The Internet Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Comparison Of Burden Between Family Caregivers Of Patients Having Schizophrenia And Epilepsy","authors":"I. Sreeja, G. Sandhya, L. Rakesh, Mamta B. Singh","doi":"10.5580/18d0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/18d0","url":null,"abstract":"This cross sectional study was undertaken to assess the burden between family caregivers of patients having Schizophrenia and Epilepsy. Data was collected on sixty. Findings revealed that the caregivers of both long term physical illness like intractable epilepsy and mental illness like schizophrenia experience high level of burden in the areas of; patient care, finance, physical and emotional burden, family relations and occupation. No significant difference was found in both groups of caregivers and also no significant difference was found in total burden score between male and female caregivers of both the groups. The study highlights the need for family interventional programs in follow up clinics to address the specific concern, related to burden of caregivers.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126915728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and impact of various factors affecting Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) coverage in Surat","authors":"S. Trivedi, Chetan R. Mundada, Rajesh K. Chudasama","doi":"10.5580/1f92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1f92","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate in details various factors affecting and impact of pulse polio immunization if any, on universal immunization of children aged 12-23 months attending pediatric OPD at New Civil Hospital, Surat this study was done with 852 children during March to September, 2002. After getting informed consent, mothers were interviewed and children grouped into fully immunized, partially immunized; only pulse polio immunized and unimmunized. Various socio-demographic and maternal factors were assessed and found significantly associated with immunization coverage of children including negative impact of pulse polio on routine immunization.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130876818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of CD4+ T cell count with serum Zinc, Copper and Selenium in HIV positive individuals","authors":"A. Malviya, H. Hasan, A. Hussain","doi":"10.5580/e5b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/e5b","url":null,"abstract":"The basic role of micronutrients in the pathogenesis of HIV infection still remains a major lacuna in scientific knowledge. Hence, the present study was carried out with an objective to documentMean level of serum Zinc, Copper and Selenium in patients with HIV infection vis-a-vis healthy controls, and also to find, Correlation of CD4+T cell count with serum Zinc, Copper and Selenium in HIV infected individuals This case-control study was carried out with 50 subjects in either arm matched for age and sex. Cases were patients tested positive for HIV by ELISA using two different antigens whereas the controls were healthy subjects. The mean serum level of Zinc shows a positive correlation with CD4 cell count. The serum Se levels declined progressively with falling CD4 cell counts (p<.001). Zn and Se supplementation can be used as a boost in standardized HAART therapy and nutritional programs for HIV positive patients.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124602716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes and subjective reasons of medication compliance and noncompliance among outpatients with schizophrenia in India","authors":"R. Baby, Sandhya Gupta, R. Sagar","doi":"10.5580/2451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2451","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study aims to assess the attitudes and reasons of medication compliance and noncompliance among patients with Schizophrenia attending outpatients in India and examine the prevalence and factors effecting noncompliance.Method: outpatients with schizophrenia (n=75) and their accompanying family members(n-75) were assessed using standardized tools which consist reasons of medication influences (ROMI) scale, Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) scale, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS). They were also evaluated for sociodemographic details; illness related and drug related variables. Results: The prevalence of non-compliance in the selected setting is 38.7%. Majority of patients and family members had a positive attitude towards medication and treatment. Family member is able to identify the compliance status of the patient and the reasons for the noncompliance better than the patients. The reasons which are significantly correlating with compliance are ‘perceived daily benefit from medication’, ‘positive relationship with psychiatrist’, pressure from the family and health system’, ‘positive family belief towards illness and treatment’. Where as the significant reasons for noncompliance are ‘no perceived daily benefit from medications’, ‘difficulty in gaining access to treatment and medications’, financial obstacles’, ‘embarrassment or stigma related to treatment and medications’, ‘medicines currently not perceived as necessary’. The factors significantly associated with noncompliance include lower educational status, rural area of stay, adjustment difficulty with their family and spouse, previous history of non-compliance, poor insight into illness, higher positive PANSS score. The patients who gave history of hospitalization in the past