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Study on tribochemical reaction behavior induced by abrasives scratching in SiC wafer backside thinning SiC晶片背面减薄过程中磨料刮擦引起的摩擦化学反应行为研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206589

Qiufa Luo , Gu Li , Jieming Chen , Jing Lu , Congming Ke , Guangqiu Hu , Jianhui Zhu , Hui Huang

{"title":"Study on tribochemical reaction behavior induced by abrasives scratching in SiC wafer backside thinning","authors":"Qiufa Luo , Gu Li , Jieming Chen , Jing Lu , Congming Ke , Guangqiu Hu , Jianhui Zhu , Hui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Backside thinning of SiC wafers is a crucial process for obtaining high-performance SiC devices. However, cracks are highly prone to formation during backside thinning process, which in turn impacts the performance of SiC devices. To eliminate the cracks generated during wafer thinning process, this study investigates the interfacial tribochemical reactions induced by abrasives friction during backside thinning of SiC wafers. The effects of abrasive size, mixed abrasive type, and polishing parameters on interfacial tribochemical reaction were analyzed by characterizing the surface morphology, surface composition, and subsurface damage of polished SiC wafers. Results showed that a tribochemical reaction occurred between diamond abrasives and SiC wafers, and incorporating CeO<sub>2</sub> increased the atomic percentage of Si-O bonds by 47.2% compared with pure diamond abrasives. A smooth SiC surface with a roughness of 0.76 nm was obtained under a rotation speed of 1000 rpm and feed rate of 0.3 mm/min, and no cracks were detected on the subsurface. The surface of SiC was amorphized under the mechanical action of diamond abrasives and then reacted with water to form SiO<sub>2</sub>. This transformation of amorphous SiC into SiO<sub>2</sub> could be accelerated by adding CeO<sub>2</sub> abrasives, attributed to the high catalytic activity of CeO<sub>2</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"591 ","pages":"Article 206589"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advanced tribological performance of PVD AlTiCrN and TiCrN coatings under dry and lubricated conditions PVD AlTiCrN和TiCrN涂层在干燥和润滑条件下的高级摩擦学性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206586

Seda Ataş Bakdemir , Doğuş Özkan , Kürşat Alp Arpacı , Cenk Türküz , Melisa Konar , Egemen Sulukan

{"title":"Advanced tribological performance of PVD AlTiCrN and TiCrN coatings under dry and lubricated conditions","authors":"Seda Ataş Bakdemir , Doğuş Özkan , Kürşat Alp Arpacı , Cenk Türküz , Melisa Konar , Egemen Sulukan","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiCrN and AlTiCrN multilayer coatings were fabricated on H13 steel substrates through the cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. Comprehensive structural, mechanical, and tribological characterizations were performed to evaluate their behavior under dry and lubricated sliding conditions. When the mechanical properties of the coatings are evaluated, it is observed that although the AlTiCrN coating exhibits higher hardness (29.38 GPa) compared to the TiCrN coating (24.15 GPa), its adhesion strength is lower, corresponding to an HF4 classification. XRD and Raman analyses confirmed the formation of both coatings with a preferred (200) orientation and characteristic Ti–Cr–Al–N vibrational modes. AFM results demonstrated higher surface roughness for AlTiCrN due to increased droplet density. Tribological tests showed that TiCrN provided superior friction and wear performance under dry conditions, whereas AlTiCrN exhibited better tribological response under lubrication and wear resistance at lower loads, though localized spallation occurred at higher loads, indicating load-dependent degradation. SEM/EDX analysis revealed oxide formation on the wear scars of the TiCrN coating, which contributed to its lower COF under dry conditions, whereas the AlTiCrN coating preserved its constituent elements without oxide formation or substrate exposure. Under lubricated conditions, TiCrN showed localized Fe signals indicating partial substrate exposure and abrasive wear, whereas AlTiCrN retained its surface composition, confirming better wear protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"591 ","pages":"Article 206586"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deterioration mechanism of high-performance engineered cementitious composites with fiber content consideration suffering from alternant freeze-thaw and abrasion 考虑纤维含量的高性能工程胶凝复合材料冻融磨损劣化机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206587

Qingshun Nong , Bixiong Li , Jinjia Zi , Zhiwen Wang , Weibin Li , Zhimin Liu , Guiming Wu , Lianghui Li , Zhibo Zhang

