Ethnic History of European Nations最新文献

{"title":"Women’s Hygiene: Body, Hair and Face Skin Care in Traditional Ukrainian Culture In Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries","authors":"I. Ignatenko","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.02","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an approach to analysis of women’s hygiene and beauty practices in the traditional Ukrainian society. As a key message, the article discusses female hygiene and body care as a historically determined, complex process, affected by popular beliefs stemming from people’s living, natural and, more specifically, climatic conditions. The author presents the rules of society, especially taboos, which influenced women’s hygiene as a special practice. Hence hygiene, body care and beauty standards are recognized as a function of specific social and cultural norms established for woman’s body. In addition, the notion of bodily health, hygiene and beauty was most closely tied to the popular view of «proper» and «improper» days for body care. For instance, ritualistic washing of the body was mandatory on the eve of major calendar holidays, especially Christmas and Easter, however, bathing, washing or sprinkling, practiced during these periods, had as its object rather some sacred than any hygienic purpose. Accordingly, on the days of traditional Christian fasting (Wednesdays and Fridays), it was forbidden to bathe, the same goes for Sundays and the time during certain calendar periods: on the eve of Whit Sunday festivities, Midsummer Night, also after Elijah’s Day or the Feast of Transfiguration. The emphasis was put on hygiene, standards of beauty, care, etc. as a construct of cultural and social norms, where the age and marital status of women would be of great importance. As woman grew older, she had to become more inconspicuous: excessive primping, self-care, and adorning were strongly condemned by the society of that time. Thus, it appears that all hygienic procedures of body and hair care were under the scrutiny of society, with imposition of a significant number of taboos, restrictions and precautions. Women had to follow all those precepts because otherwise they would be accused of violating sacred traditions.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Existential Manifestations of Ethnic Culture in the Context of the Retrospective of the Ukrainian State Building","authors":"Y. Prysiazhniuk, Lyudmyla Vovkochyn","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.13","url":null,"abstract":"The merit of the British political scientist Andrew Wilson and other intellectuals is that at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries the democratic world learned about the existence in Eastern Europe of an «unexpected» nation – the Ukrainians. Even today, few people think about the fact that this community remains little known in the ethnic context. At the same time, attempts by some culturologists, historians, ethnologists, psychologists, and religious scholars to emphasize its uniqueness have repeatedly met with systemic resistance from the humanities themselves. Moreover, while Soviet historians denied Ukrainian cultural identity because of their obligation to give priority to the «advanced Russian people», modern proponents of the postmodern history of historiography do not treat them as an ethnos with due respect for their dislike of «harmful» ethnocentrism as such. The aim of the research is to try to find out the existential properties of the inner world of Ukrainians on the basis of the historical retrospective of state formation. Noting on occasion that they may suddenly «emerge» not only as a nation but also as an ethnic group. The basis of the research methodology is a holonomic approach. This means that «cause» and «consequence» can be characteristic features from different fields and even historical epochs. Such an analysis is possible within the theoretical synthesis, when it is based on the mental rootedness of social constructs, ideas, experiences that are inherent in people as carriers of the collective unknown (archetypes). The existential order of the ethnos is best represented by the mentality. It is the integral-syncretic formation in which the meanings of life are the modeling dominant of worldview, world perception and world understanding. In an effort to understand the existential manifestations of ethnic culture (in the context of the retrospective of state formation), it is important to take into account: the vocation of the «Ukrainian» collective principle to put pressure on the individual. And to bring this into the ethnic not only eclectic mix of Western and Eastern cultures, but also the original mental traits inherent only in its characteristics – natural spontaneity, biopsychological orientation and etc. The authors have proved that the reproaches that are often addressed to the people have another addressee – the elite, which is firmly «attached» to the ethnic group. The low quality of state elites in Ukraine, which was especially acute during periods of historical crises, receives a logical explanation and even «justification» at the mental level of life. Another thing is that for centuries it has prevented the solution of fateful state tasks, and limited its role to the banal seizure of power. Changing the situation requires political «geniuses» who are able to think and act strategically more broadly. They must understand the values, the mentality of their people, the imperatives of its ethnic culture. The history of","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130093024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shchekavytsia necropolises in the history of the Shchekavytsia area","authors":"A. Pevneva","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2023.69.