Wear最新文献

{"title":"Robot-assisted optical measurement method for the wear analysis of cutting tools⋆","authors":"Jiuzhou Xiang ,&nbsp;Dirk Stöbener ,&nbsp;Sabrina Stemmer ,&nbsp;Lars Langenhorst ,&nbsp;Jens Sölter ,&nbsp;Bernhard Karpuschewski ,&nbsp;Andreas Fischer","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate assessment of turning tool wear is essential for tool life and product quality. Yet existing cobot or robot-assisted optical systems suffer from &gt;50 μm pose errors that prevent repeatable micrometer-scale wear mapping. To address the gap, an in situ measurement system integrating a chromatic confocal sensor, a robot arm, and precision linear stages was developed for a turning application. A Tool Coordinate System (TCS) based on the unworn insert edge was introduced to compensate robot positioning errors. Experiments on rhombic carbide inserts demonstrated a positioning precision of ≈6 μm, one order of magnitude better than the robot's nominal repeatability. The measured maximum wear width (VB_max) follows reference profilometry across cutting length from 50 m to 1400 m, with standard deviations between 4.5 and 1.6 μm. Compared to commercial cobots, the proposed method achieves substantially higher accuracy at the cost of longer acquisition time. These results confirm that the TCS framework enables reliable and repeatable 3-D tool geometry measurements and will provide benchmark data for predictive wear models and adaptive machining strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206369"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of vehicle electrification on brake wear particle (BWP) emissions under real-world driving conditions","authors":"Sang-Hee Woo,&nbsp;Wooyoung Kim,&nbsp;Minki Kim,&nbsp;Hyoungjoon Jang,&nbsp;Seokhwan Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brake wear particle (BWP), a significant source of non-exhaust emissions, have gained increased regulatory attention with their inclusion in the Euro 7 standards. Regenerative braking in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure battery electric vehicles (PEVs) can reduce BWP emissions, but real-world validation of its effectiveness and of the UN GTR No. 24 <em>c</em>-factor estimation method remains limited. We aimed to assess real-world BWP emission factors of internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEVs), HEVs, and PEVs, and evaluate the predictive accuracy of UN GTR No. 24 <em>c</em>-factors. On-road measurements of BWP emissions and friction braking energy were conducted across urban, rural, and motorway routes. Emission estimates using UN GTR No. 24 <em>c</em>-factors were compared to measured values. HEVs and PEVs showed BWP emission reductions of 61–82 % and 96–98 %, respectively, compared to ICEVs. The lowest regenerative braking rates and the highest BWP emissions were observed in urban driving, where braking frequency was highest. Conversely, rural and motorway conditions showed lower friction braking energy and proportionally lower BWP emissions. The application of UN GTR No. 24 <em>c</em>-factors provided reasonable estimates but tended to overestimate BWP emissions in PEVs and HEVs. Regenerative braking significantly reduces BWP emissions, with real-world reductions closely linked to decreased friction braking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206392"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Friction-induced tribochemical processes: From experimental analysis to simulation in minimal mixtures","authors":"Chengyuan Fang ,&nbsp;Frank Schiefer ,&nbsp;Georg-Peter Ostermeyer ,&nbsp;Christina Lehmann ,&nbsp;Günter Bräuer ,&nbsp;Carsten Schilde","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Friction-induced tribochemical reactions play a crucial role in the frictional behaviour, wear, and performance of high-load tribological systems. This study examines the formation of third-body layers in epoxy-based minimal mixtures as a model system for fundamental tribochemical investigations. Pin-on-disc experiments were conducted on minimal mixtures containing abrasives and copper in varying compositions. Coarse alumina samples with around 15 wt% copper exhibited significant formation of surface patches. Imaging and chemical analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, focused ion beam (FIB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that these patches consist mainly of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and hematite (Fe₂O₃), and are mechanically bonded to the sample surface. Nanohardness tests showed that the patches were harder than the matrix and the abrasives. