After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0009
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"The Fall of Orchard Park, the Rise of Orchard Gardens","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 describes the harrowing decline of Orchard Park during the late 1980s and early 1990s and then traces the resident-centered successful effort to transform Orchard Park into Orchard Gardens using the HOPE VI program. When HOPE VI funds became available in the 1990s, activist Boston citizens—prominently including Orchard Park Tenants Association chairwoman Edna Bynoe—had every reason to assume that public housing transformation would overwhelmingly serve those with the lowest incomes. HOPE VI, Boston-style, was co-led by a neighborhood-based not-for-profit developer and featured prominent resident input. Orchard Gardens allocated 85 percent of dwellings to public housing residents, while enabling 70 percent of former Orchard Park households to return. The new community, under well-regarded private management, also positively impacted the surrounding neighborhood by providing infill housing, as well as community facilities, including a new school. Boston continued to emphasize housing for very low-income households in subsequent HOPE VI initiatives.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126206943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0013
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"The Rise and Fall of North Beach Place","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Chapters 10, 11, and 12 describe a fourth form of HOPE VI poverty governance—one centered on the role of not-for-profit housing developers and community organizations in San Francisco. Chapter 10 charts the rise and fall of North Beach Place, demonstrating how the city’s Nonprofitus constellation burst forth from the cataclysm of urban renewal. Completed in 1952, the 229-unit development near Fisherman’s Wharf initially housed whites but gradually gained substantial African American and Chinese populations. With urban renewal, the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency (SFRA)—under the heavy-handed direction of Justin Herman from 1959 to 1971—displaced thousands of San Francisco’s blacks from the razed Fillmore District. Coupled with antihighway protests and other neighborhood backlash, San Francisco developed a broad constellation of neighborhood-based organizations determined to help low-income households remain. As a dysfunctional San Francisco Housing Authority (SFHA) staggered, North Beach Place declined, becoming a dangerous eyesore in a high-visibility tourist mecca.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124236363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0016
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"Housing the Poorest: Hoping for More","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 13 revisits the four constellations—Publica Major, the Big Developer, Nonprofitus, and Plebs—to compare the four places discussed in the book. These cities of stars reveal how HOPE VI affects governance in two settings: the phased implementation of projects and the management of completed neighborhoods. The relative power of public, private, not-for-profit, and community voices constrains project pace and shapes how much to prioritize on-site rehousing of the existing extremely low-income community. And, following on this, the second key arena of poverty governance entails decisions about selecting and managing residents in the completed development. Reflecting on the lived reality of the four communities provides an opportunity to revisit the stated rationales for income mixing. The chapter assesses the difficulties of redeveloping public housing in the context of ongoing (self-inflicted) economic austerity and lingering resentments and concludes by examining emergent directions for housing and planning policy.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130925357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0004
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"The Rise and Fall of St. Thomas","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Chapters 3–5 focus on New Orleans to illustrate one dominant strand of HOPE VI practice—the confluence of a weak housing authority and a Big Developer governance constellation in a city without a robust tradition of coordinated tenant empowerment. Chapter 3 traces the rise and fall of the St. Thomas development, completed in 1941 and later extended in 1952. This replaced a mixed-race “slum” area with public housing for white tenants, an act entailing a substantial neighborhood purge. The fifteen-hundred-unit development shifted to primarily black occupancy following desegregation in the 1960s and subsequently underwent disinvestment that led to a protracted decline. Meanwhile, the Louisiana legislature rescinded the state enabling legislation for urban renewal, thereby limiting its impact on both slum clearance while also curtailing the rise of community organizing. White preservationists stopped the Riverfront Expressway, but no one stopped Interstate 10 from devastating a black neighborhood.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122930088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0006
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"Inhabiting and Inhibiting River Garden","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 reveals the challenges of inhabiting and managing River Garden. Phase 1 opened in November 2004. The devastation wrought by the Katrina disaster in August 2005—coupled with ensuing challenges to the housing market—caused subsequent phases to be delayed, altered, or cancelled. Rather than an investment that would create a “win-win” combination of a revitalized neighborhood and genuine opportunity for the former neighborhood’s least-advantaged residents, the redevelopment process, slowly but surely, shunted public housing tenants to the margins—both literally and figuratively—and also failed to construct the market-dominated community that the developer wanted. Framed by policymakers as a deconcentration of poverty, this strand of HOPE VI instead purged the poorest and yielded many ongoing tensions in community governance. Still, St. Thomas became a precedent for the post-Katrina transformation of many of the remaining large public housing developments in New Orleans.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121479838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0008