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2023.69.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article covers the topic of the history of Shchekavytsia district from the first mentions in the annals of the 10th – 11th centuries to the 1950s. Emphasis of attention on the Shchekavytsia burial ground of the 10th – 12th centuries. and the Shchekavytsia necropolis and the Church of All Saints, which were destroyed by the Soviet regime in 1935–1936. There are few articles on the topic of the Shchekavytsia necropolis, because most researchers of this area turn to the debatable questions about the origin of the name, the location of the Shchekavytsia mountain described in the annals, and the Shchekavytsia burial ground. Shchekavytsia Mountain and its adjacent territories are part of the historical center of Kyiv. Throughout the history of the city, Shchekavytsia has played various roles in its functioning. After analyzing the sources, it can be stated that this topic is insufficiently disclosed in modern Ukrainian historiography and needs more research. The purpose of the work is to investigate and represent the historical and cultural significance of the historical district of Shchekavytsia. Considering the vulnerable situation of the area, which is threatened with complete destruction of the archaeological and historical potential, it is advisable to research and systematize data on the history of Shchekavytsia. A lot of information was obtained from descriptions and guidebooks of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Data on the medieval history of the Shchekavitsa area within the framework of research into the medieval Podol can be found in the works of archaeologists I. I. Movchan, V. G. Ivakin, and G. Yu. Ivakin. As well as researchers Melnyk O. O. Kozak O. D., Protsenko L. A. Shchekavytsia necropolis was most fully described by L. A. Protsenko back in the 1990s. This work is important in the context of the systematization of data on the history of Shchekavytsia and Shchekavytsia necropolis, in particular.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130215940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State Toponymic Policy and Modern Kyiv Studies","authors":"N. Teres","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2023.70.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2023.70.07","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the formation of the state toponymic policy in the years of independent Ukraine, the characteristics of the essence, the main components of the toponymic policy and the peculiarities of its implementation in the conditions of socio-political transit. It is emphasized that the toponymic policy was implemented in the conditions of the fall of the Soviet totalitarian regime, the implementation of the course of decommunization and de-russification, and ultimately the decolonization of public space. Attention is focused on the international aspect of this topic, the achievements of Ukrainian onomastics in the second half of the 20th century, the activities of the Ukrainian Onomastics Commission, the need to intensify its activities in connection with the implementation of modern naming and renaming tasks. The article describes four stages of the state toponymic policy and their institutional support. The scientific-theoretical and practical support of this policy in the context of Kyiv studies was followed.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131150729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the Rural Community in the Fighting Against Drunkenness on the Right-bank Ukraine in the Second half of the 19th – early 20th century","authors":"Vitalina Gorova","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2021.64.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.64.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the role of the community in the fighting against drunkenness, which was common among the rural population in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century (on the example of Kyiv, Podillia and Volyn provinces). Ways to solve this problem, which were implemented by the joint efforts of the rural community and with the active participation of clergy, as well as methods of direct public influence on people who abused alcohol and possible punishments for immoral behavior. An important source for our study are the notes of priests, ethnographic material, official documents (instructions, protocols, reports of organizations dealing with social issues), published on the pages of the «Diocesan Information» of the above provinces. The problem of the spread of drunkenness among Ukrainian peasants in the second half of the XIX – early XX century became relevant after the abolition of serfdom, in particular due to the increase in the number of drinking establishments in the villages of that time. Excessive alcohol consumption was condemned by popular morality. Drunkenness was not only a family problem, but also a public one. It was a tradition to take care of the drunken host’s family. He was despised, and such a negative attitude on the part of the community, in some cases, forced him to return to normal. One of the measures taken by the priests to combat drunkenness was the so-called «marriage of sobriety». Parish guardians were actively involved in the fighting against alcoholism. They established rules for peasants to visit taverns, and also regulated and banned the sale of alcoholic beverages. Conclusions are made regarding the social and educational functions of the rural community in the struggle for the morality of the population. The methods of their direct influence were persuasion, encouragement by example, mentoring, or public condemnation and punishment. Conscious representatives of the clergy made great efforts to combat drunkenness. At the initiative of the village priest, the community made collective decisions to close local drinking establishments. Their desire to reduce alcohol abuse was realized through the organization of sobriety societies, which allowed them to unite public efforts to overcome this bad habit. In addition, the societies were engaged in the development of cultural, educational and artistic spheres.