The Internet Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Water Collection & Consumption behaviour in Rural Haryana","authors":"Manish Kumar, D. R. Gaur, Meenu Goel, R. Mishra","doi":"10.5580/656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/656","url":null,"abstract":"Provision of safe water supply is one of the most effective tools to improve the health status of the communities. It has been estimated that the burden of sickness in the world would be reduced by nearly 80% if it were possible to supply safe water to people everywhere. As of 2005, 12% of India's population or127million people (92million in villages &35 million in towns) were without clean drinking water supply. Intensive national and international efforts are being made to have potable water for all by the year 2010. Latest assessment indicates that about 80% of rural population in India has access to safe drinking water & 36% has access to adequate sanitation facilities, out of which 9% is in rural area. About 70% of the population was using water from wells for drinking & cooking purposes and 8-19% from piped water supply and about 10-20% from hand pumps. The average distance traveled to fetch water from wells was about 1/2 -1 k.m., from piped water 300-400 m, & from hand pumps was 600-1400 m. It consumed 1 1/2; -2 hrs to fetch a bucket/pitcher of water from the source. Problems faced were like irregular supply (80%), less taps (80%), poor maintenance and fight at the source (90%), besides some personal factors.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"23 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116634561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness about various aspects of sickle cell disease among tribal adolescents","authors":"Bipin Vasava, R. Srivastava, Rajesh K. Chudasama, Naresh R Godara","doi":"10.5580/1419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1419","url":null,"abstract":"To assess knowledge before and after giving education regarding sickle cell disease among tribal adolescents in schools, study was conducted in two schools of Umarpada taluka of Surat district having predominant tribal population during September & October, 2006. Out of 1081 adolescents including boys and girls studying from 8th to 12th standard, 881 were present during pre-test evaluation and out of these 881 adolescents 743 were present during post-test evaluation. Various aspects of SCD were assessed and significant differences were observed for pre-test and post-test evaluation.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121733508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imparting Knowledge Of Emergency Contraception To Female College Students: Is It Dangerous?","authors":"S. Puri, A. Sehgal, C. Mangat, Amarjeet Singh, A. Kaur","doi":"10.5580/348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/348","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, unplanned pregnancy in adolescents is a major public health problem with psychosocial and economic repercussions for the unprepared young individual. The problem is more grave in developing countries where 1/3rd of women are mothers before 20 yrs of age1. Even though sexarche (age of 1st coitus) is happening earlier now a days but still the young population is unaware of the hazards of unsafe sexual encounters and modes of avoiding it leading to increase in number of teenage pregnancies2.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123060920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Prototype Questionnaire to Survey Public Attitudes Toward Stuttering: Principles and Methodologies in the First Prototype","authors":"K. S. Louis, B. Lubker, J. Yaruss, T. A. Adkins, J. Pill","doi":"10.5580/11b7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/11b7","url":null,"abstract":"The Experimental Edition of the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes (POSHA-E) was designed to investigate public opinions about stuttering and stuttering compared to other attributes cross-culturally and internationally. Respondents (n = 165) rated items on stuttering in the context of eight other attributes, or “anchors,” assumed to range from negative (e.g., “mental illness”), to neutral (e.g., “lefthanded”), to positive (e.g., “intelligent”). Only those methodological results that inform subsequent development of this prototype survey instrument or the data collection processes are elaborated. The field test evaluated the efficiency of a quasi-continuous scale, order effects, scoring efficiency, and data reduction in nonprobability samples. Order effects were minimal. Problems in respondent scoring and data reduction were appreciable, but these did not appear to affect the mean scores on the POSHA-E. Results have implications for data collection methods for the population-based international project and illustrate complexities of contemporary survey research methods. This research project was carried out at the Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology at West Virginia University using resources of the Department. PROJECT OVERVIEW, RATIONALE, AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124996327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study Of Morbidity Profile Of Elderly In Urban Areas Of North India","authors":"D. R. Gaur, M. Goel, Meenu Goel, Ansuman Das, V. Arora","doi":"10.5580/247b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/247b","url":null,"abstract":"Geriatrics population is an important part of the total community & comprises of about 7-8% of the whole population of one community. Since the expectation of life is also increasing steadily and quality of life being emphasized more & more in our country, the senior citizen group is getting importance day by day. WHO is also concerned about the health of this group and is promoting the concept of healthy aging throughout the World. The study was conducted in 606 persons above the age of 60 years both male (322) and female (284). Joint paints & cataract occupy the top position among different morbid condition i.e. 46% and 45% respectively. Hypertension, GIT problems, Diabetes and Loneliness & depression are among the other major morbidities contributing 22%, 14.8%, 11% and 9% respectively. DEPARTMENT AND INSTITUTION WHERE THE WORK WAS DONE Urban field practice attached to Dept. of Community Medicine, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, India.. INTRODUCTION Geriatrics population is an important part of the total community & comprises of about 7-8% of the whole population of one community. Since the expectation of life is also increasing steadily and quality of life being emphasized more & more in our country, the senior citizen group is getting importance day by day. It is therefore very essential and desirable that the health of this group is protected and maintained to get the maximum benefits for the over all growth & development of this nation. Earlier the diseases are diagnosed and earlier they are treated, the more will be the benefits in obtaining the optimal level of positive health. The good health enjoyed by these elderly will go a long way in strengthening one health care and economy. Needless to point out that even the WHO is also concerned about the health of this group and is promoting the concept of healthy aging throughout the World. OBJECTIVES To know the common health problems in the elderly population of Rohtak town. STUDY DESIGN Cross sectional MATERIAL & METHODS The information was collected (as such) with