Zoonoses and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Zoonotic Surveillance of Bartonella spp.: Exploring the Public Health Risks in Human Settlements","authors":"Mukesh Thakur,&nbsp;Stanzin Dolker,&nbsp;Lenrik K. Wangmo,&nbsp;Avijit Ghosh,&nbsp;Nikhil Dhankhar,&nbsp;Vinaya K. Singh,&nbsp;Malay Shukla,&nbsp;Anandhan Rameshkumar,&nbsp;Manisha Biswal,&nbsp;Dhriti Banerjee,&nbsp;Bheem Dutt Joshi,&nbsp;Lalit K. Sharma","doi":"10.1111/zph.13203","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13203","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urban rodents are reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including <i>Bartonella</i> spp., which are transmitted by ectoparasites such as fleas. Zoonotic diseases caused by <i>Bartonella</i> often go undocumented due to confusing or subtle clinical symptoms, lack of awareness and poor diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and diversity of <i>Bartonella</i> spp. by screening free-ranging rodents and their ectoparasites in the unique ecological settings of Alipore Railway Station, Kolkata, India. The station's high passenger traffic and proximity to food stalls create favourable conditions for rodents and fleas to thrive, increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rodents and fleas were identified by morphological features and DNA sequencing. Detection of <i>Bartonella</i> was carried out by DNA sequencing of citrate synthase (<i>gltA</i>) gene. Phylogenetic relationships among the obtained sequences were inferred through phylogenetic tree and haplotype network analyses. Q-PCR testing from human samples from the surrounding area was performed to confirm the zoonotic transfer potential.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 60 rodents, identified as \u0000 <i>Bandicota indica</i>\u0000 28 (46.7%) and \u0000 <i>Bandicota bengalensis</i>\u0000 32 (53.3%), and 110 fleas (\u0000 <i>Xenopsylla cheopis</i>\u0000 ) were collected. The prevalence of <i>Bartonella</i> infection varied across three different hosts, that is, 32/60 rodents (53.33%), 87/110 fleas (79.1%) and 4/25 human (16%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed four distinct <i>Bartonella</i> lineages comprising 11 novel haplotypes (H1–H11), with haplotype H4 shared between rodents, fleas and humans, indicating active and cross species transmission of <i>Bartonella</i> spp. Haplotype H10, identified as \u0000 <i>B. rochalimae</i>\u0000 , was a phylogenetically diverged lineage exclusively found in fleas, suggesting a potentially novel lineage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results highlight the significant public health risks posed by <i>Bartonella</i> spp. in densely populated urban areas, particularly in environments like railway stations where human–rodent interactions are frequent. This study underscores the necessity of integrated pest management and surveillance strategies, using molecular tools such as Q-PCR, to mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease transmission in urban settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"284-292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142795324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Large-Scale Serological Survey in Pets From October 2020 Through June 2021 in France Shows Significantly Higher Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Cats Compared to Dogs","authors":"Matthieu Fritz,&nbsp;Eric Elguero,&nbsp;Pierre Becquart,&nbsp;Daphné De Riols de Fonclare,&nbsp;Déborah Garcia,&nbsp;Stephanie Beurlet,&nbsp;Solène Denolly,&nbsp;Bertrand Boson,&nbsp;Serge G. Rosolen,&nbsp;François-Loïc Cosset,&nbsp;Alexandra Briend-Marchal,&nbsp;Vincent Legros,&nbsp;Eric M. Leroy","doi":"10.1111/zph.13198","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13198","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to infect various animals, including domestic pets like dogs and cats. Many studies have documented infection in companion animals by molecular and serological methods. However, only a few have compared seroprevalence in cats and dogs from the general population, and these studies were limited by small sample sizes and collections over short periods. Our aim was to obtain a more accurate evaluation of seroprevalence in companion animals in France and to determine whether cats and dogs differ in their exposure to SARS-CoV-2.