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that mixtures containing coarse abrasives degraded thermally at lower temperatures. To evaluate the role of temperature in patch formation, a three-dimensional cellular automata thermal model was developed to simulate heat distribution in the heterogeneous friction materials. Preliminary simulations for the silica mixture predicted transient surface temperatures above 800 °C under continuous sliding contact and subsurface temperature around 70 °C at 2.7 mm depth, consistent with literature and experimental observations. However, extended tests showed that patch formation depends not only on temperature, but also on abrasive particle size and material properties. This study provides fundamental insights into tribochemically induced third-body formation in sliding frictional contacts and supports the development of predictive models for tribochemical reactions, aiding the optimisation of friction materials for improved wear resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206391"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of cold rolling and heat treatment on tribological performance of Inconel-718 at room and high temperature","authors":"Arun Kumar ,&nbsp;Rajdip Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Manjesh K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores how a combined thermomechanical processing route, including homogenisation, cold rolling with thickness reductions of 15%, 30%, and 60%, and subsequent double-aging heat treatment, influences the tribological performance of Inconel-718 superalloy, both at room and elevated temperature. Microstructural characterization using X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> and <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> precipitate phases after aging, while electron backscatter diffraction revealed progressive grain refinement, increased kernel average misorientation, dominance of low-angle grain boundaries, and higher local lattice distortions with increasing rolling reductions. These microstructural changes collectively increased the alloy’s maximum hardness by <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> compared to the homogenised state. Dry reciprocating tests, conducted against Si₃N₄ balls, at room temperature, demonstrated a reduction in the friction coefficient by up to 33% and in the specific wear rate by up to 65% compared to the homogenised state. At 450 °C, the friction coefficient dropped by up to 23% and the specific wear rate by up to 56% relative to the 15% cold-rolled and homogenised samples, respectively. Analysis of relative friction energy dissipation suggested that reduction in average friction coefficient did not fully translate to energy efficiency gains. Cold-rolled and heat-treated Inconel-718 demonstrated more energy-efficient performance than the homogenised. Worn surface examinations through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated the formation of protective Cr-Fe-Ni-rich composite tribo-oxide layers, with minor sacrificial wear observed from Si₃N₄ counterface. In summary, the combination of strain hardening from cold rolling and precipitation hardening from double-aging offers a simple, scalable, and industrially viable approach to enhance the wear resistance and friction behavior of Inconel-718.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206384"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing wear resistance of plasma-sprayed NiCr coatings through ZrB2 and Mo dual-phase reinforcement: Microstructure and tribological performance evaluation","authors":"Xudong Nie ,&nbsp;Jinyong Xu ,&nbsp;Petr Rusinov ,&nbsp;Sergi Dosta ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>ZrB₂-NiCr and Mo-ZrB₂-NiCr coatings were prepared through atmospheric plasma spraying, and the effects of varying ZrB₂ content as well as the addition of Mo on the microstructure and tribological properties of the coatings were analyzed. Both the hardness and porosity of the coatings increased with the addition of refractory hard phases. The dual-phase reinforced coating achieves its highest hardness of 577.86 HV_0.1 at a ZrB₂ content of 20 wt%. The heat-absorbing protective effect of Mo reduced the formation of oxides within the coating. Friction tests showed that the wear rate of both coatings first decreased and then increased with increasing ZrB₂ content. Coating with 10 wt% ZrB₂ and 5 wt% Mo exhibited optimal wear resistance, with a minimum wear rate of 1.93 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m. Mo reduces friction by forming the laminar structure of MoO₃. It fully spreads out to protect loose debris from being scattered by grinding balls, thereby forming a complete lubricating film on the sliding surface. The wear mechanisms of both coatings are dominated by the hardness and toughness of the materials, transitioning from material removal caused by adhesion and micro-cutting at low hardness to layered fracture caused by brittle interface defects at high hardness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206386"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribological behaviour of surface textured Polycrystalline diamond