Applied Energy最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the flexibility supply and demand reliability of hydro–wind–PV–battery complementary systems under different consumption modes","authors":"Yi Guo ,&nbsp;Bo Ming ,&nbsp;Qiang Huang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Jiang ,&nbsp;Miao Yu ,&nbsp;Meiying San ,&nbsp;Long Cheng ,&nbsp;Rong Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluating the flexibility supply and demand reliability offers a new approach for configuring the capacity of hydro–wind–PV (HWP) or hydro–wind–PV–battery (HWPB) complementary systems. However, traditional flexibility evaluations ignore the operational characteristics of the complementary systems, and tend to underestimate the wind and PV flexibility demand in the case of cross-regional power delivery. To this end, we propose an approach for evaluating the flexibility supply and demand reliability in HWP/HWPB complementary systems under different consumption modes (i.e., external delivery consumption and local consumption). First, a novel flexibility demand optimization model is established by redefining the flexibility demand based on the day-ahead scheduling process of the system. The flexibility supply guaranteed rate of HWP/HWPB complementary systems is then calculated using a statistical model. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified under different wind and PV capacity configuration schemes, and the optimal capacity ratios of wind and PV are determined under different consumption modes. Results using a clean energy base in the upper Yellow River basin indicate that: (1) Stronger peak-shaving performance of the system produces higher wind and PV flexibility demand. On average, the flexibility demand under external delivery consumption is 33.7 % higher than that under local consumption. (2) Improving the system's flexibility can effectively enhance the flexibility supply guaranteed rate when the original guaranteed rate is less than 95 %. If the flexibility supply guaranteed rate is greater than 95 %, further increasing the flexibility of the system has little effect. (3) For the clean energy base in the upper Yellow River basin, appropriately increasing the proportion of wind power in the current system is beneficial for the operation of complementary systems. Generally, the proposed flexibility evaluation approach provides effective guidance for the planning and management of watershed-type HWP/HWPB complementary energy bases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124972"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of electricity production and coastal protection of a nearshore 500 MW wave farm in the north-western Portuguese coast","authors":"D. Clemente ,&nbsp;V. Ramos ,&nbsp;F. Teixeira-Duarte ,&nbsp;F.V.C. Taveira-Pinto ,&nbsp;P. Rosa-Santos ,&nbsp;F. Taveira-Pinto","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wave energy can contribute towards the “green” energy transition, but complementary applications like coastal protection are equally pertinent. However, viable commercialization should entice large wave energy farms of significant capacity, which may raise conflicts with coastal industries and/or protected areas. Such matters are addressed in this paper's numerical case study of a dual wave farm for a nearshore Portuguese site. It incorporates two parks of 75 bottom-fixed oscillating flap units, each. The farm's configuration, orientation, layout, and rating were evaluated for varying wave conditions and water levels, based on a statistically representative clustering technique. The farm's location was selected to minimize marine space conflicts. The numerical modelling was executed with SNL-SWAN, from which it was found that a staggered configuration – “W” – would yield better results than an aligned configuration – “III”. The “shadowing” effect of one park onto the other was equally observed, but with limited impact. Greater farm unit spacing and rated power benefited the annual energy production, with values of nearly 345 GWh/yr being achieved. However, the capacity factors were generally greater for lower power ratings, as pondered mean values varied between 0.078 (3.332 MW) to 0.144 (1 MW). Wave power absorption ratios between wave farms and cumulative standalone units (<em>q-factors</em>) were always below 1, pointing towards a destructive interference pattern. Important significant wave height reductions were observed (above 30 %, at times), albeit increments were punctually identified near two shallow water areas. Lastly, increasing the tidal level did not impact the farm's performance considerably, but benefited the nearshore impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124950"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized materials and geometric designs of thermoelectric devices for smart wearable applications","authors":"Farooq Khan ,&nbsp;Dong Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Jinwoo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wearable thermoelectric devices provide a favorable solution for wearable electronics, due to their ability to harvest electricity or regulate human body temperature. To this end, there have been extensive studies of thermoelectric devices for wearable applications, employing diverse materials, structures, designs, and other possible techniques to improve performance. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of recent wearable thermoelectric device works that examine how the materials and design geometry properties can influence the key performance parameters, along with potential real-life applications. The review mainly discusses three main factors of materials, geometry, and configuration modules, along with the strengths and weaknesses of the corresponding materials and designs. Finally, we evaluate the prominent wearable applications based on the diverse materials, structures, and module design requirements, along with future outlook and potential opportunities for next generation thermoelectric wearables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124940"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-energy-water nexus considerations in optimal greenhouse farming systems design and operation","authors":"Marcello Di Martino ,&nbsp;Sarah Namany ,&nbsp;Farhat Mahmood ,&nbsp;Tareq Al-Ansari ,&nbsp;Patrick Linke ,&nbsp;Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Greenhouse farming systems have the potential to sustainably relieve the stresses on food supply systems caused by a globally increasing population, together with the reduction of available agricultural land due to urbanization and soil degradation. However, literature regarding the sustainable design and operation optimization of greenhouse process systems remains scarce. This work focuses on the optimal planning and scheduling of a greenhouse farming system dependent on the utilized farming