Wear最新文献

{"title":"Measurement of grit wear in abrasive c-BN electroplated tipped blades for gas turbines applications","authors":"A. Parody Martin ,&nbsp;M.B. Marshall","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing use of ceramic abradable seal systems in the High-Pressure Turbine section of gas turbines, aimed at improving efficiency and reducing fuel consumption, introduces new challenges in performance evaluation. This work proposes a standard method to quantify wear on c-BN electroplated tipped blades, which function as abrasive coatings on rotor blades. The approach relies on 3D metrology scanner to capture surface data of the blade and converting them into measurable parameters that allow for consistent comparison between blades from rig testing. Key metrics include grit density, the volume occupied by abrasive particles, and the corresponding void volume and void density resulting from wear. An additional parameter is proposed to account for debris accumulation and its effect on the proposed wear-related metrics. The results demonstrate consistent trends across the proposed parameters, both in pristine and tested blades, regardless of their initial grit density as well as with grit wear patterns. The proposed Positive Volume Variation (PVV) and Grit Density Variation (GDV) metrics exhibited a strong mutual correlation (r = 0.950), a result supported by their shared underlying physical basis. In contrast, the Mean Height Variation (MHV), typically applied to bare blades, demonstrated weaker correlations with both PVV (r = 0.893) and GDV (r = 0.745).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"589 ","pages":"Article 206538"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribological performance of Cronidur-30 and AISI 440 C bearing steels: Effect of lubricant formulations on antiwear behavior","authors":"M.R. Ranju ,&nbsp;Y. Arivu ,&nbsp;R. Rejith ,&nbsp;D. Kesavan","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of lubricant formulations on the antiwear performance of high nitrogen alloyed cronidur −30 bearing steel has been evaluated and compared with aerospace standard AISI 440C steel. Base oil without any additives, base lubricant (base oil formulated with additives), and graphene-additivated (GNL) lubricants were taken as lubricant variants in this study. Four-ball testing was conducted on lubricant variants, and the best antiwear performance was obtained with graphene nanolubricant at the optimum concentration. Wear reduction of 44 % and a coefficient of friction improvement of 8 % were obtained for GNL with optimal concentration compared to the base lubricant. The GNL with optimal concentration is used for further sliding friction testing with Cronidur 30 steel and results compared with AISI440C steel as reference. A comparative evaluation revealed that AISI 440C exhibited significantly improved antifriction performance than CR30 under all lubrication conditions. The application of graphene nanolubricant with effective concentration resulted in a reduction in the coefficient of friction, achieving up to 20 % for 440C and 88 % for CR30 compared to the base lubricant, highlighting the enhanced tribological effectiveness of GNL, particularly for CR30 material. The improved tribological behavior can be mainly ascribed to the combined influence of graphene's strong adsorption onto the contact surface, its ability to smoothen surface asperities through polishing and mending effects, and the development of a protective tribofilm that reduces direct metal-to-metal contact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"589 ","pages":"Article 206539"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribological mechanisms of modified C/C-SiC composite discs: A comparison of copper-containing semi-metallic and copper-free friction pads","authors":"Sitao Shi ,&nbsp;Fuyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Su Cheng ,&nbsp;Guanghai Liu ,&nbsp;Laifei Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating the tribological behavior of C/C-SiC against various friction linings is crucial for their advancement. In this study, SiC and graphite hybrid fillers were incorporated into C/C-SiC composites using slurry infiltration (SI) and precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) methods to modify the matrix and optimize the composition and microstructure. A full-scale dynamometer was used to investigate the tribological behavior of a C/C-SiC disc against copper-containing semi-metallic and copper-free pads. The results indicated that the average coefficient of friction (COF) for semi-metallic-based pads is 0.46, while that for copper-free pads is 0.38. The analysis of the worn surfaces revealed that the infiltrated micro-SiC and reaction-formed nano-SiC forming a multiscale SiC-phase substructure exhibit a \"synergistic plowing effect\" during friction. Copper-containing semi-metallic pads exhibit a combination of abrasive and adhesive wear, with metal oxidation being the primary cause of fading. The main oxidation products are CuO, Cu₂O, and Fe₂O₃. In contrast, copper-free pads primarily experience abrasive wear. The smaller debris form dense contact plateaus, which result in reduced wear loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"589 ","pages":"Article 206555"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous tribology at high temperatures: How high-entropy alloys defy conventional wisdom in polycrystalline diamond compacts","authors":"Dongxu Hou ,&nbsp;Dezhong Meng ,&nbsp;Jiajie Kang ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Fu ,&nbsp;Kuo Hu ,&nbsp;Liang Xu ,&nbsp;Wen Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High temperatures during downhole resource exploitation have significantly impact the drilling efficiency. Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bits are widely used in deep drilling operations, facing the challenges of elevated downhole temperatures and highly abrasive formations. Considering the amorphization of diamond, conventional wisdom suggests that PDC, employed as cutting parts in diamond drill bits, exhibit reduced wear resistance at high temperatures. This study demonstrates that the HEA-containing PDC exhibits a temperature-dependent reduction in wear resistance, followed by a pronounced anomalous enhancement at 300 °C. The wear rate of the HEA-bonded PDC (1.