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted an extensive serological survey of SARS-CoV-2, collecting blood samples from 2036 cats and 3577 dogs during routine veterinary medical examinations across different regions of metropolitan France from October 2020 to June 2021. This period encompassed the peaks and onset of two waves, as well as the emergence of the first variants. A microsphere immunoassay targeting the receptor-binding domain and trimeric spike protein was used to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A subset of 308 seropositive samples was tested for the presence of neutralising antibodies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We determined an overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies of 7.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.4%–7.8%) among the sampled pets. Cats exhibited a significantly higher seroprevalence (9.3%; 95% CI: 8.1%–10.1%) compared to dogs (5.9%; 95% CI: 5.2%–6.8%). Among the subset of seropositive samples, 81 (26.3%; 95% CI: 21.5%–31.6%) displayed neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, seroprevalence in both species was lower in older animals and was not associated with sex. Finally, unlike cats, seroprevalence in dogs was found to be correlated with the date of sampling.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The large sample size enhances the reliability and statistical robustness of our estimates regarding pet exposure to SARS-CoV-2. This study on SARS-CoV-2 reaffirms the crucial importance of adopting a One Health approach incorporating domestic animals when managing an epidemic caused by a zoonotic virus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"184-193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142795320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodes ricinus Complex (Acari: Ixodidae) From Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Kosovo","authors":"Ina Hoxha,&nbsp;Betim Xhekaj,&nbsp;Genc Halimi,&nbsp;Michiel Wijnveld,&nbsp;Margarida Ruivo,&nbsp;Driton Çaushi,&nbsp;Albana Matoshi,&nbsp;Adelheid G. Obwaller,&nbsp;Bernhard Jäger,&nbsp;Martin Weiler,&nbsp;Julia Walochnik,&nbsp;Kurtesh Sherifi,&nbsp;Edwin Kniha","doi":"10.1111/zph.13197","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13197","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Ixodes ricinus</i>, the castor bean tick, is the most prevalent tick species in Europe. It favours habitats such as shrubs, deciduous and mixed forests, but can also be found in urban environments. Due to its high vector competence, it is of enormous veterinary as well as medical importance, transmitting tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> s. l., the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. and <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> amongst many other pathogens. In Kosovo, <i>I. ricinus</i> is the predominant species and a few studies, mostly based on human and animal seroprevalences, indicate the circulation of tick-borne pathogens. However, data on pathogens in <i>I. ricinus</i> are scarce in Kosovo, particularly in urban settings. This study aimed to provide first insights into the circulation of tic-kborne pathogens in <i>I. ricinus</i> from urban and peri-urban areas in Kosovo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urban and peri-urban areas were sampled by flagging 150 m transects. In total, 197 ticks were morphologicaly identified as <i>I. ricinus</i>, and consequently DNA and RNA were isolated. All individuals were screened for the presence of tick-borne pathogens by using reverse line blotting (RLB) hybridisation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>DNA of nine different pathogens from four genera including <i>Borrelia</i> spp., <i>Rickettsia</i> spp., <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. and <i>Babesia</i> spp. was detected in 60 (33.5%) specimens. The most frequently detected pathogens were <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. (16.2%), followed by <i>Borrelia</i> spp. (11.7%). Altogether, 54 single infections, 11 double infections and 1 triple infection were observed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We provide first data on genotyping of <i>B. burgdorferi</i> sensu lato as well as the detection of <i>Anaplasma</i>, <i>Babesia</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i> from <i>I. ricinus</i> in this country. The data underline that particularly recreational (peri-)urban areas could facilitate the spillover of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens to humans in Kosovo and provide baseline data for future surveys.