Ethnic History of European Nations最新文献

{"title":"Kyiv national university of trade and economics,Chair of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Science","authors":"L. Hubytskyy","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2020.62.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.62.10","url":null,"abstract":"The state treasury has been and remains one of the first concerns of either state rulers or civil servants. Revenues to the treasury are conducted through the taxation of citizens engaged in production and services. Some taxpayers use ways to evade taxes. Illicit trade has been an important segment of tax evasion for people involved in services and trade. The Russian authorities issued legislative acts, in particular, imperial decrees in order to prevent this illegal activity. In the 1790s, trade transactions were determined by customs tariffs and imperial decrees of Catherine II and Paul I. Ports, customs, communication lines, the process of transportation, registrations, sale of goods were regulated. The Russian legal framework encouraged both to the effective work of customs and to the active involvement of the population of border settlements. Financial and monetary rewards remained the main incentive in the fight against illegal, uncustomed import of goods. Citizens (subjects) who were able to detect illegal goods received the entire consignment of goods after paying all duties. Smugglers found guides for unsanctioned crossing the border among the population of border villages, avoiding state restrictions, using means of transport available at the end of the 18th century (animal-powered transport). Customs, which had remained from the time before the Partitions of the Commonwealth, were located on the territory of Kyiv Province. Customs controlled land and river communication lines. Customs and supervisory bodies, namely local police and trade representatives of state city magistrates were involved in anti-illicit trade activities. The documents recorded cases of fictitious payment of duties by merchants who crossed the state border and the customs area of Kyiv Province. The state and personal interest was sufficient for the risks taken by customs officers, residents of border villages and merchants involved in illicit trade.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"897 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120880367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Transformation of Social Traditions of Rural Collective Mutual Assistance of Ukrainians in the Second Half of the 20th – early 21st Centuries","authors":"Vitalina Gorova","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.11","url":null,"abstract":"The article, based on the materials of expeditions to the Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Zakarpattia, Khmelnytskyi, Vinnytsia, Kharkiv, Odesa regions, reveals the degree of preservation and significance of public traditions of collective mutual assistance of Ukrainians in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries, in particular, the transformational processes that took place in the field of public labor relations of Ukrainian peasants in the specified period, and the formation of new economic and social practices of mutual support and assistance in the rural community at the current stage was also traced. In the late Soviet period, the author recorded the continuation of the tradition of labor mutual assistance through the recording of the following forms of association by peasants of their own labor force: toloka («klaka»), supriaga, «supryiadki», which are presented in the following variants: toloka – in the form of a mowing, combing and wagoning (mostly arranged in the Zakarpattia region), paving, walling and plastering of houses, during the construction of farm buildings, digging potatoes, husking corn, plucking feathers, performing public works; husbandry – during «ploughing» of the land; «supriadka» – in the form of clothes, meetings, buckles («buckles»). In the modern village, we observe the loss of the relevance of the use of many customs of labor mutual assistance, which is explained by the actual disappearance of the need to perform time-consuming, physically difficult work, replacing manual work of many branches of economic labor with agricultural machinery, mechanization of most construction works. However, this state of affairs did not prevent people from showing indifferent feelings towards other people’s daily needs and showing a desire to help, it is true, to a greater extent, in trivial everyday activities, including household chores.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124791610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of historical buildings of Kyiv in 1920th – 1930th","authors":"Kyrylo Tretiak","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.10","url":null,"abstract":"The author analyzes the reconstruction of the historical buildings of Kyiv in the 1920s – 1930s. The causes and consequences of such reconstructions on the preservation of the authentic appearance of the historical and cultural heritage of the city are researched. Particular attention is focuses on the classification of resonstruction types. Each of the types of such reconstructions is analyzed, its characteristics, causes, consequences and specific examples are given. There are four such types in the article. The first type includes buildings superimposed on the upper floors (floor). This was the most common way of reconstruction of Kyiv buildings of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Excluding a few successful examples of such reconstructions, most of them had detrimental effects on the architecture and had low aesthetics. The second type includes a