IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206517

Beibei Zhu, Gaofeng Xu, Li Meng, Xu Liu, Qianwu Hu, Xiaoyan Zeng

引用次数: 0

Friction and wear study of a modified pin on disc tribometer under the effect of a magnetic field with an inclined pin 斜销磁场作用下改进型盘式摩擦计的摩擦磨损研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206433

Bittu Kumar Singh, Chiranjit Sarkar

{"title":"Friction and wear study of a modified pin on disc tribometer under the effect of a magnetic field with an inclined pin","authors":"Bittu Kumar Singh, Chiranjit Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A modified pin-on-disc tribometer was developed to investigate the friction and wear characteristics of magnetorheological (MR) fluids under controlled magnetic fields. The design incorporates an inclined pin (0.1°) to establish hydrodynamic conditions, achieving a maximum magnetic flux density of 138 mT at the pin–disc interface. Experiments were performed using steel, aluminium, and brass specimens under varying loads, rotational speeds, and magnetic field strengths. The coefficient of friction decreased with increasing load but increased slightly with magnetic field due to particle aggregation in the contact zone, whereas the effect of speed was negligible. Finite element simulations and hydrodynamic analysis confirmed the parabolic pressure distribution and film thickness increase with field strength, indicating a transition from boundary to mixed lubrication. SEM and surface roughness analyses revealed abrasive wear caused by field-induced particle chain formation. The study highlights the combined influence of magnetic field strength and material hardness on tribological performance, providing design insights for MR fluid-based braking, clutch, and damping systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206433"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction of cast steel three-body abrasive wear by multivariate analysis 用多变量分析预测铸钢三体磨料磨损

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206501

Beata Białobrzeska

{"title":"Prediction of cast steel three-body abrasive wear by multivariate analysis","authors":"Beata Białobrzeska","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an evaluation of the abrasive wear of various grades of cast steel in relation to their mechanical properties and microstructure. Experimental values of volumetric wear were compared with values calculated using the classical Archard model, with a particular focus on the validity of employing a constant wear coefficient. It was found that, for high-hardness cast steels with a martensitic microstructure, the model showed good agreement with experimental data (differences up to ±14 %). For materials with greater ductility and a ferritic–pearlitic microstructure, the discrepancies reached as much as 66 %, indicating the need to modify the model by incorporating microstructural characteristics. To correlate mechanical properties with wear resistance, regression analysis and discriminant analysis were applied. Regression analysis demonstrated a correlation between wear resistance and both hardness and yield strength, whereas no clear relationships were found for parameters describing ductility. Discriminant analysis, however, indicated that hardness and percentage elongation after fracture had the greatest influence on the wear behaviour. To relate the type of microstructure to wear resistance, correspondence analysis was employed. The results enabled the ranking of microstructures according to increasing wear resistance. It was thus confirmed that the microstructures providing the highest wear resistance are lower bainite with martensite and precipitates of finely dispersed primary carbides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206501"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Novel approach for a compressor blade using ultrasound-assisted chemical mechanical polishing performed by a developed polisher 压缩机叶片采用超声辅助化学机械抛光的新方法

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206522

Yaowen Wu , Zhenyu Zhang , Xiaofei Yang , Xibing Zhang , Zhiqiang Li , Yubao Liu , Xiaopei Li , Xiaoping Wu , Hongye Chen

