (5.48 g/100 g oat hulls) were obtained for both solvent-to-feed ratios (S/F 3.7 and S/F 60). The greatest bio-oil yield (43.11 g/100 g oat hulls) was achieved at 330 °C under the same solvent/feed conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108422"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From biomass to styrene: Modelling and simulating a sustainable production pathway","authors":"Letitia Petrescu,&nbsp;Dorina-Daniela Talos,&nbsp;Stefan Cristian Galusnyak","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the largest consumers of fossil-based energy, the chemical sector highlights the urgent need to explore renewable energy alternatives given the ongoing depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the unprecedented release of greenhouse gas emissions. A cleaner and more sustainable pathway for the production of styrene, a key intermediate in the plastics industry, was investigated through process modelling and simulation. The proposed sustainable route consists of four steps: i) conversion of biomass to bio-ethanol, ii) conversion of bio-ethanol to bio-ethylene, iii) transformation of bio-ethylene into bio-ethylbenzene, and iv) conversion of bio-ethylbenzene to bio-styrene. The technical investigation demonstrates that 2.4 tons of lignocellulosic biomass are required to produce one ton of bio-based styrene with a purity of 99.96 %, thus meeting the polymer-grade purity requirement. The biomass-to-bio-ethanol conversion step is the largest thermal energy consumer, accounting for 9.40 MWh/t _bio-styrene of the total of 11.03 MWh/t _bio-styrene. To improve the overall efficiency and performance of the whole system, an azeotropic distillation using n-pentane as an entrainer was examined. The use of azeotropic distillation yielded superior results since 5.8 times less thermal power is required (i.e., from 9.40 MWh/t _bio-styrene to 1.61 MWh/t _bio-styrene). The ethylbenzene dehydrogenation process ranks second in terms of thermal power consumption, yet by recovering and utilizing the steam generated during this step, energy savings of 0.5 MWh/t _bio-styrene were achieved. The proposed method for bio-styrene production enhances thermal energy efficiency while reducing external energy demand, leveraging lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 108407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}