The Internet Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Application Of Prosthodontic Techniques By Private Practitioners In Northern India- A Survey","authors":"Gurminder Singh, V. Kapoor, R. Gambhir, V. Bansal","doi":"10.5580/11d8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/11d8","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectivesTo know the various prosthodontic techniques followed by the private dental practitioners, to know the problems encountered by the private dental practitioners in various prosthodontic treatments and to compare the techniques prescribed and techniques followed by them. Materials and MethodsA survey was done to determine the prosthodontic techniques by some private practitioners in India. A pre-tested questionnaire performa containing questions on complete denture, removable partial denture and fixed partial denture fabrication was prepared for the private practitioners to be filled up. A total of 700 subjects were included in the final study (70% response rate).Results80.4% of the practitioners used to do the whole prosthetic treatment themselves. Only 23% of the practitioners took the case history in written form. 61.7% of the practitioners who responded (670) made the study casts before the start of the treatment. Many practitioners who responded faced problems during fabrication of complete dentures, removable partial denture and fixed partial prosthesis.ConclusionThe findings from this study showed that the respondents did not follow the techniques and procedures which were being taught in the dental schools which had been deemed to be clinically essential for the successful prosthodontic treatment and there was a need for continuing dental education programs for the private practitioners for up gradation of their clinical skills.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134549583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Playgrounds Without Borders: Methods For A Playground Environmental Intervention Among U.S. Schoolchildren","authors":"Joseph W LeMaster, T. Matisziw, J. McElroy, C. Nilon, S. Sayers, S. W. Stanis","doi":"10.5580/2393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2393","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Playground environmental interventions that increase children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have not been adequately tested among low-income and minority children. Schools are key venues for environmental interventions because they reach children from all socioeconomic groups. Some issues remain unclear: whether these interventions benefit low-income and minority U.S. children; whether increases in MVPA at school are matched by increases outside school; whether benefits last beyond the immediate post-intervention period; and how children’s school and neighborhood environments affect their response to the intervention.Methods: Evaluation/study design: quasi-experimental intervention study, using both longitudinal and cross-sectional measurements during seven-day measurement sessions preintervention, immediately after intervention inception and every six months thereafter.Intervention: Walking/nature trails enhanced with fixed play equipment designed to stimulate activity directly on playgrounds and indirectly in local parks, trails and neighborhoods. Two schools will receive intervention early (Fall 2011) and two late (Spring 2012).Setting and population: 283 fourth-grade children and their parents (>50% of whom will be from low-income families) from four under-resourced elementary schools in a mid-western, mid-sized city. Measures: Preand post-intervention: MVPA measured using geographically-linked accelerometers (indicating location and intensity of MVPA) and cross-sectionally using SOPARC methods to quantify the proportion of 4th graders playing actively on school playgrounds; qualitative interviews with children (cognitive mapping, photo-elicitation) ; questionnaires including secondary aim outcomes, family socioeconomic data and parent perceptions regarding neighborhood environments; children’s height and weight Post-intervention only: focus group discussions with children and parents","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127748808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Food Allergen Exposure May Be Protective Against Food Allergies: An Extension Of The Hygiene Hypothesis","authors":"Zizi Yu, Deborah A. Day, Andreas Connal-Nicolaou, F. Enders","doi":"10.5580/243a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/243a","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Food allergy affects 6% of U.S. children and 4% of the overall U.S. population. Health officials have recommended food allergen avoidance to prevent food allergies, but according to the Hygiene Hypothesis, exposure to allergens and pathogens is necessary for an effective immune system. The purpose of this study was to challenge conventions and determine whether early exposure might be beneficial rather than detrimental. Participants: 258 teenagers between the ages of 14-18 from a regional high school in New England were studied. Of the 258 participants, 67 had allergies (cases) while 191 did not (controls). Methods: A Food Allergy & Diet History questionnaire was administered to the participants’ parents. 2x2 contingency tables were constructed based on case and control exposure before and after a particular age cutoff for each of 6 common food allergens. Odds of exposure for the cases and controls were calculated and compared in an odds ratio (OR). Significance was evaluated with a P-value in a Chi-square test. Results: The types of food allergies within the 67 cases consisted of nuts (39%), dairy (25%), shellfish (19%), wheat/gluten (9%), eggs (6%), seeds (3%), and other (24%). Exposure to eggs (OR, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.08-0.27]), dairy (OR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.18-0.57]), and wheat/gluten (OR, 0.18 [95% CI, 0.10-0.33]) before the age of 12 months was most protective against food allergies. Exposure to seeds (OR, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.10-0.36]) and peanuts/tree nuts (OR, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.10-0.36]) before 24 months was most protective, and exposure to shellfish (OR, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.08-0.30]) before 36 months was most protective. Conclusions: Exposure to dairy, eggs, and wheat/gluten before 12 months, peanuts/tree nuts and seeds before 24 months, and shellfish before 36 months of age may be protective factors against food allergies. The results from this study, which demonstrate that early exposure is indeed beneficial, are crucial to rewriting and improving the recommendations of health officials for future prevention of food allergies in children and young adults.