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ mm³/N· mm) at 300 °C is only 62.5 % of that observed under ambient conditions. Meanwhile, its wear rate at high temperatures is only 60 % of that of cobalt-bonded PDC. Phase transformations within the HEA weakened its bonding strength with the diamond grains, leading to grain detachment during the wear process. Subsequently, HEA-containing wear debris accumulated at the wear interface, inducing a reconstruction phenomenon that protected the diamond grains. The wear mechanisms of counterparts were primarily abrasive wear, with a transition to fatigue wear at high temperatures and high frequencies. Moreover, the onset oxidation temperature of PDC containing HEA (910 °C) is significantly higher than that of PDC with cobalt (832 °C). This study will offer a novel pathway to design the anti-wear PDCs for elevated temperature conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"589 ","pages":"Article 206548"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermochemical wear mechanisms of WC tools in CFRP countersinking: Oxidation-dominated damage and hole quality degradation","authors":"Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yunqiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Yin ,&nbsp;Guojin Li ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Linmao Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) countersinking, inevitable wear of tungsten carbide (WC) tools degrades hole quality, critically impacting aircraft skin reliability. This study investigates the tool wear mechanism and its influence on countersinking finish by combining real manufacturing process analysis with simulated ball-on-disk sliding tests under heated conditions. Results demonstrate that thermomechanical coupling-induced oxidation wear is the primary driver of WC tool damage. As processing progresses, a sharp rise in cutting force occurs when the tool surface damage rate exceeds 25 %, triggering a transition to severe tribochemical wear. This shift accelerates tool degradation and impairs CFRP countersinking quality. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining (UVAM) mitigates wear by reducing tool-composite contact and suppressing oxidation, enhancing CFRP surface quality. These findings advance high-performance CFRP machining strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"589 ","pages":"Article 206531"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Friction interface evolution and braking performance of high-speed trains on long downhill slopes under extreme cold environment","authors":"Hang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhicheng He ,&nbsp;Qixiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Caiqi Liao ,&nbsp;Kun Xiong ,&nbsp;Xiaocui Wang ,&nbsp;Chunguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiliang Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As high-speed railways extend into complex terrains, prolonged drag braking on long downhill slopes is required to maintain constant speed. Throughout this process, the friction pair is subjected to the combined effects of frictional heating and ambient temperature, which may cause performance deterioration and compromise braking safety. In this study, full-process “drag-parking” braking tests were conducted at −40 °C and 25 °C using a temperature-controlled braking simulation rig. Multi-scale characterizations, including friction coefficient, temperature rise, surface morphology, wear debris characteristics, and residual stress, were employed to elucidate the thermo–mechanical–wear evolution of the friction interface and its influence on parking braking performance. The results indicate that, under extreme cold conditions, the rapid dissipation of frictional heat promoted crack propagation and the accumulation of hard debris at the interface, while also inducing significant residual stress in the brake disc after braking. The resulting local interlocking effect shortened the braking distance, causing severe fluctuations in the friction coefficient, resulting in poor interface stability and braking controllability. In contrast, at room temperature, substantial heat accumulation enhanced material flow and induced matrix softening of the friction block, intensifying high-temperature adhesive wear and thermal ablation. The resulting exfoliated debris was compacted into a sliding layer, which lowered interfacial shear resistance and led to progressive thermal fade of friction performance, ultimately resulting in a considerable increase in braking distance. This study clarifies the coupled effects of frictional heat generation and ambient thermal exchange on friction interface evolution and parking braking performance, providing theoretical insights and experimental support for the safety assessment and structural optimization of high-speed train braking systems under extreme conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206521"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental insights into temperature-dependent fretting fatigue and wear of aluminum conductor","authors":"Miguel A. Garcia,&nbsp;Ricardo Lenon Da Silva Rodrigues,&nbsp;José Alexander Araújo,&nbsp;Jorge L.A. Ferreira,&nbsp;Cosme Roberto Moreira da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the combined effects of temperature and cyclic loading on the fretting fatigue behavior of aluminum conductors is essential for reliable power transmission performance. This study investigates the impact of operating and emergency temperatures on the fretting fatigue life of 6201-T81 aluminum alloy wires extracted from 900 MCM All Aluminum Alloy Conductors (AAAC). Fretting fatigue tests were performed at 75 °C, representing standard operating conditions, and 100 °C, corresponding to the maximum emergency temperature permitted for this conductor type. A three-actuator fretting fatigue testing rig, equipped with a heating system capable of maintaining temperature within ±2 °C, was employed. A methodology was developed to achieve precise temperature control in the contact region, and the wire-against-wire fretting fatigue test configuration is detailed. Tests were displacement-controlled, with shear loads applied independently of the cyclic fatigue load. The apparatus successfully reproduced fretting fatigue conditions between aluminum wires, generating elliptical wear marks and maintaining a partial slip regime in