{"title":"Novel approach for a compressor blade using ultrasound-assisted chemical mechanical polishing performed by a developed polisher","authors":"Yaowen Wu , Zhenyu Zhang , Xiaofei Yang , Xibing Zhang , Zhiqiang Li , Yubao Liu , Xiaopei Li , Xiaoping Wu , Hongye Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A compressor blade of martensitic stainless steel with complex surface and structure is difficult to machine, due to its wear and corrosion resistance. Mechanical polishing is widely employed to polish the blade, causing the surface roughness Ra >0.3 μm and profile tolerance >0.04 mm. To solve this challenge, a novel approach of immersed ultrasonic-assisted green chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) was developed, which was performed by a new custom-made polisher, regardless of complex surfaces and structures. Novel CMP slurry is proposed, containing silicon carbide, malic acid, serine and hydrogen peroxide. After CMP, surface roughness Ra of a compressor blade reduced from 0.668 to 0.085 μm, decreasing 87.2 %, and material removal rate is 87.6 mm<sup>3</sup>/h. Prior to and after CMP, profile tolerance is 0.028 mm. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that the thickness of damaged layer decreased from 280.16 to 15.24 nm, lowering 94.5 %. A mechanical model of a compressor blade is suggested to investigate the stress exerted by slurry, according to the calculations of computational fluid dynamics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared confirm that hydrogen peroxide oxidized the surface of compressor blade, forming oxides. The oxides were dissolved by the ionized H<sup>+</sup> ions from malic acid and serine. Dissolved Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions were chelated by -COOH, -OH and -NH<sub>2</sub> affiliated from malic acid and serine. Subsequently, soft oxide layer was removed by slurry. Our proposed novel ultrasonic-assisted green CMP offers new findings to achieve smooth surface with high profile tolerance on the surface of compressor blade, despite of its complex surface and structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206522"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of three-body abrasive wear behavior in TiC particle-reinforced Martensitic/Austenitic multiphase steel TiC颗粒增强马氏体/奥氏体多相钢三体磨粒磨损行为研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206515

Xin Wang , Aiguo Yao , Zihan Zhang , Shuai Tong , Xinjun Sun

{"title":"Investigation of three-body abrasive wear behavior in TiC particle-reinforced Martensitic/Austenitic multiphase steel","authors":"Xin Wang , Aiguo Yao , Zihan Zhang , Shuai Tong , Xinjun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the influence of austenite content and its synergistic interaction with TiC particles on wear behavior. A novel “pre-partitioning-quenching” heat treatment process was employed as a key strategy to successfully fabricate TiC particle-reinforced martensite/austenite (M/A) multiphase steels containing 38–57 % metastable reverse austenite (RA). The wear performance of the developed steels was evaluated under wet sand/rubber wheel three-body abrasive wear conditions (ASTM <span><span>G105-20</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) and systematically compared with that of commercial NM450 steel at applied loads of 100 N, 170 N, and 225 N. The results demonstrate that, under the tested conditions, the wear resistance of the TiC-free M/A multiphase steel is 1.05–1.29 times higher than that of NM450. Upon addition of 0.31–0.38 wt% Ti, wear resistance is further enhanced and increases with both applied load and RA content. Notably, the 7.5MnTi steel, which exhibits a higher RA fraction, achieves a wear resistance 1.97 times greater than that of NM450, despite having a relatively low hardness of approximately HBW 402. Comprehensive analysis confirms a significant synergistic effect between austenite and TiC. The improvement in wear resistance exceeds the sum of their individual contributions, indicating that these two components collectively enhance the wear resistance through a cooperative mechanism in this wet sand three-body wear environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Load-dependent fretting wear behavior in additively and conventionally manufactured TA15 titanium alloy 增材制造和常规制造TA15钛合金的载荷依赖微动磨损行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206534

Jiahua Liu, Hongzeng Yang, Baoli Guo, Yongming Han, Xiaofeng Zhang, Xiao Li, Long Xin, Yonghao Lu

