The Internet Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Hospital Discharges for Mental Illness in the Veterans Health Administration","authors":"C. Maynard, S. Fihn","doi":"10.5580/213f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/213f","url":null,"abstract":"In order to better understand the nature of inpatient care in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we compared the 10 most common discharge diagnoses for fiscal year 2008 with the top 10 discharge diagnoses in United States community hospitals in 2007. Using the principal discharge diagnosis, we identified the 10 most common discharge diagnoses in VHA and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Because VHA does not provide labor and delivery services or hospital care for children, we eliminated hospitalizations for labor and delivery as well as those for individuals < 18 years of age from the NIS data. There were 588,856 hospital discharges from VHA hospitals, and 30.6 million in the NIS. In VHA, 3 major categories of conditions accounted for about one third each of the 10 most common discharges: cardiac (34%), pulmonary (30%), and mental illness (30%), including affective psychoses, schizophrenia, and alcohol dependence syndrome. Compared with community hospitals, proportionally more VHA hospitalizations were due to mental illness and/or alcohol use disorders (9.1% versus 3.3%). In VHA, hospital discharges with a principal diagnosis of mental illness were among the 10 most common discharges, with affective psychoses ranking first. As a percentage of all discharges for adults, these 3 diagnoses accounted for almost 3 times the proportion of similar hospitalizations in United States community hospitals.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127808692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Musculoskeletal Pain in a Rural Community in Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. Akinpelu, A. Odole, A. S. Odejide","doi":"10.5580/966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/966","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal pain and healthcare seeking behaviour of dwellers of Igbo-Ora, a rural Southwestern Nigerian community. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive survey design.Setting: Igbo-Ora, a rural Southwestern Nigerian community.Subjects: One thousand two hundred and sixty two (805 males and 457 females) adult dwellers.Main outcome measures: Patient reported outcomes in terms of pain experienced and healthcare seeking behavior.Results: Participants were aged 38.8±2.8 years. One thousand and nine participants (677 males and 332 females) reported experience of MSP during 12 months prior to study, giving a 12-month prevalence of 80.0%. The three most frequently reported sites of MSP were low back (47.0%), shoulder pain (19.9%) and knee (15.1%). Prevalence of MSP was high among occupational drivers (92.4%), farmers (89.4%) and artisans (84.6%). Gender (�« 2 =11.676; p<0.001), age (�« 2 = 14.111; P<0.02) 2 =94.714; p<0.001) were significantly associated with prevalence of MSP. Majority of participants (63.9%) believed MSP is work-related. Only 7.2% of participants sought hospital treatment while the majority (81.9%) used selfprescribed drugs for pain alleviation.Conclusion: MSP is highly prevalent in this rural Southwestern Nigeria community, with eight out of every ten adult residents experiencing MSP in 12 months. The most frequent healthcare-seeking behaviour among these rural dwellers was self-prescribed drugs. There is dire need for health education on MSP for these rural dwellers.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123236037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunistic Infections As Aids-Defining Conditions: Case Study Of Hiv Infected Persons In Eastern Nigeria","authors":"U. Dibua","doi":"10.5580/11c9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/11c9","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of opportunistic infections as WHO’s AIDS defining illnesses was investigated microbiologically in 2199 HIV positive Nigerians using urine, stool, sputa and nasopharyngeal secretions. ANOVA and the Pearson Chi-Square tests were used for data analysis. Frequently isolated gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens included non-typhoidal Salmonellae species (69.5%), Campylobacter jejuni (64.9%), Shigella species (60.0); diarrhea inducing protozoa: Entamoeba histolytica (62.8%), Gardia. lamblia (61.6%), Cryptosporidium spp (24.1); respiratory tract pathogens: Streptococcus pnuemoniae (84.6%) > H. influenzae (72.8%) > Pseudomonas aeroginosa (27.1%); fungal pathogens: C. albicans (65.6%) > H. duboisii (54.4%) > Aspergillus spp (45.0%) > Pneumocystis carinii (4.6%) > Cryptococcus neoformans (4.2%). Isolated urinary tract pathogens included Bacteriodes fragilis (77.7%), Klebsiella aerogene (69.4%), E. coli (64.8%), Proteus spp (50.5%). The occurrence of each pathogen in the various anatomical sites was statistically significant (F cal = .997; p < 0.005) indicating their possible involvement in disease causation and progression of HIV infection to AIDS.