technologies, the available crops, and the selected geographic location. Ad extremum, the derived greenhouse optimization framework enables the generic trade-off analysis among completely isolated and transparent greenhouses, as well as energy and water saving greenhouses. Planning and scheduling decisions include the cover material transmissivity and isolation, cooling, heating, wetting and drying technologies, multi-crops farming strategies, irrigation, as well as artificial lighting and a dynamic shading system. To derive sustainable greenhouse system solutions, this work follows a food-energy-water nexus approach by analyzing not only an economic objective, but also resource-use objectives and a societal benefit objective, in the form of the nutritional value of the produced food basket, over one year of operation at an hourly timescale. Accordingly, this approach results in a multi-objective multi-scale mixed-integer linear programming optimization problem of large size. Various solution strategies to reduce the computational burden and solve this optimization problem to global optimality are discussed. The Pareto-front envelope for Doha, Qatar is characterized by a best-possible solution vector of $2.949M/year, 144 MW/year, 124 m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>/year, and farming of carrot, lettuce, tomato, and spinach. In turn, the best trade-off solution for farming this nutrition optimal food basket consist of an annualized system cost of between $3.2M and $3.5M, energy-use between 186 and 189 MW, and water-use of 138 m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124900"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond net zero energy buildings: Load profile analysis and community aggregation for improved load matching","authors":"László Zsolt Gergely ,&nbsp;Lilla Barancsuk ,&nbsp;Miklós Horváth","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the load matching of electricity consumption and photovoltaic (PV) generation in residential buildings following the net zero energy building (NZEB) framework. Load matching is critical due to the increasing integration of PV systems, driven by policies like the European Green Deal. Utilizing a dataset of 316 smart-metered residential electricity profiles, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to quantify the impact of various factors. Results indicate that the order of factors influencing self-consumption (SC), self-sufficiency (SS), self-production (SP), and grid liability (GL) in a heating-dominated region are annual and intraday consumption patterns, followed by PV tilt angle and finally, azimuth angle. NZEB sizing typically ended in an average SC of only 30.3 % and a GL of 39.5 %, highlighting the need for improved sizing strategies and reducing mismatch. We proposed two alternative PV sizing approaches, maximizing self-production (achieving up to 46.7 % SC) and minimizing grid liability (reducing GL considerably). The study shows that understanding consumption variability and optimizing PV configurations can significantly enhance load-matching outcomes, mainly when aggregated in energy communities, yielding an additional 9 percentage points increase in SC under a reasonable PV penetration. While NZEB communities could exceed original power peaks (200 kW of demand) with feedback periods in more than 10 % of the year, reaching peak feedback of 657 kW, a more reasonable PV penetration suggested (optimizing PV systems for self-production) that only exceeds 200 kW limit in 4 % of the year, with a consolidated peak of 332 kW feedback. Consequently, the study provides practical strategies for better integrating PV into low voltage electricity networks while mitigating adverse grid impacts, aligning with ongoing energy policy reforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124934"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stochastic flexibility calculus for uncertainty-aware energy flexibility management","authors":"Michael Lechl ,&nbsp;Hermann de Meer ,&nbsp;Tim Fürmann","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing share of volatile renewables in power systems requires more reserves to balance forecast errors in renewable generation and power fluctuations. In contrast, common reserves such as gas-fired power plants are phased out, impeding the procurement of sufficient reserves. Alternative reserves, particularly on the demand side, such as battery storage systems, also exhibit some degree of freedom to deviate from their scheduled operating point to supply or consume more or less power, thus providing a flexibility potential. However, demand-side flexibility potentials are generally subject to uncertainties, and so is the generation of volatile renewables. The challenge is incorporating the uncertainties on both sides to procure sufficient (uncertain) flexibility potential in advance. Considering uncertainty is important to avoid additional, drastic measures in real-time to balance generation and demand, such as curtailing renewable generation or load shedding. This work presents a stochastic flexibility calculus that provides an indicator for computing the risk of insufficient flexibility potentials or, conversely, guarantees for sufficient flexibility potentials. Thus, the stochastic flexibility calculus contributes to overcoming the challenge of procuring sufficient flexibility potentials in renewable-based systems. An evaluation based on real data is performed using an example of a renewable energy community consisting of households equipped with photovoltaic power plants and battery storage systems. The newly introduced stochastic flexibility calculus computes the number of households that must operate their battery storage systems flexibly to balance forecast errors locally. The results show that the forecast method significantly influences this number. Some numerical results appear unexpected, as too many flexibility-friendly households can negatively impact the aggregated household flexibility potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124907"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore-scale study of liquid water transport in gas diffusion layers with in-plane non-uniform distributed pore size of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell","authors":"Tao Lai,&nbsp;Zhiguo Qu,&nbsp;Jianfei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timely removal of liquid water and the supply of the reaction gas in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays a critical role in improving the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Modifying the design of the GDL structure is an effective strategy for regulating the percolation process of liquid water and the supply of reaction gas. In this study, several GDLs with in-plane nonuniformly distributed pore sizes were designed to construct an ordered liquid water transport pathway. Two pore-size patterns