{"title":"Load-dependent fretting wear behavior in additively and conventionally manufactured TA15 titanium alloy","authors":"Jiahua Liu, Hongzeng Yang, Baoli Guo, Yongming Han, Xiaofeng Zhang, Xiao Li, Long Xin, Yonghao Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates fretting wear in WAAM-produced versus conventionally manufactured TA15 titanium alloy under loads (5N–15N). Wear behavior critically depends on both load and manufacturing-induced microstructure. The conventional alloy with homogeneous equiaxed grains, shows better wear resistance: lower/stable friction coefficients and reduced wear volume across all loads. Its wear changes predictably from gross slip (5N) to mixed (8–10N) to partial slip (12–15N) as load increases. Conversely, WAAM-produced TA15 with coarse columnar β grains and uneven hardness stays mostly in the mixed regime. This causes higher, unstable friction and greater wear volume. Both alloys show decreasing wear scar size with higher loads due to work hardening, but their wear mechanisms differ. WAAM -produced TA15 shifts from mild abrasion/oxidation at low loads to dominant (yet unstable) oxidation at high loads, suffering adhesive-sliding and oxide spalling. The conventional alloy transitions to oxidative/delamination wear in stable partial slip at high loads, where adhesion (center) and micro-slip (edges) enable uniform stress distribution. Oxidation increases with load for both, but the conventional alloy forms more stable oxide layers evidenced by oxygen-rich rings in micro-slip zones. WAAM-produced TA15 inferior wear resistance fundamentally originates in its microstructure, underscoring the need for microstructural control in demanding applications. These findings guide material selection and design for titanium components facing fretting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206534"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance of top-of-rail products under contaminated conditions with pre-existing cracks: Impacts on traction and surface damage 轨顶产品在已有裂纹污染条件下的性能：对牵引力和表面损伤的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206520

Simon Skurka , Radovan Galas , Jiaxin Li , Honghao Wang , Milan Omasta , Haohao Ding , Wenjian Wang , Ivan Krupka , Martin Hartl

{"title":"Performance of top-of-rail products under contaminated conditions with pre-existing cracks: Impacts on traction and surface damage","authors":"Simon Skurka , Radovan Galas , Jiaxin Li , Honghao Wang , Milan Omasta , Haohao Ding , Wenjian Wang , Ivan Krupka , Martin Hartl","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Top-of-rail (TOR) products are used to optimise friction and reduce wear in the wheel–rail contact. However, their performance is affected by the presence of oxide layers naturally formed on the rail surface and by other environmental contaminants such as water. In this study, two types of TOR products (one friction modifier and one TOR lubricant) were tested under dry and wet conditions on both clean and oxidised specimens. In addition, some specimens were preconditioned to form pre-existing cracks, allowing a comparison between undamaged and damaged surfaces. The investigation focused on traction (CoT), wear rate, and rolling contact fatigue (RCF). The results showed that, with respect to CoT, water influenced the TOR lubricant much more than the friction modifier, as it extended its retentivity and led to extremely low friction levels (CoT down to 0.05). Both products effectively reduced wear and prevented crack initiation. However, when pre-existing cracks were present, the combination of water and the liquid base of TOR products accelerated crack propagation and caused severe spalling. Interestingly, oxidation also contributed to crack growth, as oxide formation inside the crack induced internal pressure that promoted secondary crack propagation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206520"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wear interface evolution and its impact on vibration of high-speed train brake friction blocks under long ramps 长坡道下高速列车制动摩擦块磨损界面演化及其对振动的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206514

Min Zhang , Caoyuan Hu , Jiliang Mo , Qixiang Zhang , Zhongrong Zhou

{"title":"Wear interface evolution and its impact on vibration of high-speed train brake friction blocks under long ramps","authors":"Min Zhang , Caoyuan Hu , Jiliang Mo , Qixiang Zhang , Zhongrong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-speed trains experience severe wear of brake pads when operating on lines with long ramps. Researching the wear progression of brake pads under these conditions is essential for the safe functioning of the train. The braking conditions on long ramps are complex and variable, and the tribological behavior between brake pads and brake discs is intricate, having a significant impact on the evolution of the brake pad's wear interface. In this study, scaled-down braking tests were conducted. Meanwhile, finite element models and numerical models were established. These models aimed to analyze the wear evolution law and vibration response characteristics of brake pad friction blocks under long ramp conditions. The test results indicate that different braking conditions lead to distinct eccentric wear angles, which not only alter the contact state but also exert a significant impact on the vibration intensity of the system. The finite element simulation results indicate that both excessively large and small uneven wear angles can cause rapid wear of the friction blocks and intensify friction vibration. A small uneven wear angle results in stress concentration at the cut-in edge, increasing the uneven wear angle. Conversely, a large uneven wear angle leads to stress concentration at the cut-out edge, reducing the uneven wear angle. Numerical simulation results show that changes in contact stiffness due to uneven wear are more likely to trigger unstable vibrations under low braking forces. Different combinations of braking speed and braking pressure also significantly affect the system's stability. The analysis and research results are significant for theoretical and practical value, revealing wear interface evolution patterns of train brake friction blocks on long ramps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206514"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tribological synergy between extreme pressure and copper oleate based additives under boundary lubrication 边界润滑下极压和油酸铜基添加剂之间的摩擦学协同作用