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125380120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Patient Opinions on Eyeglasses and Eye Care in Rural and Slum Populations in Chennai","authors":"Kashmira S. Chawla, J. Rovers","doi":"10.5580/279b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/279b","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Uncorrected refractive error is a common cause of avoidable visual impairment that can be corrected with eyeglasses. Patients must wear their eyeglasses to correct such refractive errors and their perceptions of eyeglasses and eye health may affect their compliance with wearing their spectacles. Objectives: This study was conducted to learn about people’s basic perspectives and knowledge of eye glasses and eye health in Chennai. Methods: Non-randomized 7 question survey of patients attending Uma Clinic Eye Camps in slums and rural areas of Chennai. Results: 78 subjects completed the survey. Most subjects were women (85.6%) , had presbyopia (75.6%), required corrective lenses (82.1%) and their average age was 45 +/8.7 years. Most subjects (66.7%) had heard of eyeglasses and understood why they may wear them. However, 9-47.4% did not know why glasses may be worn, did not know what was wrong with their eyes, were unsure if they needed eyeglasses or why people may lose their eyesight. 16.7% of subjects believed eyeglasses were an effective treatment for headache. Conclusions: We conclude that providing basic education on the types of refractive error and other causes of low vision, how eyeglasses may or may not help, discussion of common treatments for eye problems and clear instructions on when and when not to wear eyeglasses would be useful.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131179169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cigarette smoking habits among adolescents in northeast Nigeria","authors":"F. Salawu, A. Danburam, Batulu Isa, J. Agbo","doi":"10.5580/6e2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/6e2","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco smoking is a growing public health problem in the developing world. The health hazards of smoking are well documented, and prevention of smoking has been described as the single greatest opportunity for preventing noncommunicable disease in the world today. A cross-sectional survey was carried out to determine the cigarette smoking habits among adolescents in a rural setting in northeast Nigeria.Between June and August 2006, a cross-sectional study involving 125 adolescentsages 12 to 17 years randomly selected from four districts of Yola south Local Government Area of Adamawa State was carried out. They responded to a modified version of the standard World Health Organization questionnaire for surveying smoking habits. Of 89 males 32 (36%) and of 36 females nine (25%) were current light smokers; with over 85% of all smokers consumed less than 10 cigarettes a day. The prevalence of smoking in this study was 32.8%. Over half of current smokers and ex-smokers started smoking between the ages of 13 and 15 years. The largest group of male and female smokers were influenced to start smoking by relative influence of one or both parents, siblings or friends, and only 18.7% of males and 22.2% of females were influenced by advertisements. Most respondents continued to smoke even when they were aware of the health hazards of smoking.Anti tobacco education and awareness should be adopted in the curriculum of schools and colleges. All forms of tobacco advertising and promotional activities should be banned in Nigeria, and parents should be encouraged to adopt more responsible attitudes toward smoking in the home.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"44 17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114814529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disposition Of Fractures And Dislocations Among Road Accident Victims In Rivers And Bayelsa States Of Nigeria From 1992-2005","authors":"M. Eluwa, Victor E. Wonwu, Moses B. Ekong, T. Ekanem, A. O. Akpantah","doi":"10.5580/12a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/12a3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The recent increase in vehicles and motorbike transport resulting in an increase in number and varieties of accidents on our roads necessitated this study.Objectives: 1. To determine the bones and joints fractured and dislocated as a result of road traffic accidents (RTAs). 2. To determine the sex and age range mostly involve in RTAs.Method: Relevant records/data obtained from orthopedic units of the University of Port Harcourt (UCTH) in River State and the Federal Medical center (FMC) in Bayelsa State in Nigeria from 1992-2005. Data taken from the victims file includes the sex, age, nature of the accident joint dislocated and bones fractured excluding any description of the clinical management received by the patients.Results: A total of 1078 RTA cases were recorded. There were 72.4% male and 26.7% female accident victims. Bones and joints of the lower extremity were the mostly affected with hip joint 32.3% and tibia/ fibula 21.2%. Majority of the victims were between 20-40 years (54.7%).Conclusion: The males were the most prone to road traffic accident especially between the ages of 20-40 years.