with a “V” shape and an inverted “V” shape were designed through the orientation control of fiber distribution. In the inverted V-shaped pattern, the pore size exhibited a wave crest distribution along the in-plane direction, whereas, in the V-shaped pattern structure, the pore size was troughed along the in-plane direction. The three-dimensional (3D) multiphase Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and 3D diffusion LBM were used to investigate the liquid water percolation process and the reaction gas transport process in the GDL, respectively. The numerical results indicated that liquid water tends to concentrate in layers with macropores in the nonuniform GDL. Compared with the uniformly distributed GDL, these two pore size patterns can accelerate the drainage velocity and lower the water content. The reversed V-shaped pattern was further optimized to obtain the optimal width of the layers with macrospores. The results showed that a length of 96 μm is recommended to balance the concentrated effect and low-concentration areas. Under dry conditions, the gas transport capacity was insensitive to pore size distribution, whereas, under partially saturated conditions, both the V-shaped and inverted V-shaped structures of a nonuniform design weakened the impeding effect of liquid water on the gas supply. Moreover, the effective gas diffusion coefficient of the nonuniform study can reach up to 3.85 times of the uniform structure. This work promotes the understanding of different in-plane distributed pore size styles on the water percolation behavior in the GDL, thereby contributing to the optimal design of the GDL and PEMFCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124933"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Security monitoring, early warning and alarm Method based on security boundary for regional integrated energy system","authors":"Jun Xiao ,&nbsp;Gang Sun ,&nbsp;Chenhui Song ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiqiao Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective security early warning and alarm technology can provide comprehensive information such as the security levels, violation components, and the security trend of the system before a fault occurs. The core early warning and alarm information provided by existing methods is insufficient. To fill these gaps, this paper proposes an early warning and alarm method to monitor the security state of regional integrated energy system (RIES). Firstly, the security boundary and fuzzy theory are introduced. Secondly, the assessment methods of geometric security distance, overload and node parameter violation are further given, respectively. Thirdly, a two-stage early warning and alarm method is proposed, which can analyze the system operating state and determine the security level. The first stage can preliminarily classify the operating state of RIES through AC security boundary, including normal state, alert state and emergency state, and then send out signals correspondingly. The second stage can calculate the final security levels based on fuzzy inference and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. For interconnected RIES, the security levels include I, II<em>a</em> ~ II<em>d</em> and III<em>a</em> ~ III<em>d</em>. For radial RIES, the security levels include I and III<em>a</em> ~ III<em>d</em>. Fourthly, the comprehensive and detailed early warning and alarm information is given. The overload components and N − 1 components are located by DC security boundary analysis; the violation degree and parameters violation locations are further given based on energy flow calculation; the security trend is also predicted by the average value of the geometric security distance of the time series operating points. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of proposed method are tested on typical cases. The results show that there are indeed five security levels: III, II<em>c</em>, I<em>a</em>, I<em>c</em> and I<em>d</em>, the violation components and corresponding violation degrees can be obtained accurately, and the downward trend of N-0 and N − 1 security for RIES can be predicted further. Compared with existing methods, this paper provides more complete early warning and alarm information such as detailed security levels, violation components, violation degree and security trend. The time complexity of online early warning and alarm is only <em>O</em>(<em>rt</em>), and the online computational time is reduced by 2 orders of magnitude compared with the existing method. The detailed information provided by the proposed mothed can help RIES dispatchers assess security levels and make decisions timely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124709"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The impact of climate on solvent-based direct air capture systems” [Applied Energy 325 (2022) 119895]","authors":"Keju An ,&nbsp;Azharuddin Farooqui ,&nbsp;Sean T. McCoy","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124866","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 124866"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the dynamics of agriculture greenhouse gas emissions: The role of energy consumptions and natural resources","authors":"Jafir Mehmood ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahbaz ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Nasir Malik","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nearly every country has committed to minimizing its energy emissions and sharing climate change research, particularly on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the association between renewable (REN) and non-renewable (NREN) energy consumption, total natural resources (TNR), and agricultural greenhouse gas (AGHG) emissions in Pakistan. This study employs a novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DYNARDL) simulation model to estimate the long- and short-term causality among study variables using data from 1990 to 2022. In addition, our study uses a kernel-based regularized least-squares technique to check the robustness of the DYNARDL findings. Our empirical findings show that the use of renewable energy and natural resources decreases, whereas the utilization of nonrenewable energy increases AGHG emissions in the long run. DYNARDL simulations also show that a positive (+10 %) counterfactual shock change in the projected renewable energy and natural resources leads to a decrease in AGHG emissions, whereas the utilization of NREN leads to increase the AGHG emissions. This study implies that policymakers and stakeholder should rise the share of REN energy and ensure sustainable utilization of natural resources to enhance agricultural sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":246,"journal":{"name":"Applied Energy","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124946"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}