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131335763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence Of Morbidity And Morbidity Pattern In School Children (5-11 Yrs) In Urban Area Of Meerut","authors":"Neelu Saluja, S. Garg, H. Chopra","doi":"10.5580/25dd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/25dd","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: 1. To find out the prevalence of morbidity in primary school children. 2. To study the pattern of morbidity in primary school children (5-11 years) in urban Meerut. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Govt. Primary Schools of Urban Meerut. Participants: 800 school children (5-11 years). Methodology: Out of a list of all govt. primary schools, 5 were randomly chosen. Students aged 5-11 years were included in the study. Complete data of each child was collected in a pre-designed, pre-tested proforma Statistical Analysis: percentages and Chi-square test. Result: Out of 800 children (426 boys and 374 girls), 542 children (67.8 %) were found to be suffering from one or more morbid conditions. total of 2532 morbidities were found to be present in 542 sick children accounting for 4.6 morbidities per sick child. Maximum children (93.4%) were having morbidity related to nutritional deficiencies followed by diseases of the oral cavity (92.3%), malnutrition (73.1%), skin diseases (59%), behavioural problems (38.2%) and diseases of blood forming organs (35.8%). Most of the morbidity was due to malnutrition (495/1000). Conclusion: Health is a key factor in school entry, as well as continued participation and attainment in school. Most of the defects and diseases that are seen among the school children are preventable and the health of the child can be preserved and improved, provided that the defect or disease is detected and remedied early by a well organized school health programme.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132862892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting Morbidity In Primary School Children In Urban Area Of Meerut","authors":"Neelu Saluja, S. Garg, H. Chopra, S. Bajpai, S. Pandey","doi":"10.5580/26a6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/26a6","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: 1. To study the socio-demographic factors affecting morbidity in primary school children (5-11 years) in urban Meerut. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Govt. Primary Schools of Urban Meerut. Participants: 800 school children (5-11 years). Methodology: Out of a list of all govt. primary schools, 5 were randomly chosen. Students aged 5-11 years were included in the study. Complete data of each child was collected in a pre-designed, pre-tested proforma. Statistical Analysis: percentages and Chi-square test. Result: Out of 800 children (426 boys and 374 girls), 542 children (67.8 %) were found to be suffering from one or more morbid conditions. Prevalence of morbidity was found to be maximum in Muslim children ( 82.5%), children belonging to lower class ( 90%) and Schedule castes (75.5%). The association of morbidity with the type of family was also found to be significant (p<.01) being 73.1% in nuclear families and 49.7% in joint families. Morbidity was significantly higher (p<.001) in children who were non vegetarian (73.9%) as compared to vegetarians (62.5%) & also maximum (84.4%) in children with poor personal hygiene as compared to those with good personal hygiene (p<.001). The difference in morbidity with literacy status of parents was found to be statistically significant (p<.001) being maximum in children of illiterate parents. Conclusion: Most of the defects and diseases that are seen among the school children are preventable and the health of the child can be preserved and improved by promotion of hygienic practices through proper health education by the teachers, who are the first contacts.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128179334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accidental Death In Veterans And Non-Veterans In Washington State, 2000-2007","authors":"C. Maynard","doi":"10.5580/2096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2096","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Due to hazards associated with military service, veterans may be more likely to die of accidental causes. The objective of this study was to compare trends in accidental causes of death for veteran and non-veteran men in Washington State during the years 2000 through 2007. Findings. Using death records provided by the Washington State Department of Health as well as population estimates, we determined the number of deaths per 100,000 due to accidents. In general, rates of accidental death were highest in ages > 65, increased with time and were similar in veterans and non-veterans. Veteran status was associated with higher death rates due to transport accidents, but was not associated with deaths due to accidental poisoning.Conclusion. In Washington State, accidental death rates were highest in individuals > 65 years and were similar in veterans and non-veterans.