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206478

Borja Armendariz-Molinero , Francesco Pagano , José Tomás San-José-Lombera , Lucia Pisarova , Josef Brenner , Emna Charfi , Ichiro Minami

{"title":"Tribological synergy between extreme pressure and copper oleate based additives under boundary lubrication","authors":"Borja Armendariz-Molinero , Francesco Pagano , José Tomás San-José-Lombera , Lucia Pisarova , Josef Brenner , Emna Charfi , Ichiro Minami","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the current trends in tribology is reducing oil viscosity to minimize the hydrodynamic losses. However, the reduction of viscosity could lead to harsher tribological operating conditions and consequently higher wear and lower durability of gears and bearings. For this reason, new additive technology is essential. One promising approach involves smart additive design based on synergy between existing additives. This paper combined copper oleate with Sulfur and Phosphorus extreme-pressure additives showing a remarkable reduction on friction and a novel synergistic effect on wear using an ISO VG 46 base oil. Based on SEM/EDS and XPS analyses on the wear scars, a plausible mechanism for this synergy was proposed. Finally, to assess the anti-wear properties of this synergy, a fully formulated commercial ISO VG 320 synthetic gear oil was tested under the same tribological conditions, showing that the formulation developed in this work was even able to provide superior protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206478"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Balancing friction and wear properties in Nano-Al2O3 strengthened 7075 Al alloys fabricated by laser assisted cold spray 激光辅助冷喷涂制备纳米al2o3增强7075铝合金的摩擦磨损平衡性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206473

Qiang Wang, Jin Wang, Nan Li, Wenjuan Niu, Nan Guo, Shukai Ge, Liangliang Huang

{"title":"Balancing friction and wear properties in Nano-Al2O3 strengthened 7075 Al alloys fabricated by laser assisted cold spray","authors":"Qiang Wang, Jin Wang, Nan Li, Wenjuan Niu, Nan Guo, Shukai Ge, Liangliang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser assisted cold spray (LACS) is an emerging solid-state deposition technique integrating cold spray (CS) and laser heating advantages, for fabricating components with low oxidation and high densification. However, the inherently low laser absorptivity of aluminum (Al) alloy powders limits thermal-assisted plastic deformation and overall coating performance in LACS. This study developed a micro-nano composite powder by incorporating Nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles (0–3 wt %) into 7075 Al alloy powder to enhance laser absorption and optimize coating quality. Results showed increasing Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> led to a rougher powder surface, enhancing laser absorptivity from 60.91 % to 77.84 %. Deposition efficiency first increased then decreased, peaking at 62.3 % before dropping to 31.7 %. Nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> promoted localized heat absorption and enhanced particle plastic deformation, reducing porosity from 2.73 % to 0.69 %. Microhardness increased significantly from 117.46 HV<sub>0.2</sub> to 161.51 HV<sub>0.2</sub> with increasing nanoparticle content. Tribological tests revealed the 3 wt % Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coating showed a 52.9 % lower wear rate than pure 7075 Al when sliding against GCr15 steel ball. Adding Nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> shifted the wear mechanism from severe adhesive wear to mild adhesive combined with abrasive wear, with oxidative wear throughout. This study demonstrated a feasible surface modification strategy to enhance laser energy utilization and coating performance in LACS, offering a new pathway for wear-resistant Al alloy coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206473"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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