rather rare type – extensions of buildings. The quality of such reconstruction examples is pretty different, but it did not improve the architecture of reconstructed buildings. The third type is a cardinal reconstruction, which provided not only an extension or superstructure but also a complete change of facade decor and architectural style. As a result of such reconstructions, many valuable examples of the architecture of the past were lost. The value and architectural aesthetics of the reconstructed buildings were different. There were examples when the rebuilt buildings did not yield to the beauty of the previous ones, but often such reconstructions led to the architectural degradation of buildings. The fourth type of reconstruction was to deprive buildings of certain decorative and structural elements without replacing them with new ones. Such works were aimed at simplifying the further repair and maintenance of the building in conditions of total nationalization.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125046312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monuments of Folk Architecture from the Village of Rudiakiv of Boryspil District, Kyiv Region in the Museum of Folk Architecture and Everyday Life of the Middle Dnieper Region: History of Museification","authors":"Elena Zham","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2021.63.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.63.03","url":null,"abstract":"The article for the first time comprehensively covers the history of museification of monuments of folk architecture from the village Rudiakiv, Boryspil district, Kyiv region, in the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of the Middle Dnieper Region. The problem of preservation of immovable monuments became especially relevant in the 1960s in connection with the construction of the Kaniv Reservoir on the Dnieper and the flooding of two dozen Dnieper villages. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the history of the discovery, transportation and installation of monuments from Rudiakiv in the Pereiaslav skansen and their characteristics. The analysis of the species composition of buildings is made, attention is paid to the peculiarities of their constructions, material, construction technique. It tells about the fate of 11 buildings (4 houses, 3 counties, 1 cellar, 1 pantry, 1 soot, 1 windmill), which were transported to the museum during 1965–1974. The circumstances due to which they got to the Pereiaslav skansen are considered. In particular, the role of the Shcherbyns, natives of the village of Rudiakiv, in the museification of these monuments. The author concludes that thanks to the efforts of employees of the Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi State Historical Museum, unique cultural heritage sites from the village of Rudiakiv were lucky to survive. Museification has become the optimal method of preservation for them. In the Museum of Folk Architecture and Everyday Life of the Middle Dnieper region, the monuments have been turned into museum objects, included in tourist routes, and the study of their history has been stimulated. In the museum, the monuments received new connections and, together with other objects, were included in a new historical context – a simulated Dnieper village of the XIX – early XX century. Not only have these monuments become the decoration of the village, they have significant scientific, historical, ethnographic, and artistic value, so the development of a holistic concept of their history and museification is of great importance.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127125158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnological research of Ivan Franko: historiography of the late 19th century","authors":"R. Konta","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2021.64.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.64.05","url":null,"abstract":"The article covers the historiography of the late of ХХth century concerning ethnological activity of I. Franko. In this period are formed the basic approaches to assessing the scientific heritage of the scientist as an ethnographer and folklorist. In the literature at this time the basic approaches to an estimation of scientific activity of I. Franko are formed. At the same time, his ethnological scientific achievements are not always properly evaluated. Exceptions can only be made to reviews of ethnographic and folkloristic research in printed editions of Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv. Given the diversity of scientific interests of the scientist and his active socio-political activities, the ethnological component of his scientific research was mostly out of the attention of researchers of his work. But in the late XIX century the first estimates of his ethnological and folkloristic activity are observed. At this time, the first assessments of Ivan Franko as a developer of methodological materials for recording ethnographic data, his work as an editor and compiler of ethnographic collections of materials and also as a collector of ethnographic monuments.