accordance with Amontons' law, with clearly defined stick and slip zones. S-N (stress-life) curves were obtained for both temperature conditions. Results revealed a 34.7 % reduction in fatigue life at 75 °C and up to 42.9 % at 100 °C, reflecting temperature- and time-dependent changes in mechanical behavior. SEM analysis confirmed fretting fatigue failure, with larger stick zones observed at elevated temperatures due to thermal softening. Life reductions were attributed to microstructural changes: recovery at 75 °C, increasing ductility and reducing strength, and recrystallization at 100 °C, exceeding the typical recrystallization threshold of 90 °C for the 6201 alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206519"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact wear and dynamic responses of Mohs minerals under cyclic impact loads","authors":"Xin Fan ,&nbsp;Wen Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact wear of rock caused by cyclic impact loads from the drill pipe is an important factor contributing to wellbore instability. From the microscopic perspective, the accumulation of impact wear on constituent minerals results in the impact wear of the rock. Understanding the impact wear mechanism and dynamic response characteristics of minerals under cyclic impact loads is essential for controlling the stability of drill pipe and wellbore during oil and gas drilling. In this study, the major constituent minerals of rocks commonly encountered in drilling formations, such as quartz, feldspar, apatite, fluorite, calcite and gypsum, were selected as the test materials. These minerals are representative of the Mohs hardness scale. The evolution of key physical parameters associated with wellbore stability, including impact force and kinetic energy absorption rate, was analyzed with increasing impact cycles. The impact wear characteristics of different minerals were systematically compared. The results show that intrinsic material properties, including Mohs hardness, natural cleavage development, and brittleness, jointly determine the dynamic response, wear morphology, and wear mechanisms during the impact process. Numerical simulation results reveal a clear correlation between the wear scar morphology and the distribution of the maximum principal stress. This study aims to provide experimental data as a reference for controlling the stability of the drill pipe and wellbore in different formations during drilling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206528"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on fretting wear behavior of micro-arc oxidation coatings formed in aluminate, phosphate, and silicate electrolytes on Ti6Al4V alloy","authors":"Zhangyue Qin ,&nbsp;Yali Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaogang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongmin Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were fabricated on Ti6Al4V alloy using silicate, aluminate, and phosphate-based electrolytes, and their fretting wear behaviors and underlying mechanisms were systematically compared. The results showed that the coatings' discharge behavior, microstructure, and chemical composition were tightly coupled to the electrolyte composition, which in turn significantly influenced their fretting wear behaviors. Abrasive wear was identified as a common fretting wear mechanism across all three coatings. In addition, the P-MAO coating exhibited severe fatigue wear and tribochemical reduction, corresponding to the poorest resistance to fretting wear. The Al-MAO coating underwent weaker fatigue wear than the P-MAO coating, yielding an intermediate level of fretting wear resistance. Benefiting from its densest and most uniform microstructure, the Si-MAO coating effectively suppressed fatigue damage, thereby achieving the best fretting wear performance. Meanwhile, against different coatings, the fretting wear characteristics of the ZTA counter body also varied. When fretting against the P-MAO coating, ZTA exhibited pronounced abrasive wear accompanied by adhesive transfer from the coating's substrate. When coupled with the Al-MAO coating, ZTA displayed discernible ploughing, indicative of a comparatively weaker abrasive wear response. By contrast, in fretting against the Si-MAO coating, the fretting damage on ZTA was minimal, manifesting only as faint surface scratches. Notably, unlike sliding wear, tribological performance depended more on coating compactness than on hardness in fretting wear. The Si-MAO coating-rather than the Al-MAO coating-demonstrated superior practical performance and application potential in fretting wear. The fretting damage evolution in the Al-MAO coating followed the pattern “crack initiation-pore compaction/crack propagation-wear removal/fatigue spallation,” whereas that in the Si-MAO coating proceeded via “pore compaction-wear removal.”</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206512"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and tribological properties of Si3N4 and graphene binary reinforced copper-based self-lubricating materials","authors":"Yu Lv,&nbsp;Min Zhong,&nbsp;Meirong Yi,&nbsp;Zhixin Shi,&nbsp;Jianfeng Chen,&nbsp;Wenhu Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-based composites strengthened by Si₃N₄ (3.0 wt%) and graphene (0.5–2.0 wt%). Multi-scale characterization approaches combining SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS were employed to analyze polished surfaces, wear tracks, cross-sectional friction layers, and wear debris. The results indicate that the addition of reinforcing phases significantly enhances the mechanical and tribological behavior of composites compared to pure copper. During the friction process, graphene continuously separates from the matrix to the friction surface, forming a carbon-rich lubricating film. It prevents direct action between the matrix and counter-material, thereby enhancing the abrasion resistance of the composite. Furthermore, Si₃N₄, as a component of the lubricating film, enhances the film strength, making it less prone to detachment during friction. Compared to pure copper, the hybrid reinforcement system demonstrates remarkable property enhancement. The optimal performance is achieved at 3.0 wt% Si₃N₄ and 1.5 wt% graphene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206529"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}