are more likely to be compliant with their medication. Conclusions: The Findings strongly recommends the need to develop a standard protocol for carrying out adherence counseling to all patients. Also there is need to create a cadre for mental health nurse practitioner in outpatient and inpatients units to ensure that all patients and family members are given psycho education / adherence counseling before discharge and during follow-ups. Original work done by the author for the partial fulfillment of the post graduation programme in psychiatric nursing. Significant outcomes Majority of patients and their family member have positive attitude towards antipsychotic medications. Patients with higher positive symptoms, poor insight into the illness, rural background, lower educational status, adjustment difficulty with their family and spouse, previous history of noncompliance are more likely to be noncompliant with the medications Standard medication adherence counseling protocol need to be developed and used to ensure consistent counseling to all patients before their discharge from inpatient unit and during their follow-up","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128624565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to identify information bias due to self-reporting in epidemiological research","authors":"L. Fadnes, A. Taube, T. Tylleskär","doi":"10.5580/1818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1818","url":null,"abstract":"Reality can be distorted in many ways when seen through a questionnaire or an interview. Such distortions may be systematic, introducing bias. Bias can spoil research by indicating false associations or failing to detect true relationships. It is practically impossible to eliminate measurement errors totally, but estimating the extent of disagreement and assessing whether the errors are systematic should be a priority in epidemiological research. The aim of this article is pedagogically oriented. Through Medline searches and cross-references, 1400 articles were identified, of which 53 were chosen. This review gives an overview of information bias, focusing on recall period, selective recall, social desirability, interview situation and interviewing tools, question phrasing, alternative answers and digit preference. We use a problem identification approach and also present some possible solutions, exemplifying the different topics by research conducted in the fields of HIV-AIDS, nutrition and alcohol abuse. Methods for measuring bias are presented.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124700019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern Of Presentation Among Hiv/Aids Patients In Makurdi, Nigeria","authors":"A. S. Olufemi, O. Simidele, Ahmed Kayode Jimoh","doi":"10.5580/1200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1200","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Documentation and analysis of the common mode of presentation of HIV/AIDS is a major step forward in the control of the disease in our environment as these will help in diagnosis and improved modality of care. Objectives: To analyze the clinical presentation and outcome of the disease among patients managed for HIV/AIDS in Federal Medical Centre, Markurdi. Method: This is a retrospective study on HIV/AIDS patients who were admitted and managed at the Federal Medical Center, Markurdi, between October 2005 and September 2006. Results: There were 218 patients within the period under review. Ninety-four of them were males while 124 were females giving a male to female ratio of 1 to 1.3. The mean age of the patients was 35.4 years (range 14- 82 years). The mean duration of the illness before admission was 50weeks (range 3weeks - 7years). The commonest mode of presentation was oral thrush followed closely by pulmonary tuberculosis. Dermatosis was the least common form of presentation in this center. Among the 218 patients admitted, 32 of them died giving a mortality rate of 14.7%. Seventeen (53%) died of respiratory failure, 8 died of multiple organ failure and 3 died of hepatic failure. Conclusion: Patients with oral thrush and pulmonary tuberculosis should be viewed with high index of suspicion for HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, considering the high level of mortality associated with AIDS in this environment there is a need to increase surveillance for early detection and management of cases.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116587830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Scenario of Literate Life Expectancy at Birth in India","authors":"A. Chattopadhyay, K. Sinha","doi":"10.5580/13ec","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/13ec","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring human quality of life is a challenging academic work. Human development index substantially captures the overall country level status on human welfare. However this index has some drawbacks. W. Lutz thus composed a simple index in 1995 combining life expectance and literacy, called Literate Life expectance (LLE). LLE can be calculated for subpopulations depending on availability of data. This paper captures LLE of major states of India and its gender difference at rural and urban level. We have tried to highlight the social development scenario of India and its major states by using this pure social indicator that intentionally does not use any economic measurement. The state scenario comprehensively depicts gender differentials in social development and it calls for implementing development measures more seriously in states like Haryana Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh in order to reduce the gender gap. Being highly correlated with human development index, Literate Life Expectancy index proved to be a very clear and simple comprehensive measure of social development for different sub populations.