the help of postgraduate students, interns, MPHW (M & F) & concerned Anganwari Workers through a pre designed & pre-tested proforma in the urban setting. For hypertension, sphygmomanometer was used taking 140/90 mm of Hg as cut out limits and for diabetes simple urine testing was done using Benedict's qualitative reagent and graded accordingly. Cataract was diagnosed with the help of a torch & differentiated into Mature Senile Cataract & Immature Senile Cataract. Hearing loss was assessed by taking history of the subjects. In cases of loneliness and depression the history of spouse was also taken. PARTICIPANTS & SETTINGS 606 persons above the age of 60 years both male (322) and female (284) were included in the study who were selected randomly from a population of about 23000 with the help of Anganwari Survey Register. There were 1854 elderly subjects in about 4600 families coming 23096 urban slum populations. The elderly populat","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125160935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation & performance of National Leprosy Eradication Programme","authors":"Rajesh K. Chudasama, Naresh R Godara, V. Tripathi, Mahendra Patel","doi":"10.5580/598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/598","url":null,"abstract":"The goal was to evaluate and to know the performance of the National Leprosy Eradication Programme in the Surat district. A retrospective record based study was conducted in the District Leprosy Office of the Surat district. Prevalence rate, new case detection rate, proportion of multibacillary (MB) cases among new cases, proportion of grade II disability among new cases and proportion of child cases among new cases were evaluated. Analysis of records of six years from 2001 to 2006 indicates not much decrease in prevalence rate of Leprosy. Over the years a declining trend in grade II disability among new cases was noted. Case detection rate was decreased from 2001 to 2004 and then again increased by 2006. Multi Bacillary cases shows increase in number among new reported cases of Leprosy. Analysis of data relating to proportion of cases among children showed a declining trend in last six years from 2001.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"55 23","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131873939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary intake of garlic and other Allium vegetables and breast cancer risk in a prospective study of postmenopausal women","authors":"P. B. Tsai, L. Harnack, K. Anderson, W. Lohman, W. Zheng","doi":"10.5580/219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/219","url":null,"abstract":"Because garlic and its organosulfur compounds have been shown to inhibit the occurrence of mammary tumors in animal models, we sought to examine this association in the human population. During 15 years of follow-up, 34,388 postmenopausal women completing a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were followed for incident breast carcinoma. Supplemental data from a nested case-control study was analyzed to obtain consumption habits of other Allium vegetables not included in the FFQ. After 15 years, higher garlic intake was not found to be associated with lower breast cancer risk. A statistically significant inverse association was noted in the first 5 years (RR=0.71), but not in the second or third 5-year periods. In the nested case-control study, some inverse relationships were noted between the consumption of Allium vegetables and breast cancer, but overall do not show that a protective effect is afforded by more frequent intake of these herbs.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133413166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology Of Tobacco Smoking Among Adults Population In North-East Nigeria","authors":"Desalu Oo, A. Olokoba, A. Danburam, F. Salawu, B. Issa","doi":"10.5580/19fe","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/19fe","url":null,"abstract":"This study is to determine the epidemiology of tobacco smoking in the adults' population of north-eastern Nigeria. We carried out a cross-sectional survey from June 2007 to July 2007 among 1793 adults in Yola, north-east Nigeria. An adapted WHO recommended interviewer questionnaire was used to collect information from subjects. Out of 1793 respondents, 37.9% had smoked tobacco in their lifetime, 31.9% were current smoker while 6.0% were former smoker of tobacco. The current male and female smoking prevalence was 45.3% and 18.4% respectively. The mean age for starting tobacco smoking was 18.6 ± 5.1years and the mean cigarette consumption was 10 ± 2 sticks per day. Peer pressure was major reason for using tobacco accounting for 26.4 %. The male gender, age group 40-49, alcohol use, Margi, Hausa and Fulani ethnic tribes have significant association with tobacco smoking. The prevalence of tobacco smoking among adults population in north-eastern Nigeria was high.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130479501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non Iterative Confidence Interval Methods for the Difference between Two Proportions","authors":"J. Reed","doi":"10.5580/22e8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/22e8","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of a confidence interval for the difference between two independent proportions is one of the most basic analyses in statistical inference. The Wald asymptotic methods, with and without a continuity correction have less than nominal coverage probability characteristics but continue to be used in spite of this known poor behavior. For the equal sample size case, the Wald-z coverage probability is subnominal overall. The Wald-c coverage probability always exceeds the nominal level and has interval width larger than Wald-z. For the unequal sample size case, Wald-z is always subnominal while Wald-c exceeds the nominal level. Newcombe's hybrid method and the Agresti-Caffo methods have coverage probabilities that are near nominal for either the equal or unequal sample sizes. Considering the coverage probability criterion, Newcombe's hybrid method and Agresti-Caffo method demonstrate superior coverage properties.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116669963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends of Substance Use in Southern Iran: A qualitative study","authors":"S. Jafari, A. R. Movaghar, S. Baharlou, P. Spittal, K. Craib","doi":"10.5580/12a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/12a8","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the demographics of substance users in a rural area of Iran. Seventy-six semi-structured interviews were conducted with drug users who were referred to a treatment facility. Participants were primarily male (72/76), with a mean age of 28.4 years for all participants, and a range of 20 to 43 years. The most common drug of use was opium, followed by heroin, prescription medication, buprenorphine, and hashish. Over 91% of the respondents reported a history of illicit drug use in at least 1 family member. The first injection drug used was: Buprenorphine at 55% (12/22) and heroin at 45% (10/22). The sources of needles were reported to be pharmacies, and both pharmacies and close friends, 64% (14/22) and 36% (8/22) of the times, respectively. Also, 64% percent of IDUs stated they shared needles in the last month.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133505760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}