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"174-183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142795325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free-Ranging Wolves (Canis lupus) are Natural Reservoirs of Intestinal Microeukaryotes of Public Health Significance in Southwestern Europe","authors":"Sheila Ortega,&nbsp;Ana M. Figueiredo,&nbsp;Barbara Moroni,&nbsp;Nadia Abarca,&nbsp;Alejandro Dashti,&nbsp;Pamela C. Köster,&nbsp;Begoña Bailo,&nbsp;David Cano-Terriza,&nbsp;Moisés Gonzálvez,&nbsp;Manena Fayos,&nbsp;Álvaro Oleaga,&nbsp;Carlos Martínez-Carrasco,&nbsp;Roser Velarde,&nbsp;Rita T. Torres,&nbsp;Eduardo Ferreira,&nbsp;Dário Hipólito,&nbsp;Tânia Barros,&nbsp;Ana Lino,&nbsp;Serena Robetto,&nbsp;Luca Rossi,&nbsp;Gemma J. Muñoz-de-Mier,&nbsp;Gabriel Ávalos,&nbsp;Rafael Calero-Bernal,&nbsp;David González-Barrio,&nbsp;Sergio Sánchez,&nbsp;Ignacio García-Bocanegra,&nbsp;David Carmena","doi":"10.1111/zph.13202","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13202","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intestinal microeukaryote parasites are major contributors to the burden of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals, but their epidemiology in wildlife is not fully understood. We investigated the frequency, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of protists of animal and public health significance in free-ranging grey wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) populations in south-western Europe.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individually formed faecal samples collected from necropsied wolves or scat trails in Italy (<i>n</i> = 47), Portugal (<i>n</i> = 43) and Spain (<i>n</i> = 225) during the period 2011–2023 were retrospectively analysed using molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods. Complementary epidemiological data were gathered when available.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 <i>Giardia duodenalis</i> was the most frequent microeukaryote found (40.3%, 127/315; 95% CI: 34.9–46.0), followed by <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. (3.5%, 11/315; 95% CI: 1.8–6.2), <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> and <i>Encephalitozoon</i> spp. (1.6%, 5/315; 95% CI: 0.5–3.7 each). <i>Blastocystis</i> was not identified in any of the faecal samples analysed. Sequence analyses confirmed the presence of canine-adapted assemblage D within <i>G. duodenalis</i> (<i>n</i> = 7). Three <i>Cryptosporidium</i> species were identified, namely canine-adapted <i>C. canis</i> (<i>n</i> = 9), zoonotic <i>C. parvum</i> (<i>n</i> = 1) and primarily anthroponotic <i>C.hominis</i> (<i>n</i> = 1). Genotyping tools enabled the identification of subtype family XXe2 within <i>C. canis</i>. Among microsporidia, the canine-adapted genotype PtEb IX was identified within <i>E. bieneusi</i>. Two samples were confirmed as <i>Enc. intestinalis</i> and three more as <i>Enc. cuniculi</i> genotype IV. This is the first record of <i>Enc. intestinalis</i> and <i>Enc. cuniculi</i> in the grey wolf globally.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Silent carriage of intestinal microeukaryotes seems common in free-ranging grey wolves in southwestern Europe. Wolves can contribute to environmental contamination through the transmission stages (cysts, oocysts, spores) of species/genotypes potentially infective to humans. Individuals in close contact with wolf carcasses or their faecal material may be at potential risk of infection by microeukaryotic pathogens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 3","pages":"269-283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142795323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Occurrence of ST131 Among Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Humans and Dogs in Sri Lanka","authors":"W. A. Pamudi Maldam Dewasmika,&nbsp;D. R. Anuruddhika Dissanayake,&nbsp;N. G. Dulanjalee Anuruddhika Kumari Neelawala,&nbsp;B. G. Nilanthi Dissanayake,&nbsp;D. V. Pahan Prasada,&nbsp;Veithehi Rajeevan Francis,&nbsp;Sophie Octavia,&nbsp;Ruiting Lan","doi":"10.1111/zph.13199","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13199","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Extraintestinal pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ExPEC) is an important human and animal pathogen. In particular, the ST131 of ExPEC is a widely distributed clone, resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. We investigated the occurrence of ST131 among ExPEC from humans and dogs in Sri Lanka and determined its antimicrobial resistance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 215 ExPEC isolates were collected from humans (<i>n</i> = 179) and dogs (<i>n</i> = 36) from two different cities in Sri Lanka. Antimicrobial resistance was tested by the disk diffusion method, and the presence of resistance-encoding genes (<i>bla</i>_TEM, <i>bla</i>_SHV and <i>bla</i>_CTX-M) and ST131 clades/subclades was tested by PCR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The majority of the isolates were (61.8%) ST131, with 55.8% in ST131-clade C. Of the clade C isolates, 44.3%, 27.8%, 15.7% and 6.7% were in clades C2, C other, C1-non-M27 and C1-M27, respectively. Approximately 11% of the ST131 isolates were carbapenem resistant. ExPEC from dogs showed comparable resistance rates to human isolates except for resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and amikacin.