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"The Rise of Orchard Park","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Chapters 6 and 7 focus on Boston’s version of community-centered HOPE VI practice. Chapter 6 narrates the rise and fall of the Orchard Park public housing project while also explaining the origins of Boston’s Plebs governance constellation that brought such deeply felt resident engagement to the cause of public housing preservation. Boston’s city leaders created Orchard Park in 1942 to house upwardly mobile workers. As in other cities, public housing conditions deteriorating after the 1960s, but in Boston—partly in response to overzealous urban renewal and highway projects surrounding Orchard Park—community-driven movements such as the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative emerged to protect low-income residents. The Boston Housing Authority’s board gained a “tenant-oriented majority” in 1970, and, in the 1980s, a receiver-led BHA completed major public housing redevelopment efforts that remained 100 percent public housing. Elected officials increasingly found it politically imperative to support residential neighborhoods rather than just downtown business interests.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115517223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0001
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"Public Housing, Redevelopment, and the Governance of Poverty","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a brief overview American public housing history, linked to the broader planning history of slum clearance and urban renewal. It steps back to consider the longer history of efforts to define the problem of poverty and its governance. It then traces the evolution of deeply subsidized housing programs, revealing decades of expansion, followed by a more recent contraction. It next introduces HOPE VI, the main federal program of public housing redevelopment, explaining its policy evolution, efforts to combat concentrated poverty, and links to gentrification. It provides a method for categorizing the significant variety of efforts to implement HOPE VI projects, showing that mixed-income housing can be pursued in many different ways, in accordance with divergent aims. By identifying the larger national pattern of HOPE VI deployment in an unprecedented way, it situates the book’s four detailed case examinations in a more holistic context.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"85 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128791107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0014
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"Renewing North Beach Place","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190624330.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 11 charts North Beach Place’s decade-long struggle from initial HOPE VI proposal (1995) to completed development (2005). Unlike Tucson, where the public sector held sway, San Francisco had a weak housing authority; unlike Boston, no single tenant emerged as a Plebs pole star; and unlike New Orleans, San Franciscans refused to leave the fate of public housing to the unchecked preferences of for-profit developers. Instead, buoyed by support from the Telegraph Hill Neighborhood Center and the Chinatown Community Development Center, proponents of the North Beach Place redevelopment insisted on retaining all 229 deeply subsidized apartments, while densifying the site to include an additional 112 units of affordable housing, financed with Low-Income Housing Tax Credits. With strong mayoral support, leadership from a not-for-profit developer, and empowered tenants, this version of HOPE VI preserved and enhanced the last remnants of affordable housing in an otherwise gentrifying neighborhood.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127989009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0002
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"After Urban Renewal","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 traces the changing nature of urban governance and participation between the 1940s and the present. It argues that much of HOPE VI variation is rooted in a city’s experience with earlier efforts at slum clearance, urban renewal, and central-city highways. In those cities where past backlashes against perceived excesses in land taking and displacement in residential areas led to lasting citywide movements to prevent this from happening again, there seems to be much greater protection for the poorest citizens under HOPE VI. Instead of more narrowly constructed urban regimes or growth machines focused in public-private partnerships, broader coalitions develop. Using the metaphor of constellations, the chapter identifies four types of poverty governance: the Big Developer, Publica Major, Nonprofitus, and Plebs. Each of these encompasses diverse players in development initiatives, but corresponds, respectively, to a polestar located in the private sector, public sector, not-for-profit sector, or community sector.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130544230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the ProjectsPub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0005
Lawrence J. Vale
{"title":"The Tortuous Road from St. Thomas to River Garden","authors":"Lawrence J. Vale","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190624330.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 follows the tortuous course that led St. Thomas to its redevelopment, revealing the machinations of a governance constellation centered on the prerogatives of the Big Developer. Starting in the late 1980s, the struggling housing project had multiple suitors eager to launch a transformation. The redevelopment effort faced a long series of false starts and endured multiple lawsuits and setbacks. Eventually, championed by maverick developer Pres Kabacoff, this yielded the mixed-income community of River Garden, completed in phases between 2001 and 2009. Although the initial HOPE VI application had proposed a majority of low-income housing on the site, subsequent proposals shifted to plans emphasizing market-rate and tax-credit housing plus a Walmart supercenter, with additional scattered-site public housing for large families promised but never constructed. Eventually, however, market conditions soured and the actual development that got built has far less market-rate housing than this midcourse correction had sought to deliver.","PeriodicalId":239940,"journal":{"name":"After the Projects","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115192779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：