compact cutters under dry friction conditions","authors":"Yanbo Ding ,&nbsp;Tan Lei ,&nbsp;Baochang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the tribological behaviour of surface textured polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters under dry friction, a nanosecond laser was employed to create grooves on the PDC surface with dimensions of 50 μm in width and 100 μm in depth. The groove spacings were 1000, 500 and 100 μm. Subsequently, dry friction experiments were carried out on an MUU-10 friction and wear testing device, using PDC and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) balls as the frictional pairs. Characterisation of the PDC cutters and Si₃N₄ balls was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Results showed that both the coefficient of friction and wear rate decreased with reduced groove spacing, in comparison to untextured PDC cutters. Surface texturing facilitated the formation of a transfer film during friction, and no pores were observed. Furthermore, the diamond phase was enhanced, while the brittle η phase was suppressed. The best wear resistance was observed in PDC cutters textured with a groove spacing of 100 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206387"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of third-body patches on the tribological performance of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid composite and steel sliding system","authors":"Yuxiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Xianqiang Pei ,&nbsp;Leyu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation mechanisms and the effect of third-body patches wrapped carbon fibers on the tribological performance of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid composite with submicron-sized ZnS and TiO₂ particles and steel sliding system were quantitatively studied under various load conditions based on microstructural analysis. Tribological investigations were conducted on a pin-on-disc (PoD) tribometer with a sample geometry of 4 mm × 4 mm x 4 mm, which is slid against a 100Cr6 steel ring. Optical analyses, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Focused-Ion-Beam (FIB) and Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSM), revealed that third-body patches primarily formed on the entering side of carbon fibers and within grooves generated by fiber displacement under load. These patches were predominantly composed of submicron particles and acted as protective layers, reducing direct fiber contact with the counterbody. Quantitative analyses demonstrated a strong correlation between third-body patch area, load-induced height differences, and tribological performance. Notably, the specific wear rate decreased significantly with the increasing area of third-body patches, highlighting their protective role against wear. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the load-dependent formation and behavior of third-body patches in submicron particle-modified PEEK composites, offering new perspectives on the design of high-performance polymer-based tribomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206388"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doping B or C to improve the wear resistance of (Ti42.5Zr42.5Nb10Ta5)93Mo7 refractory high-entropy alloy via grain boundary plasticization","authors":"Juan Han ,&nbsp;Naiyi Lei ,&nbsp;Dakui Zhou ,&nbsp;Shaolei Long ,&nbsp;Zhentao Yu ,&nbsp;Yanliang Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>RHEAs exhibit low room-temperature ductility, which severely restricts their processing and industrial applications. In this work, the high strength (Ti_42.5Zr_42.5Nb₁₀Ta₅)₉₃Mo₇ was selected as the base alloy and grain boundary engineering through doping B and C was utilized to achieve an optimal balance between mechanical properties and wear resistance. The tensile strength and plasticity of the (Ti_42.5Zr_42.5Nb₁₀Ta₅)₉₃Mo₇ refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are simultaneously enhanced with the addition of 0.05 at.% B or 0.05 at.% C. The effects of doping B or C on tribological properties of the (Ti_42.5Zr_42.5Nb₁₀Ta₅)₉₃Mo₇ RHEAs sliding against Si₃N₄ balls under different sliding distance were systematically investigated. The results show that B or C segregates at grain boundaries (GBs) and enhance the GB cohesion, thus significantly improving the strength and plasticity of RHEAs. After doping 0.05 at.% B, the yield strength increases from 956 MPa to 983 MPa and the elongation increases from 1.81 % to 4.97 %. Specifically, the yield strength is 1047 MPa for the alloy doped with 0.05 at.