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We observed a high occurrence of ST131 and its clade C, with more than 11% exhibiting resistance to carbapenems in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, ST131-C1-M27, with high resistance to both quinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, was also present. Our results emphasise the importance of the One Health approach in the monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant <i>E. coli</i> in different regions of Sri Lanka to gain a better understanding of their prevalence over time, contributing to effective antimicrobial stewardship.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"200-206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Khuzestan Province, Iran","authors":"Mohammad Javad Boozhmehrani,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Feiz-Haddad,&nbsp;Mehdi Tavalla,&nbsp;Mohammad Nouri,&nbsp;Seyed Morteza Ghoreishi","doi":"10.1111/zph.13195","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13195","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is a parasitic protozoan capable of infecting warm-blooded animals, including humans, and is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. Wild boars (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) serve as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens like <i>T. gondii</i>, which can cause disease in humans if transmitted. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of <i>T. gondii</i> in wild boars in Khuzestan Province, Iran.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seroprevalence of <i>T. gondii</i> antibodies was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), employing a commercial kit (Calbiotech), whereas molecular detection was carried out through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the <i>B1</i> gene of <i>T. gondii</i> on tissue samples (tongue, muscle, diaphragm and heart). Thirty wild boars were sampled from the regions of Shush, Shushtar, Dezful and Abadan, and both blood and tissue samples were analysed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, the seroprevalence of <i>T. gondii</i> antibodies was found to be 83.3% (25/30) among wild boar serum samples using ELISA. Molecular detection through PCR identified <i>T. gondii</i> DNA in 46.7% (14/30) of tissue samples, with the highest detection rates in tongue tissues (64%), followed by muscle (21%) and diaphragm (14%). No positive results were found in heart samples, and no animal had multiple tissues testing positive. All PCR-positive cases corresponded with positive ELISA results, and a statistically significant difference was observed in parasite prevalence across different tissues (<i>p</i> = 0.002).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although consumption of wild boar meat is banned in Iran, illegal hunting and consumption remain a concern. The high prevalence of <i>T. gondii</i> in wild boars poses a potential risk for transmission through the illegal consumption of undercooked or raw meat. This study highlights the need for public health interventions to control the illegal trade of wild boar meat and reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis transmission. Further research is recommended to investigate <i>T. gondii</i> distribution in other tissues, including the brain, and to better understand the parasite's epidemiology in this region.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"166-173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142772868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Community-Based Reporting and Field Diagnostics for Improved Rabies Surveillance in Rural Laikipia, Kenya","authors":"Christian O. Odinga,&nbsp;Lian F. Thomas,&nbsp;Evalyne Wambugu,&nbsp;Adam W. Ferguson,&nbsp;Eric M. Fèvre,&nbsp;Andy Gibson,&nbsp;James M. Hassell,&nbsp;Dishon M. Muloi,&nbsp;Suzan Murray,&nbsp;Andrea Surmat,&nbsp;Peter M. Mwai,&nbsp;Rosie Woodroffe,&nbsp;Dedan Ngatia,&nbsp;Peter M. Gathura,&nbsp;John Waitumbi,&nbsp;Katherine E. L. Worsley-Tonks","doi":"10.1111/zph.13193","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rabies vaccination in domestic dog populations has increased globally in a bid to protect human health. Surveillance efforts, however, are inconsistent in endemic regions such as in sub-Saharan Africa, due to fragmented reporting and limited diagnostic capacity for suspected cases, limiting successful monitoring and evaluation of vaccination campaigns. Here, we conducted a pilot study aiming to strengthen rabies