Wear最新文献

{"title":"AlNbTiVSi0.1 lightweight refractory high-entropy alloy coating by GTA cladding: microstructural evolution and high-temperature wear mechanism exploration","authors":"Ziyi Wang ,&nbsp;Shihao You ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Zixia Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Ziheng Song ,&nbsp;Xingwu Qiu ,&nbsp;Chun Wu ,&nbsp;Xuelei Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Ren ,&nbsp;Chao Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The excellent properties of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy make it highly suitable as a structural component in the aerospace field. The limited wear resistance of TC4 alloy at high temperature restricts its use in high-temperature environments. To enhance the high-temperature wear resistance of TC4 alloy and broaden its application range, we used gas tungsten arc cladding to fabricate an AlNbTiVSi_0.1 lightweight refractory high-entropy alloy coating (LRHEAc) on TC4 alloy for the first time. The microstructure, hardness, and high-temperature wear resistance of LRHEAc were analyzed. The LRHEAc was composed of BCC, Ti-Nb, and (Nb, Ti)₅Si₃ phases. The hardness of the top of LRHEAc reached 821.39 Hv_0.5, which was 2.36 times higher than that of TC4 alloy. At room temperature, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C, the LRHEAc exhibited excellent wear resistance compared to the TC4 alloy. The LRHEAc transitioned from fatigue and abrasive wear at room temperature to oxidative wear at high temperature. At different temperatures, the mass wear rate of LRHEAc friction disc was 2.29–2.59 times higher than that of TC4 alloy, while the mass wear rate of LRHEAc itself decreased by 3.73–4.65 times compared to TC4 alloy. Within the wear system formed by both materials, the overall wear rate of LRHEAc was enhanced by 8.7–10.6 times compared to TC4 alloy. The Si element in the LRHEAc promoted the sintering of wear debris on the coating's wear surface at high temperature, forming a dense and strong wear-resistant oxide layer, significantly reducing the friction coefficient and mass wear rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206155"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic insights and modeling of tool mark removal in fluid jet polishing for ultra-precision machining","authors":"Zili Zhang,&nbsp;Chi Fai Cheung,&nbsp;Lai Ting Ho,&nbsp;Chunjin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tool marks, which are unavoidable surface defects in ultra-precision machining processes such as milling, grinding, and turning, can significantly degrade the performance of high-end components. Therefore, the elimination of these marks to achieve a smooth finish is imperative. Fluid jet polishing has emerged as a promising technique owing to its shape-adaptive characteristics, which allow for effective application on both freeform and structured surfaces while ensuring high dimensional accuracy. However, the underlying mechanism of tool mark removal in fluid jet polishing remains poorly understood, posing a challenge to predicting its efficacy. Currently, the effectiveness of tool mark removal is primarily evaluated through laborious trial-and-error experimentation. This study seeks to elucidate the mechanism of tool mark removal in fluid jet polishing to enhance its efficacy. A physical model was established to simulate the abrasive erosion selectivity and the evolution of tool mark morphologies. A comprehensive set of experiments was conducted to validate the model's accuracy. By leveraging this physical model, manufacturers can gain critical insights into the tool mark removal process and make informed decisions to optimize the parameters in fluid jet polishing. Ultimately, this research advances the quality and performance of high-end components in ultra-precision machining.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"578 ","pages":"Article 206146"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of a wear-protective glaze layer on GCr15 bearing steel under dry sliding at room temperature","authors":"X. Sun ,&nbsp;B. Gao ,&nbsp;G.S. Dong ,&nbsp;Q.L. Lyu ,&nbsp;T.D. Ma ,&nbsp;Z. Han ,&nbsp;Z.B. Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation of a protective glaze layer during sliding in high-temperature environments usually enhances the wear resistance of metallic materials. However, GCr15 bearing steels typically operate at temperatures below 160 °C, making it difficult to form a glaze layer within this temperature range. In this work, surface mechanical rolling treatment (SMRT) is used to produce a ∼750 μm-thick gradient nanostructured (GNS) surface layer on GCr15 bearing steel. The friction and wear properties of the SMRT samples were investigated to explore if a wear-protective glaze layer can be formed during dry sliding at room temperature. Analyses on the surface morphologies and compositions revealed that the glaze layers were successfully generated on the worn surface for the SMRT samples, mostly related to abundant oxides generated on the worn surface as a result of fast grain boundary diffusivities and high nucleation rates in the nano-grained surface layer. The formation of a protective glaze layer consists of Fe₂O₃ and SiC results in the significant decreases in the coefficients of friction and wear volumes by inhibiting the occurrence of severe adhesion. After sliding for 9000 cycles, the wear volume of the SMRT samples was reduced by ∼53.2 % relative to that of as-received (AR) samples at a load of 110 N. In comparison, adhesion induced Si-rich amorphous phases on the worn surface might hinder the diffusion of oxygen and suppress the formation of glaze layer on the AR samples under dry sliding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206145"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of Ti6Al4V alloy by wire arc additive manufacturing process and comprehensive machinability analysis","authors":"Jonny Singla ,&nbsp;Navin Kumar ,&nbsp;Anuj Bansal ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Singla ,&nbsp;Navneet Khanna","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ti6Al4V alloy promises to have vide industrial applications owing to high strength, low density, and better resistance to corrosion. In the present study, in the first phase, Ti6Al4V alloy was fabricated by utilizing direct energy deposition techniques namely WAAM-CMT under controlled argon (approx. 