Green synthesis of durian shell-derived activated carbon with enhanced carboxylic functionalization and graphitization via gamma irradiation in ethanol and ethylene glycol for supercapacitor applications

IF 5.8 2区生物学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Biomass & Bioenergy Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107945

Phonpimon Numee , Tanagorn Sangtawesin , Akmal Hadi Ma'Radzi , Kotchaphan Kanjana

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study investigates the synthesis of durian shell-derived activated carbon (AC) with enhanced carboxylic functionalization and graphitization using a green approach, gamma irradiation in ethanol (Et) and ethylene glycol (EG) scavengers. The surface chemistry through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed an increase in –COOH groups upon irradiation in both scavengers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of the oxygenated functional groups, supporting the XPS data. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis highlighted scavenger-specific morphological differences. N₂ adsorption-desorption and S_BET measurements clearly indicated the effects of dose and scavenger type on the textural properties of the materials, showing the maximum specific surface area of 1271.4 m² g⁻¹ after irradiation. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated high graphitization (I_D/I_G ∼ 0.84–0.85), unaffected by irradiation dose or scavenger type, suggesting that EG and Et can highly enhance graphitization compared to other scavenging systems. Electrochemical tests based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that the development of –COOH groups significantly enhanced charge storage capacity providing the highest specific capacitance of 266.7 F g⁻¹ with reduced internal resistance. The results emphasized the synergistic effects of radiation dose and scavenger type on the AC properties, enhancing its performance for supercapacitor applications.

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在乙醇和乙二醇中辐照合成具有增强羧基功能化和石墨化的绿色榴莲壳衍生活性炭，用于超级电容器

本研究采用绿色途径，在乙醇（Et）和乙二醇（EG）清除剂中辐照合成具有增强羧基功能化和石墨化的榴莲壳源活性炭（AC）。通过x射线光电子能谱（XPS）的表面化学分析表明，两种清除剂在辐照后-COOH基团增加。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）进一步证实了氧化官能团的存在，支持XPS数据。场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）分析突出了清道夫特异性形态差异。N2吸附-解吸和SBET测量清楚地表明，剂量和清除剂类型对材料的结构性能有影响，辐照后的最大比表面积为1271.4 m2 g−1。拉曼光谱和x射线衍射（XRD）分析表明，石墨化程度高（ID/IG ~ 0.84-0.85），不受辐照剂量和清除剂类型的影响，表明与其他清除体系相比，EG和Et可以高度增强石墨化。基于循环伏安法（CV）、恒流充放电法（GCD）和电化学阻抗谱法（EIS）的电化学测试表明，-COOH基团的形成显著提高了电荷存储容量，其比电容达到266.7 F g−1，内阻降低。结果强调了辐射剂量和清除剂类型对交流性能的协同作用，提高了其在超级电容器中的应用性能。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Biomass & Bioenergy 工程技术-能源与燃料

CiteScore

11.50

自引率

3.30%

发文量

258

审稿时长

60 days

期刊介绍： Biomass & Bioenergy is an international journal publishing original research papers and short communications, review articles and case studies on biological resources, chemical and biological processes, and biomass products for new renewable sources of energy and materials. The scope of the journal extends to the environmental, management and economic aspects of biomass and bioenergy. Key areas covered by the journal: • Biomass: sources, energy crop production processes, genetic improvements, composition. Please note that research on these biomass subjects must be linked directly to bioenergy generation. • Biological Residues: residues/rests from agricultural production, forestry and plantations (palm, sugar etc), processing industries, and municipal sources (MSW). Papers on the use of biomass residues through innovative processes/technological novelty and/or consideration of feedstock/system sustainability (or unsustainability) are welcomed. However waste treatment processes and pollution control or mitigation which are only tangentially related to bioenergy are not in the scope of the journal, as they are more suited to publications in the environmental arena. Papers that describe conventional waste streams (ie well described in existing literature) that do not empirically address ''new'' added value from the process are not suitable for submission to the journal. • Bioenergy Processes: fermentations, thermochemical conversions, liquid and gaseous fuels, and petrochemical substitutes • Bioenergy Utilization: direct combustion, gasification, electricity production, chemical processes, and by-product remediation • Biomass and the Environment: carbon cycle, the net energy efficiency of bioenergy systems, assessment of sustainability, and biodiversity issues.