surveillance by combining community-based surveillance with field-based diagnostic testing in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in central Kenya; communities which are frequently marginalised from health systems. During the 6-month pilot study, there were 14 alerts of suspected rabid dogs in the community, of which eight were tested and five diagnostically confirmed as rabid. Two positive samples processed successfully for whole genome sequencing indicated that the rabies variant circulating in central Kenya during the study period belonged to the Africa 1b subclade, which is similar to variants identified in eastern Kenya and Tanzania, suggesting regional transmission. This pilot study indicates that rabies continues to circulate in the region and that community-based surveillance, when combined with enhanced diagnostic testing, can help alleviate underreporting and guide vaccination campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"194-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142772866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility of Mammals to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A Qualitative Risk Assessment From the Belgian Perspective","authors":"Virginie Van Leeuw,&nbsp;Pieter Depoorter,&nbsp;Axel Mauroy,&nbsp;Olivier Beck,&nbsp;Herman Claeys,&nbsp;Nick De Regge,&nbsp;Valérie De Waele,&nbsp;Paul De Winter,&nbsp;Jean-François Heymans,&nbsp;Jozef Hooyberghs,&nbsp;Philippe Houdart,&nbsp;Cyrelle Houtsaeger,&nbsp;Annick Linden,&nbsp;Marcella Mori,&nbsp;Hans Nauwynck,&nbsp;Anna Parys,&nbsp;Javiera Rebolledo Romero,&nbsp;Chantal Rettigner,&nbsp;Lieze Rouffaer,&nbsp;Jorgen Stassijns,&nbsp;Mieke Steensels,&nbsp;Steven Van Gucht,&nbsp;Kristien Van Reeth,&nbsp;Katie Vermeersch,&nbsp;Muriel Vervaeke,&nbsp;Claude Saegerman,&nbsp;Jeroen Dewulf","doi":"10.1111/zph.13194","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13194","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The world experienced a huge number of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in birds, which could represent one of the largest registered epidemics of infectious disease in food-producing animals. Therefore, mammals, including humans, are continuously exposed to HPAI viruses leading to sporadic and sometimes unusual mammal infections. The aim of this paper is to assess the risk of crossing the avian/mammalian species barrier by the currently circulating HPAI viruses, focusing on the epidemiological situation of Belgium, a representative country for Western Europe.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Information on transmission pathways and species susceptibility, based on the experimental and epidemiological data, was reviewed and weighted to assess the risk of mammal infection with HPAI A(H5N1) viruses of the circulating clade 2.3.4.4b. This risk is defined as the likelihood of mammal infection by birds crossed by the clinical consequences of this infection for this animal. From the Belgian perspective, it is concluded that this risk remains ‘low’ to ‘moderate’ for captive/domestic mammal species. However, this risk was categorised as ‘high’ for certain species, i.e. mammals that have the opportunity to have frequent direct or indirect close contacts with infected (dead) birds, such as wild felids, wild mustelids, foxes and wild marine carnivore mammals. For some mammal species, the uncertainty associated with the assessment remains high due to an ever-changing situation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The longer the virus will continue to circulate in wildlife/the environment the stronger the probability of contact between infected birds and mammals will become. This will increase the related risk of viral adaptation for efficient transmission between mammal, posing concerns for public health. Regular reassessments based on the field and experimental data are therefore necessary to implement and adapt risk-based mitigation measures. This will require continuous monitoring of avian influenza viruses in both birds and mammals as well as sharing of sequence data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"150-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142751070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of the Habitat Characteristics and Ecological Niche of the Asian Tiger Mosquito in a Fine-Scale Area of a Primate Research Center Using the Maximum Entropy Model","authors":"Dimas Novianto,&nbsp;Upik Kesumawati Hadi,&nbsp;Susi Soviana,&nbsp; Supriyono,&nbsp;Morakot Kaewthamasorn,&nbsp;Huda Shalahudin Darusman","doi":"10.1111/zph.13192","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13192","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Aedes</i>-borne diseases, such as Zika and