99.9 %) environment with an aim to avoid oxidation. The WAAMed Ti6Al4V alloy showed 9.4, 19.14, 122.85, and 16.87 % higher ultimate strength, elongation, toughness, and microhardness, respectively as compared to wrought variant. This implies the suitable selection of WAAM-CMT process parameters along with proper protection under argon environment. Further, to evaluate its machinability, both the conventional and WAAM-CMT developed Ti6Al4V alloys have been subjected to drilling using TiAlN coated carbide twist drill bit under LCO₂ environment. The drilling performance parameters like tool wear, power consumption, cutting force, and torque have been assessed. Flank wear, thrust force, and surface roughness were found to be 94.17, 18.4, and 94.2 %. higher in the case of WAAMed alloy as compared to wrought alloy, respectively owing to its better mechanical properties as mentioned above. Due to improved mechanical properties like higher hardness for WAAMed alloy, the drilling tool gets blunt faster and the surface inside the hole becomes rougher with higher surface roughness as compared to the wrought alloy. Further, power consumption and torque seem to be independent of the flank wear with similar slight variations were reported for both the variants. The hole surface was found to be smoother in case of wrought alloy, which may correlate to its minimal surface roughness. Smaller chips were formed during drilling of WAAMed alloy, however, the macro aspects like curled shape seemed to be similar for both variants. Overall, it is recommended that Ti6Al4V components can be fabricated using WAAM-CMT under controlled argon environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206147"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the chemical structure and antiwear performance of biochar used as a grease additive","authors":"Jarosław Molenda ,&nbsp;Monika Makowska ,&nbsp;Jerzy Kubacki ,&nbsp;Marcin Sikora ,&nbsp;Maciej Łuszcz ,&nbsp;Edyta Osuch-Słomka","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of the microstructure of biochar additives on the antiwear performance of lithium greases. The novelty of this work is the investigation of the possibilities of effectively replacing the critical raw material (graphite), used as an anti-wear additive to greases, with biochar derived from agricultural waste and to study the impact of biochar on the friction surface. The initial grease based on paraffin oil and lithium stearate and four greases additionally enriched with 3 wt% or 5 wt% of biochar produced during the pyrolysis of flax or wheat biomass were tested. All the greases had an NLGI grade of 2. The biochar additives were examined using FTIR, and the I_D/I_G ratio was determined based on Raman spectra. Friction tests were carried out in a roller-block system made of 100Cr6 bearing steel. After the tests, the volumetric wear of the blocks was determined using a profilometer and the chemical structure of the friction surfaces was examined using SEM/EDS and XPS. The research has confirmed that a higher content of biochar in the grease reduces the volumetric wear of the blocks more effectively. The best tribological properties were demonstrated by the grease containing 5 wt% of flax biochar, which resulted in a 24 % reduction of wear compared to the wear of the block lubricated with the model grease. It was found that additives with more highly ordered graphite structures (I_D/I_G = 0.33) and without oxygen functional groups showed better antiwear performance than biochar additives containing such groups but with a more disordered structures (I_D/I_G = 0.44). The wear tracks included iron oxides and thin layers of greases that were not removed when the blocks were ultrasonic cleaned after the tests. Further analysis will allow to determine the mechanism of boundary layer formation. Then researchers will be able to present the results in a subsequent paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206143"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144137906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a cost-effective technology for fabricating high-performance plastic gears","authors":"Chil-Chyuan Kuo ,&nbsp;Ding-Yang Li ,&nbsp;Armaan Farooqui ,&nbsp;Song- Hua Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic gears provide important advantages over metal gears in power transmission systems, offering lighter weight, self-lubricating properties, and quieter operation, though their wear resistance still presents challenges. This research developed a cost-effective manufacturing approach using twelve different materials: four epoxy resin composites reinforced with copper (Cu), 316 stainless steel (SS), iron (Fe) or aluminum (Al) powders, and eight fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed polymer formulations, including Igus I150, Igus I180, standard Polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and both plain and fiber-reinforced Polylactic acid (PLA). The study employed two complementary testing methods - pin-on-disc tests with 2 N loads at 100 mm/s speed using an alumina counterface for basic material evaluation, and specialized gear-on-rack tests with S45C steel counterfaces under varying loads to assess real-world performance. Results showed engineering-grade thermoplastics like Igus I150, Igus I180, PA, and PC demonstrated excellent wear resistance, with PA emerging as the most balanced option considering both performance and cost. These findings provide practical guidance for material selection in functional plastic gear applications, particularly where weight reduction and noise minimization are critical design considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206135"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the metallic substrates on the tribological performance of fused filament fabricated sliding layers made of PEEK-based materials","authors":"Yao Xu ,&nbsp;Chi Hua ,&nbsp;Leyu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The motivation of this research is to explore the impact of different metallic substrates, i.e. aluminum and steel, on the