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129234270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"«Pastor of Lapp»: The life and work of Bent Jonzon – the father of Sami cultural revival and enlightment","authors":"Valerii Plakyda","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.14","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the life and work of one of the most prominent representatives of the Sámi national and cultural revival – the pastor of the Swedish Lutheran Church Bent Jonzon. The author shows the life of this church figure, highlights the factors that influenced his personal and worldview formation, as well as the formation of those traits and qualities that helped him implement programs in education, language and culture of the Sámi people. This paper describes in detail the career of a Swedish clergyman and assesses his human qualities in various positions. The focus is on his achievements in the field of language and education policy and those specific successes in the work of B. Jonzon as Bishop of Lulea. The author does not ignore the personalities with whom «Pastor of Lapp» cooperated and who supported all the initiatives of the dignitary and actively participated in his projects. The article describes in detail the scientific and creative heritage of B. Jonzon, his contribution to the field research of the Swedish Lapland Sámi. The attention is concentrated on the process of reforming the Sámi school education, the creation of the Sámi Academy (High School), the positive changes in the use of the Sámi language in the spiritual and secular spheres, and the process of «reconciliation» between the Lutheran Church and the Sámi people due to Bishop B. Jonzon. The study highlights the role and significance of the Swedish dignitary in international and interfaith interaction.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128810441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Activity of Municipal Self-government Bodies of Dnipro Ukraine in 1785–1917 as an Object of Modern Historical Research","authors":"O. Bondarenko","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2021.63.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.63.09","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific achievements of modern national historiography on the study of the history of financial activities of municipal self-government institutions of Dnipro Ukraine during the imperial era are analyzed. It was found that despite the lack of comprehensive generalizing work on this issue, it is represented by a large number of works that reflect financial activities of municipal governments. It is established that the scientific study of this problem has become the subject for not only historians but also for representatives of legal and economic sciences. It indicates its applied nature, as the study of the experience of financial activities of municipal public administration, including negative, can be taken into account in solving current problems of municipal self-government. It is noted that the works of scientists show the state’s attempt to interfere in the financial activities of the municipal government in order to maintain control over city finances, which negatively affected not only the increase in revenues but also the ability to use them to meet the needs of urban communities. Scholars draw attention to the discrepancy between city revenues and expenditures, which were determined by the imperial legislation for municipal governments. They find out the items of mandatory expenditures for the maintenance of the judiciary, police, city governments, troops, which accounted for a significant percentage of expenditures and were not spent for the development of urban economy and social sphere. Promising areas of further study include comparative comprehensive historical and historiographical studies of the financial activities of municipal governments in the imperial era in the regional dimension. In addition, researchers are to pay attention to such important aspects of the problem as the everyday life of city government officials, their role in social and cultural life of urban communities, the history of relations between municipal financial and government institutions.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126785741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monkhood of the Yordanskyi and Bohoslovskyi Convents of the City of Kyiv in the Second Half of the 18th Century","authors":"I. Irchak","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.06","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the social composition of Yordanskyi and Bohoslovskyi convents in the second half of the 18th century before the secularization reform of 1786–1788. This topic has not found comprehensive coverage in historiography, as researchers of the history of these monasteries have paid more attention to the founding, coexistence of monasteries, their architectural features. The study is based on an analysis of archival documents from the funds of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (Kyiv) (TSDIAK), on the information about nuns of Kyiv convents in 1777, which was published in the journal «Kyiv Antiquity», and on the work of previous scholars who described the monastic community of these monasteries. The study describes the dynamics of changes in the number of nuns: from 1757 to 1779–1780 the number of women decreased, but later until 1786 there was a reverse trend. The number of nuns in the Bohoslovskyi convent was higher than in 1757, but before the secularization reform, the Yordanskyi convent still outnumbered. It is determined that the average age of nuns was 51 and 52 years, as of 1779 most nuns belonged to the age range of 41–50 years. It is found the majority of the women came from the Left and Right Bank Ukraine, cases of living of representatives of other regions were isolated. The number of nuns of cossack and peasant origin was bigger than townswomen, nuns of noble origin as well as women who were priest widows or daughters. Violations of the norms and rules of monastic life by some nuns were considered, including escape, drunkenness, leaving the territory of the monastery without the consent of superioress, meetings with men. Cases of children living with nuns caused by the death of their parents are mentioned.