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"231 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134277542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of gall bladder cancer in rural and semi-urban population of north central India: A first insight","authors":"M. Barbhuiya, T. Singh, Sanjeev Gupta, B. Shrivastav, P. Tiwari","doi":"10.5580/22ff","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/22ff","url":null,"abstract":"There is marked increase in the incidence of gall bladder cancer (GBC) in Indian subcontinent in recent times. No hospital based data or registry is available for this important cancer from North Central province of India. The present study aims to make a first insight into the pattern of GBC in North Central region of India during the year (2007-08). A retrospective study was carried out at the Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, to identify the pattern of GBC in different districts of north central India. The data obtained were analyzed for statistical significance by calculating the average value of the parameters followed by sample t-test using Graph Pad Prism 5. Most of the patients were from rural background with poor economic status (55.07%) with low body mass index (BMI ≤18.5) and were either uneducated or educated up to primary level only. The crude incidence rate of GBC was 15.5/1, 00,000 in females and 5.9/1, 00,000 in males. The female/male ratio was 2.3 for gall bladder diseases.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131003378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variation in mortality for five main death causes. Cuba, 1996-2006","authors":"G. C. Marie, R. González, I. Palanco","doi":"10.5580/226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/226","url":null,"abstract":"Background and purpose: Mortality's seasonal variation has long been described all over the world for many death causes. Periodic changes in the weather conditions of temperate countries have been well recognised as risk factors for seasonal mortality but there is no sufficient evidence of this in tropical countries where seasons are not so well defined and there are no great differences in temperature. There are no recent studies about this matter in Cuba. The aim of this paper is to describe the seasonality of 5 different death causes (heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, accidents, suicides and homicides) based on monthly data collected during the period 1996-2006 using a simple and replicable method for undeveloped countries. Methods: The presence of seasonal variation in several causes of death was explored with box and whiskers plots. Monthly total numbers of deaths were adjusted to a standard 30 days month in all time series. Death causes were selected acording to their relevance and data obtained from National Bureau of Statistics of the Cuban Ministry of Health for the period January 1996December 2006. Results: A total of 868 982 deaths occurred during the 11 year period of the study in Cuba: heart diseases (232 829), cerebrovascular diseases (89 263), accidents (53 341), suicides (19 007) and homicides (7 316). Monthly deaths due to heart diseases showed high median values in January, February and December. Deaths by cerebrovascular diseases showed their highest median values during the months of January, February, March and December. The median number of monthly deaths by accidents was highest during July and August. Deaths due to suicides were higher in Jun, May and July. Seasonality of monthly deaths by homicides was not so evident. Conclusions: Seasonal variation of mortality for several death causes was highlighted using a simple, easy and replicable method to quickly ascertain the presence of seasonality of death causes which can be very atractive for undeveloped countries. The work was done at: The National Unit of Trend Analysis. Cuban Ministry of Health.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133573894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribing knowledge of the intern doctors in India","authors":"Jaykaran, P. Bhardwaj, N. Chavda, P. Yadav, Arvind Panwar","doi":"10.5580/299f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/299f","url":null,"abstract":"Poor prescribing is not uncommon in India. Various drug categories like antibiotics and NSAIDS are prescribed without thinking much about resistance and adverse drug reactions. Prescription errors are very common, specially with fresh doctors. The basic problem which contributes to the irrational prescribing is the medical students are not adequately instructed1. Teaching of pharmacology in medical colleges doesn’t take much care of prescription writing. In India medical student start writing prescription during internship. Mostly there prescriptions are not supervised and they are often left to fend for themselves during their training2.Thus, those who are less knowledgeable in rational prescribing continue to make medication errors. Because of this, risk of adverse drug reactions and polypharmacy is increased. Young doctors, therefore, need a firm grounding in the principles of rational prescribing.","PeriodicalId":247354,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124655980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}