tribological performance of fused filament fabricated polyetheretherketone (PEEK)-based sliding layers by means of a plate-on-ring (PoR) tribometer. The sliding wear tests were conducted under dry sliding conditions with a broad range of load conditions and the steel counterpart used is a 100Cr6 steel ring. Experimental results demonstrate that the coefficient of friction (COF) of the printed neat PEEK sliding layer does not show significant variation between the metallic substrates, while its specific wear rate on the aluminum substrate is significantly lower compared to that on the steel substrate. Interestingly, the COF and wear rate of the sliding layer manufactured by using a PEEK tribocomposite exhibit much higher values on the aluminum substrate than those on the steel substrate. By simulating the contact temperature between the sliding pair, it is revealed that different metallic substrates alter the thermal behavior of the system due to their different thermal conductivities, which affects the tribological performance, including friction and wear mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206142"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of Cf-SiC composites under hypersonic conditions","authors":"Manish Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon based composites particularly C_f-SiC composites are finding wide range of applications at elevated temperature. A number of component of hypersonic vehicles are made from these composites. In view of these, C_f-SiC composites fabricated by liquid silicon impregnation (LSI) and isothermal chemical vapor impregnation (ICVI) are exposed to hypersonic condition with the help of an induction plasma based erosion test facility. Mass loss of exposed samples was determined by semi-micro balance. Degraded surfaces were examined with the help of scanning electron microscopy. Pyrocarbon/silicon carbide [(PyC/SiC) n; <em>n</em> = 4] coated C_f-SiC composites fabricated by ICVI technique exhibits the best performance. The main materials removal mechanism is estimated to be mechanical erosion and ablation of investigated material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206141"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Nitrogen doping on the tribological behavior and mechanism of Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high entropy alloys at ambient and cryogenic temperatures","authors":"Jiawei Yang ,&nbsp;Shumin Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Li ,&nbsp;Xiangtao Deng ,&nbsp;Haifeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The FeMnCoCr high entropy alloys (HEAs) have been extensively studied in recent years. The low yield strength and wear resistance, however, limit practical application. In this work, 1 at% nitrogen addition and proper thermo-mechanical treatment have been adopted in Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀ alloy to overcome this problem. The wear resistance of the N-doped alloy has improved 1/3∼1/2 compared with the base alloy. At room temperature, the wear resistance improvement is closely related to the increase in hardness, which originates from interstitial effect, precipitation strengthening and grain refinement strengthening. At cryogenic temperatures, the increase in intrinsic hardness and the activation of rich deformation mechanisms for the decreasing stacking fault energy (SFE), such as transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning induced plasticity (TWIP), enhance the strength, toughness and the wear resistance of the two alloys. While, the addition of N improves the stability of the FCC phase, and the nano-HCP phase in-situ and Cr₂N precipitates on the wear surface improve the surface hardness and reduce the thickness of the severe deformed zone. At the same time, more HCP grains and FCC twins appear in the deformation-affected zone, providing a more stable plastic deformed layer support. Thus, the interstitial strengthening induced by N-doped at cryogenic temperatures and a multi-layered structure of soft and hard combination in-situ, improve the wear resistance of N₁ alloy. The current work clarifies the cryogenic wear mechanisms of the Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀ and (Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀)₉₉N₁ HEAs and provides a novel strategy for designing wear-resistant alloys by doping the interstitial atoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144137905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribological properties and synergistic lubrication mechanism between tetramethyl dodecyl diisooctyl phosphate ionic liquids and molybdenum-based metal organic frameworks additives","authors":"Sujie Jia ,&nbsp;Jing Qin ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Yunhuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuze Mao ,&nbsp;Hualin Lin ,&nbsp;Sheng Han","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently been utilized as lubricant additives due to their excellent friction-reducing and anti-wear properties. In this study, molybdenum-based MOFs (Mo-MOFs) were applied as additives for lubricating oil PAO10. Meanwhile, the trimethyl dodecyl diisooctyl phosphate ionic liquid (N/P) was prepared as a dispersant. It has been confirmed that the additive combination of 1 wt % N/P and 0.15 wt % Mo-MOFs exhibited the best tribological performance, reducing the coefficient of friction by 31.25 % and the wear volume by 95 %. A series of characterizations confirmed that the synergistic mechanism between Mo-MOFs and N/P was the key to lubrication. During the frictional sliding, molybdenum element in Mo-MOFs was activated and oxidized to produce molybdenum oxides at the interface. Besides, under the dispersion of N/P, MOFs can easily enter the contact area of friction pair. While N/P not only played a dispersing role, but also enriched more lubricating phosphates at the interface. The above-mentioned oxides and phosphates together form the tribofilm, which has low shear force and frictional interface protection. It was the synergistic effect of Mo-MOFs and N/P that achieved the outstanding lubrication properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"576 ","pages":"Article 206137"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}