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123174389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Аpotropaic actions of overturning, sticking, smashing as means of defense against the deceased and his demonic hypostases in hutsul myth and ritual practices","authors":"V. Ivanchuk","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2020.62.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.62.03","url":null,"abstract":"Apotropaic magic actions based on overturning, sticking, smashing are examined on the basis of folkloric and ethnographic discoveries of late 19th and early 20th centuries, and modern authorial field case studies from Hutsulshchyna area. The importance of the topic is determined by polysemantic, and different chronological elements of the archaic culture that these practices contain; they allow us to integrally and systematically research the constituents of funeral ritualism, and also particular occasional phenomena. It is defined that physical actions of overturning, sticking, smashing in Hutsul myth and ritual narratives have a clear apotropiac function of neutralizing the harmful impact of homogeneous, within their genesis, agents of danger – the deceased, and his manistic and demonic images: female characters, loci of nature, household spirits, vampires. Overturning, sticking or smashing as defense actions appear in a rite solely, and in interaction with each other, or are amplified by other items. Sticking achieves a positive result due to outer characteristics of the item that is used: it is, in a way, an autonomous amulet, since it is sharp and made of iron. At least a few paramount motivations are traced in overturning as a defense practice: such causes can originate from manistic motives and be attempts to make it impossible for the secondary entering of the soul into the body of the deceased, or its return into the living space after burying. Overturning and especially its variant: turning inside out, can be also reasonably qualified as a measure called to deceive the source of danger. Sticking could be displayed in the given mythological narratives in relation to everyday analogy, according to which the identical usage of these items neutralizes danger in a physical sense. A more complicated action is dinnerware smashing. On the one hand, defense abilities of this magic rite are improved by the noise caused by breaking, and also by the actional nuance: throwing; on the other hand, the rite performance locus: the threshold can indicate that this practice originated from the means of burying the deceased in the house. At the same time magic defense actions of the same performance and sense, which are based on overturning, sticking, smashing, are traced in other ethnocultural zones, which tells us about their versatility and primary ethnogenetic unity.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114207317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential for Creating of Thematic 3D-content on the Basis of Historical and Museum Areas of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve «PereIaslav»","authors":"Andriy Kuzmenko, A. Kotsur","doi":"10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.66.08","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is the development of certain areas, methods and techniques of historical digital 3D-reconstruction in the development line of a comprehensive strategy of the formation the thematically oriented virtual environment based on monuments and objects of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve «Pereiaslav» (hereinafter – NHER «Pereiaslav», Reserve). The specifics of creating thematic 3D-content with the objects of the Reserve in the context of adaptation of the museum sphere of Ukraine to the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution are revealed. On the example of separate historical and museum areas of NHER «Pereiaslav» it is described the main aspects and features of the development of digital spatial visualization of territories, archaeological and architectural monuments, exhibitions, museum objects, as well as reconstructions of historical events, political, social and cultural processes. Possibilities of popularization of historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine by introduction of these products on web resources of the Reserve and in applications of augmented reality. For the first time, the innovative potential of NHER «Pereiaslav» and historical areas of the city as a pilot platform during the development of theoretical, methodological and applied base for the implementation of the latest projects and formats of digitalization in the museum sphere. Taking into account the tendencies of integration of a wide range of museum and tourist products’ consumers with the cyberphysical environment, it has been developed a methodical basis for effective updating of knowledge on Ukrainian history and culture in this aspect. There are outlined the directions of engaging potential visitors of the Reserve to narrowly specialized research issues in the fields of ancient, medieval, modern and postmodern history, archeology, history of architecture and a number of auxiliary historical disciplines through the developed high-tech museum products. The complex of these measures is considered as a means of expanding the target audience of NHER «Pereiaslav» and increasing the tourist potential of the region. It is provided a number of problematic aspects and difficulties associated with the creation and implementation of these digital developments at different stages.","PeriodicalId":247803,"journal":{"name":"Ethnic History of European Nations","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123765006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}