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115434173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Traditions of Entertainment and Communication of Ukrainian Peasants in the \u0000 SECOND HALF OF THE 20th – early 21th centuries (ON EXPEDITIONARY MATERIALS)","authors":"Vitalina Gorova","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2020.61.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.61.01","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-normative life of Ukrainians of the 20th – the beginning of the 21th centuries, that covers aspects of management, self-organization and formation of public institutions, mutual assistance and leisure, regulation of behavior, is a poorly studied topic in ethnological science. During the establishment of the Soviet system, which completely changed the traditional way of life of Ukrainian peasants, a major transformation of the customs of public life took place. Following Ukraine’s independence, modern social normative practices were developing according to the requirements of the new legislation. As the result, nowadays there is a considerable urgency to investigate the specifics and changes that have taken place in public life in the Ukrainian villages in the second half of the 20th – early 21th centuries. In the new socio-economic and national-religious contexts, despite the changes in industrial relations and socio-professional composition of the rural population, the system of traditional social life in Ukraine was able to maintain positive and well-considered skills of social coexistence, forms of daily and festive leisure, as well as the moral and ethical standards of people’s coexistence. The article on the materials of expeditions to Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Zakarpattya, Odessa, Kharkiv regions analyzes the preservation and peculiarities of transformation of traditional social forms of leisure and communication of peasants during the second half of the 20th – early 21th centuries. The types and places of daily (customs of «calling for freshness», «going for liver», mutual assistance, evening meetings) and festive (during the temple holiday, mutual guests, youth entertainment, celebration of the village holiday) leisure of the village community are revealed. Most of the information was recorded on evening meetings. They are a socio-everyday entity that organically combines entertainment and work elements. Usually, the main guideline for their conducting was hand work (spinning, embroidery, sewing), accompanied by songs and entertainment. The made records give a certain idea of the contemporary collective customs and traditions of Ukrainians in rural areas, especially of interpersonal relations in the Ukrainian peasant environment of today. The common belief among the respondents is that some changes in people’s behavior are manifested by a decrease in interest in communication than before (reciprocal guest-houses between the villagers have become a rarity – they only gather on holidays). Today, the customs of collective mutual assistance (in case of distress or distress in one of the villagers) are still preserved among the rural population.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115695015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"«Мy dead historian»: diaries’ notes on the Holodomor","authors":"T. Boriak","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.09","url":null,"abstract":"Diaries have a special importance for the research of the totalitarian past and crimes of this regime. They have been created in a private, non-controlled by the state space. Such sources record events witnessed by the authors of the diary notes without postponing in time. The goal of the research is structuring of narrative about the Holodomor through the prism of social and professional strata of their authors and preservation of the source base about the Holodomor. Scientific novelty is outlining by the author of a massive of both proverbial and less known today 27 diaries and diary notes about the Holodomor. The diaries were divided into six groups according to social and professional feature of their authors. The author investigates fate of these oral history sources, besides, their elimination by the security service, preservation by ordinary citizens or mentions of diaries during interviews. Methodology of the research is historical, analytical, comparative, systematic-structural methods that have allowed revealing potential level of informativeness and credibility of corresponding oral history sources. Conclusions. The researcher has demonstrated a spectrum of ideological views of the diaries authors, as well as reaction of victims, eyewitnesses and perpetrators to the famine and break of world outlook foundations as reaction to terror with the famine in UkrSSR. The article shows reflections of people about fear to write a diary and their motivation to turn to writing. It reveals perception of everyday life of Ukrainian villages by various social strata – peasants, children, teachers, party members, intellectuals etc. The author ascertains similar narrative from a point of view of the famine time frames, its beginning, course (scale of mortality, cannibalism, surrogate food), recorded in such oral history sources. This indicates about such scale of mortality exactly during that period in UkrSSR that stood out of all-Union starvation.