Chikungunya, originate from an enzootic cycle in which non-human primates (NHPs) function as reservoirs. This study aimed to analyze the characteristic habitat and ecological niche models of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> within the confines of a Primate Research Center (PRC), to assess its potential as a site for zoonotic arbovirus transmission. Additionally, this study aimed to construct a comprehensive map to delineate the risks of arbovirus transmission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 1-year direct field survey was conducted from January to December 2022 in the PRC to obtain comprehensive data on the presence of larvae, including their conditions, habitat types, and physicochemical characteristics. Larval collection was meticulously performed at potential breeding sites using a 350 ml dipper and pipette. Information on the ecological niche was compiled based on a combination of general environmental variables and mosquito presence data obtained from direct field surveys using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In total, 120 presence points for <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae were obtained from the PRC area, with 23.02% of the larvae found in buckets as artificial habitats, and 18.25% found in bromeliad plants as natural habitat types. Larvae of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> occupy artificial habitats that are not turbid, exposed to direct sunlight, and devoid of predators. The abundances and occurrences of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae was found to be significantly influenced by pH and total dissolved solids. This study showed that the PRC was a suitable habitat for breeding <i>Ae. albopictus</i> larvae, with the distance to buildings emerging as a significant environmental variable in the species distribution model</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The fine-scale empirical model developed for <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and its habitat characteristics not only provide insights into the suitability of vector habitats, but can also be used assess the risk of arbovirus transmission, potentially informing strategies for controlling mosquito breeding sites within the PRC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 2","pages":"136-149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Summary of Tick and Animal Surveillance Studies for Lyme Disease in Canada, 1975–2023: A Scoping Review","authors":"Alexander Davidson,&nbsp;Patrick H. Kelly,&nbsp;Julie Davis,&nbsp;Maria Major,&nbsp;Jennifer C. Moïsi,&nbsp;James H. Stark","doi":"10.1111/zph.13191","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13191","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lyme disease (LD) is caused by infection with the bacteria <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> sensu lato (<i>Bb</i>) through the bite of an infected <i>Ixodes</i> spp. tick. LD has emerged as a public and animal health issue in Canada, with human incidence increasing in part due to the expansion of <i>Ixodes scapularis</i> ticks and their vertebrate hosts. We sought to provide the first comprehensive summary of published tick and animal surveillance literature regarding LD in Canada to describe changes in LD over time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a review to identify peer-reviewed LD-focused tick, mammal, and bird surveillance articles in three online databases between 1975 and 2023. Data on study characteristics, data collection years, and surveillance methods and findings were extracted. Descriptive statistics were reported.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In total, 115 studies were included for review. Results showed an increase in published surveillance literature and changes in study approaches and their provincial distribution over time, coinciding with increased LD cases in Canada. Seventy-four studies were published after 2014 when Canada's Federal Framework on Lyme Disease Act was introduced, and two-thirds of these studies focused on tick surveillance only. Overall, 58% of studies involved surveillance in Ontario but increases in all other provinces were observed after 2009.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Observed changes in five decades of LD-related tick and animal surveillance literature helps document the historical rapid spread of <i>Ixodes</i> and <i>Bb</i> across provinces. This can provide lessons for other regions that may transition from emerging to endemic status for LD in the coming years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"72 1","pages":"9-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11695702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}