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126192859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing HIV/AIDS Awareness and High Risk Behavior among Long Distance Truckers in Northern India.","authors":"P. Ms, Jain Rb, P. Anita, Dayal Parbhu, R. Vidya","doi":"10.5580/a93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/a93","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction and Objectives: India has one of the largest road networks of over 3.3 million Kilometers in the world with an estimated 5–6 million truckers, nearly half work on long-distance routes across the country. Truckers constitute a very high-risk group for acquiring as well as spreading of HIV/AIDS and STIs locally as well as over distant areas due to their over indulgence in promiscuity/paid sex and inconsistent use of condom. The present study was carried out to know the awareness level and prevalence of risk behavior among this bridge population of truckers so as to suggest/modify program interventions accordingly. Material and Methods: The study was carried out among long distance truckers plying on a National Highway No. 71 passing through Haryana. The calculated sample size was 216, at 95% confidence level with 10% allowable error (conservatively assuming promiscuity prevalence of 65%). Major halt points of trucker were identified and those halting at these points were interviewed after taking informed consent and building proper rapport. Inclusion criteria were age 18 to 55 years and more than a year in the occupation. The required information was recorded on a pre-tested semi-structured schedule and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS (version 10.0). Results: A total of 261 truckers were contacted. 43 (16.5%) denied participating in the study. Remaining 218 truckers participated and their average age was 29.6 years. 84.4% were literate and 61.5% were married. 93.7% truckers had heard of HIV/AIDS and were aware of its transmission through sexual route. 92.7% truckers were involved in extramarital or premarital sex. The average number of sexual partners (ever) other than wife was 22.6 and 3.6 in last six months. About one fourth of truckers used drugs also. Condom use rate among promiscuous was very low i.e. always (13.8%), most of times (9.2%) and occasionally (7.3%). Majority perceived their occupation more risky than HIV/AIDS. Fear caused because of recent deaths of their peers due to AIDS was the only deterrent for their indulging in promiscuity or forced them to think of using condoms. Conclusion/recommendations: In spite of enhanced awareness about HIV/AIDS, there was high prevalence of promiscuity with low condom use rate among long distance truckers. Enhanced focus on behavior change communication and addressing their occupational hazards and hardships can possibly change their risk behavior.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124150595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The determinants of use of postnatal care services for Mothers: does differential exists between urban and rural areas in Bangladesh?","authors":"Md Mosiur Rahman","doi":"10.5580/2734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2734","url":null,"abstract":"A crucial component of safe motherhood is postnatal care. Postnatal care is important for mothers for treatment of complications arising from delivery, especially for births that occur at home. The study utilizes Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2004 data to identify the more important factors affecting postnatal care of mothers in the urban and rural areas. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression methods were employed in analyzing data. Findings reveal that there exist strong urban-rural differentials in receiving postnatal care (PNC) from medically trained providers among urban and rural mothers. We found that urban illiterate mothers receive two times more postnatal care from medically trained providers than rural illiterate mothers. But receiving PNC from medically trained providers among highly educated mothers is almost same both in the urban and rural area. Receiving PNC from medically trained providers increases with improving the economic condition of mothers both in the urban and rural area. Urban mothers receive more PNC (77 per cent) from medically trained providers as against their rural counterparts (58.6 per cent) who can tell about their pregnancy complications. Regarding knowledge of potentially life-threatening conditions during or after delivery is found very low among the rural women. Finally in the logistic regression analysis we have found receiving ANC and delivery assistance from medically trained providers, type of toilet facilities and told about pregnancy complications have net significant effect on receiving PNC from medically trained providers.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123647669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oscillation Phenomenon of Binomial Confidence Intervals","authors":"J. Reed","doi":"10.5580/1b08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1b08","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most basic and important problems in statistical practice is constructing an interval estimation of the probability of success. The textbook binomial confidence interval that has near universal acceptance is the familiar Wald binomial confidence interval (Wald-z). In recognition that the actual coverage probability of Wald-z is poor for p near 0 or 1, textbooks include a warning that Wald-z should only be used when np 3 5 (or 10). An interesting phenomenon occurs in the actual coverage probability when n is fixed and p I (0, 1). The oscillation of the coverage probability shows that there exist a large number of combinations of n and p that, while satisfying the condition np 3 5, the corresponding coverage probability is considerably smaller than the nominal level This behavior does not disappear even when n is quite large nor when p moves away from the boundaries","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129956297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response towards disease outbreak: perceptions of the key health care staff","authors":"N. Praveenkumar, Shankare Gowda Hs, Revathy","doi":"10.5580/a61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/a61","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133933960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}