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116689551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional Status of urban primary school children in Meerut","authors":"S. Neelu, M. Bhatnagar, Garg S.K, H. Chopra, S. Bajpai","doi":"10.5580/f01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/f01","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To study the nutritional status of primary school children (5-11 years) in urban Meerut. Study Design: Crosssectional. Setting: Govt. Primary Schools of Urban Meerut. Participants: 800 school children (5-11 years). Methodology: Out of a list of all govt. primary schools, 5 were randomly chosen. Students aged 5-11 years were included in the study. Weight and height of the children were recorded on a pretested Performa and were analysed. Statistical Analysis: percentages and Chisquare test. Result: Out of 800, 396 children (49.5 %) were found be malnourished. Grade I malnutrition was most common (35.5%) followed by grade II (11.4%) and grade III (2.6%) malnutrition.. Wasting was found in 44.6% children (46.3% girls and 43.2% boys) out of which 1.2% children showed severe degree of wasting. Stunting was found in 43.8% children (46.0% girls and 41.8% boys). Conclusion: Malnutrition can make learning difficult and can seriously hamper the educational process and the child’s intellectual growth. Promoting appropriate dietary habits through effective nutrition education is an effective preventive method. Main focus should be on qualitative and quantitative improvements on the diets (increased intake of energy, protein, micronutrients) with increased awareness on importance of preventing under nutrition.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115087694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge of cancer and its risk factors in Chandigarh, India.","authors":"S. Puri, C. Mangat, V. Bhatia, A. Kaur, D. R. Kohli","doi":"10.5580/51a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/51a","url":null,"abstract":"Research Question: What is the status of knowledge, common behaviours and attitudes pertaining to cancer in urban and slum dwellers of Chandigarh.Objectives: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding common cancers in urban and slum dwellers of Chandigarh.Study Design: Community based descriptive field based study in and urban and slum dwellers of Chandigarh, India.Setting: Field practice area and adjoining largest slum of urban health training centre of Department of Community Medicine.Participants: Urban and slum inhabitants of ChandigarhStatistical Analysis: Percentage, proportionsResults: About 3/4th of respondents could correctly name the common cancers but the knowledge about preventive modes of cancer was lacking as only 2.5%(23) of Urban population and none among slum population were Knowing about Pap smear .None of the respondent could enumerate all the warning symptoms of cancer. 3/4 th (307, 22.7%) of respondents knew about the tobacco as a risk factor for cancer followed by alcoholConclusion: There is a great need for increasing the awareness in masses by collaborative action of public health specialists, health professionals and via IEC activities.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123023870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Severe Early Childhood Caries in Pre-School Children in Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India","authors":"M. Virdi, N. Bajaj, A. Kumar","doi":"10.5580/2a0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2a0","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Despite advances in the oral health of children in recent decades, early childhood caries (ECC) continues to pose a serious threat. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of severe ECC in children less than five years of age over the duration of two years.Study participants and methods: This retrospective study included 709 children attending the department of pediatric dentistry at the PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh, Haryana between 2008 and 2010. The sample size constituted of 394 boys and 315 girls aged between 1 and 5 years (mean age = 4.31 ± .91 years). Severe ECC was determined as per the guidelines of American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Statistical Analysis: Chi-square and ANOVA were used. Results: The prevalence S-ECC was 42.03%. The overall mean dmfs was 5.08 +/5.56. The statistical analysis highlighted insignificant relation between prevalence of S-ECC with respect to gender and age, though in general, Ip S-ECC (Girls) was higher than Ip S-ECC (boys). With respect to age distribution, higher prevalence of S-ECC was noted in the age group of 3 and 5 years. Conclusion: The increase in the percentage of children seeking treatment at the age of 5 years and above indicated less awareness among parents on the subject. Sustained efforts are still needed in order to find more appropriate methods to educate parents regarding the prevention of this caries pattern. Oral health promotion programs should be extended to all health care facilities where children from all socio-economic levels are visiting from infancy on.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116596217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prevalence of HIV/AIDS Among Tuberculosis Patients In a Tuberculosis/Leprosy Referral Center in Alushi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.","authors":"G. Pennap, Stephen Makpa, Sam Ogbu","doi":"10.5580/1790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1790","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection among Tuberculosis (TB) confirmed patients of a TB/Leprosy referral centre in Alushi in view of the significance of HIV in TB. Its association with gender and age was also determined. Blood samples were collected by venepuncture from 257 TB patients and their HIV status determined. Viral antibody detection was carried out using a WHO approved ELISA kit called ‘Determine’ which detects both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Of the 257 patients screened, 44.20% (106) were HIV positive. The prevalence of coinfection was higher among the females (44.82%) than the males (38.30%) patients and highest among those aged 21-40 years old (45.30%). Coinfection was found to be statistically highly associated with gender and age (p<.05). This high prevalence calls for routine screening of TB patients for HIV.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127952031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}