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"477 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115874256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SIMULATION STRUCTURE OF THE HISTORICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL TYPES IN FANTASY MMORPG","authors":"Pilkevych Pilkevych","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2019.59.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2019.59.18","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the reception of historical and mythological heritage in the video games of fantasy genre. The paradigms of object-oriented programming and MMORPG algorithm logic determine the structure of the content simulation. Сreating thousands of similar objects provides for top priority the provision of a single interface to entities of different types. Mythological content class upon another class, retaining similar implementation combines the principles of historical reception and programming inheritance.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"575 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124244738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The barbarian’s periphery of Byzantine Empire (some arguments about the origin of Turk’s tribes)","authors":"Olesia Zhdanovych","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2020.62.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.62.06","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes some of barbarians in the northern periphery of the Byzantine Empire. The barbaric periphery of Byzantium in the early Middle Ages was quite diverse. World historiography is rich in research on Western European barbarians. There are still many questions about the nomadic peoples that appeared at different times on the territory of the Dnieper, the Black Sea and the Danube, and their relations with the Byzantine Empire in the early Middle Ages. Oriental scholars research the northeastern nomads separately, while the medieval Byzantine scholars focus on problems related to the inner life of the Empire. The foreign policy focus is mainly directed at the closer barbarians who established themselves in the territory of the West. However, there are many questions about cooperation between the Turkic nomads and romans during the period of their active contacts. Official diplomatic missions between two civilized worlds, thanks to the sources that describe embassies, allow us to see not only relations between empires, but also some ways of life, social structure and political organization in nomad’s states. In the context of the analysis of active contacts between the romans and the nomads, we turn to the problem of the origin of «barbarians»and their contacts with the Byzantines. The ethnogenesis of some Turkic peoples and their migration from northeast to southwest still raises more questions in the world historiography than answers. Our attempt to understand this situation is based mainly on Roman-Byzantine written evidence. A deliberately chosen analysis of the subjective Byzantine view of the origin of Turkic nomads clarifies some confusing situations regarding the researching of intercivilizational processes in Europe during the last period of the Great Migration.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114955747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bolshevik Model of Ukrainian Statehood: an Attempt to Implement in 1919","authors":"Olena Liubovets","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.08","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the process of establishing Soviet power in Ukraine in 1919. The political principles of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR) as a variant of the Bolshevik model of statehood are analyzed. It is substantiated that the political system of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was taken as a model. The power structure was headed by the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine, which exercised the powers not only of the central governing body, but was also the highest legislative body of state power. All its activities were directed and controlled by the TsK RKP(b), the Radnarkom of the RSFSR, and the TsK KP(b)U. The most common form of Soviet power on the ground were revolutionary committees. The Revolutionary Committees carried out all current work on the places: organizing kombidy and komnezamy, seeking to implement prodrozverstki plans, conducting an election campaign, etc. A characteristic feature of the Bolshevik political system was the establishment of an absolute monopoly on state power – all the People’s Commissars of the USSR represented only one ruling party. Ukrainian left-wing socialist parties have been denied a request to include their representatives in the government. Another characteristic feature of the Bolshevik political system in Ukraine was its foreign non-Ukrainian character – in the leading party and government bodies of the republic several times the majority were representatives of other nationalities. Based on the analysis of Bolshevik documents, it is proved that the Central Committee of the RKP(B) steadfastly sought the complete elimination of the sovereignty of the USSR and its unification with the RSFSR. During the spring and summer of 1919, a number of measures were taken to unite the two republics. However, the formal unification of Ukraine with Russia was hampered by the forces of Denikin.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117212866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}