% C, and the elongation skyrockets to 26.51 %. The RHEA-C alloy exhibits the lowest wear rate under different sliding distance due to its highest strength and optimal plasticity. Additionally, the wear rates of the three RHEAs decrease firstly and then increase with increasing sliding distance from 18 m to 144 m. After 18 m sliding, the wear mechanism is severe abrasive wear, adhesive wear and slight oxidation wear. As the sliding distance increased to 108 m, the wear mechanism of the alloy is mainly dominated by oxidative wear, resulting in the best wear resistance, but the cracks and spalling pits occur in the oxide layer as the sliding distance further increased. The RHEAs designed in this work are applicable to numerous industries, including defense, transportation, and aerospace due to its good mechanical properties and wear resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206385"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribological characteristics of phosphonium-based ionic liquids: the role of adsorption layer and tribofilms","authors":"Shaoli Jiang ,&nbsp;Debashis Puhan ,&nbsp;Kazuya Kuriyagawa ,&nbsp;Théo Yamana ,&nbsp;Jean Michel Martin ,&nbsp;Liyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Shutian Liu ,&nbsp;Koshi Adachi ,&nbsp;Motoyuki Murashima","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are increasingly recognized as promising lubricant additives, yet their performance under realistic automotive conditions remains poorly understood. This study evaluates three ILs [P₄₄₄₂][DEP], [P₄₄₄₄][C₂C₂PO₂S₂], and [P₆₆₆₁₄][NTf₂], as 1 wt% additives in polyalphaolefin (PAO4), benchmarked against the widely used anti-wear agent zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP). Tribological performance was assessed via macroscopic ball-on-disc tests across λ ratios under boundary lubrication at 18 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C, alongside nanoscale in-lubro AFM experiments to visualize tribofilm formation. SEM/EDX and Raman spectroscopy characterized the wear tracks.</div><div>Results show that [P₄₄₄₂][DEP] provides the lowest friction and wear at 18 °C, forming a thin, adsorbed, phosphate-rich tribofilm, whereas all ILs lose anti-wear efficacy at elevated temperatures, sometimes performing worse than neat PAO. AFM analyses reveal that mild sliding is insufficient to trigger tribofilm growth, suggesting that surface wear generates active sites critical for IL effectiveness. High adsorption kinetics of [P₄₄₄₂][DEP] appear fundamental in forming a nanoscale thick, solid-like film, explaining its superior performance.</div><div>This work highlights the limitations and potential of phosphonium-based ILs, emphasizing the need for tailored formulations to withstand automotive operating conditions. By linking macroscopic tribology with nanoscale film formation, it provides actionable insights for the design of next-generation additives for automotive and electric vehicle lubricants, bridging a critical gap in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206382"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sand erosion mechanism of Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited on aluminum matrix composite at low temperature","authors":"Tianyu Ma ,&nbsp;Li Xin ,&nbsp;Yunfei Jia ,&nbsp;Chengcheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zebin Bao ,&nbsp;Fuhui Wang ,&nbsp;Shenglong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve solid particle erosion resistance of 5 %TiB₂/AlSi10Mg composite, hard and adhesive Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings with different number of layers were deposited on its surface at low temperature by multi-arc ion plating. When impacted by high-speed alumina particles at 90° and 30°, erosion resistance of the composite was significantly improved by the application of multilayer coatings. The Ti/TiAlN multilayer coating with 8 layers performed the best in all erosion condition. At 30°, detachment of surface macroparticles and intersection of cracks produced by Al₂O₃ particle flow accounted for material removal of the multilayer coatings. At 90°, intersection of the cracks including ring cracks, lateral cracks, median cracks and radial cracks developed in the multilayer coatings during impact loading and unloading accounted for erosion removal of the material. The more the number of layers in the multilayer coatings, the greater the contribution of the ring and radial cracks to the material removal. Finite element modeling showed large tensile stresses developed at both the surfaces and the undersurfaces of TiAlN layers in the multilayer coatings and also along the direction of coating thickness during impact loading and unloading, which were probably responsible for the generation of ring cracks on the surface of the top TiAlN layer, radial cracks at the undersurfaces of the TiAlN layers, and the lateral cracks inside the TiAlN layer and along the TiAlN/Ti interface. The best erosion resistance of the multilayer coating with 8 layers at 90° may be due to its architecture is beneficial for reduction of the material removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206374"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}