{"title":"Deterioration mechanism of high-performance engineered cementitious composites with fiber content consideration suffering from alternant freeze-thaw and abrasion","authors":"Qingshun Nong , Bixiong Li , Jinjia Zi , Zhiwen Wang , Weibin Li , Zhimin Liu , Guiming Wu , Lianghui Li , Zhibo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydraulic concrete in plateau regions is confronted with severe durability issues, including the problem of coupling action between freeze-thaw cycles and abrasion. Revealing the deterioration mechanism of cementitious materials, which are subjected to alternating freeze-thaw and abrasion action, is expected to ensure structural reliability while reducing maintenance costs. As a fiber-reinforced cementitious material with satisfactory performance, high-performance engineered cementitious composites (HP-ECC) has the potential to address such issues. Two alternating protocols were set utilizing the underwater steel ball method and rapid freeze-thaw method to investigate the deterioration behavior of HP-ECC with various polyethylene (PE) fiber contents (0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%). In addition, the compressive properties, tensile properties, frost resistance, pore structure, and microscopic morphology were tested to ascertain the deterioration mechanism. The relationship between the dimensionless abrasion resistance parameter and fiber content under the two protocols was established. The results show that the abrasion resistance of HP-ECC subjected to multi-cycle action is much less than that subjected to single-cycle action. Furthermore, the deterioration of abrasion resistance lies in the fact that the exposed worn surface is subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. The incorporation of PE fibers can enhance the abrasion resistance of the mortar matrix when subjected to alternating actions, while the variation trend of abrasion resistance with fiber content is affected by the frequency of alternation. This study lays a foundation for the research and development of cementitious materials resistant to abrasion for hydraulic engineering in plateau areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"591 ","pages":"Article 206587"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of nitrogen content on the cryogenic tribological behavior of austenitic stainless steel 氮含量对奥氏体不锈钢低温摩擦学性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206561

Liyuan Zhao , Xiaolin Li , Ke Hua , Xiangtao Deng , Haifeng Wang , Quan Xu

{"title":"Effect of nitrogen content on the cryogenic tribological behavior of austenitic stainless steel","authors":"Liyuan Zhao , Xiaolin Li , Ke Hua , Xiangtao Deng , Haifeng Wang , Quan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Commonly used austenitic stainless steels (ASSs) have certain limitations in complex sliding wear conditions due to their relatively low yield strength and hardness. To improve the wear resistance, 316LN ASSs with different nitrogen contents (LNS: 0.14 wt%, HNS: 0.38 wt%) are prepared, to investigate the effect of nitrogen on dry sliding friction behavior and wear mechanisms at 0 °C, −60 °C, and −120 °C. Dry sliding wear tests are conducted using a ball-on-disk tribometer, with a GCr15 steel ball as the counterface. The results indicate that the wear rates of both LNS and HNS specimens decrease with decreasing temperature. At −60 °C, the LNS specimen exhibits better wear resistance than the harder HNS specimen, as martensitic transformation in the worn subsurface enhances its performance. However, at −120 °C, both LNS and HNS specimens undergo significant martensitic transformation, but the wear rate of the HNS specimen is lower due to its higher hardness, which significantly improves its wear resistance. Furthermore, the worn surface of the LNS specimen shows severe grooves, debris, and delamination, indicating abrasive and fatigue wear mechanisms. In contrast, the HNS specimen exhibits a relatively smooth worn surface with only mild abrasive wear. However, nitrogen-induced hardness enhancement in the HNS specimen leads to increased interfacial shear resistance during sliding, resulting in a higher CoF (0.5417) than that of the LNS specimen (0.5087).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"590 ","pages":"Article 206561"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic effects of grain boundary and crystallographic orientation on atomic level removal mechanism of polycrystalline diamond 晶界和晶体取向对聚晶金刚石原子水平去除机制的协同作用

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206558

Bo Yang , Jiahao Shi , Xiangyan Ding , Bing Liu , Ning Hu

{"title":"Synergistic effects of grain boundary and crystallographic orientation on atomic level removal mechanism of polycrystalline diamond","authors":"Bo Yang , Jiahao Shi , Xiangyan Ding , Bing Liu , Ning Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycrystalline CVD diamond (PCD) enables cost-effective large-area fabrication and exhibits exceptional thermal conductivity, making it an ideal heat dissipation substrate for high-power devices such as GaN chips. Achieving atomically smooth surfaces is essential for minimizing interfacial thermal resistance. However, the atomic level material removal mechanisms in PCD remain poorly understood, hindering the realization of atomically smooth PCD surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that height difference between grains constitutes the primary factor limiting surface quality in polished PCD. Through atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoscratch experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we reveal pronounced anisotropic behavior in scratching forces, removal depths, dislocation densities, and amorphous phase formation when scratching along different crystallographic directions on identical crystal planes. Furthermore, grain boundary effects induce significant changes in both scratching force and removal depth when transitioning between adjacent grains along consistent scratching directions. This work provides fundamental insights for optimizing PCD polishing processes to achieve atomically smooth surfaces required for next-generation thermal management applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"590 ","pages":"Article 206558"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Probing the wear behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing 增减复合制造英科乃尔718的磨损性能研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206575

Changyu Liu , Shuang Su , Zhiliang Ning , Yanming Zhang , Jianfei Sun , Qi Zhang , Daniel Şopu , Jürgen Eckert , Yongjiang Huang

{"title":"Probing the wear behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing","authors":"Changyu Liu , Shuang Su , Zhiliang Ning , Yanming Zhang , Jianfei Sun , Qi Zhang , Daniel Şopu , Jürgen Eckert , Yongjiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the wear behaviors of Inconel 718 (IN718) specimens fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) and additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM), with a focus on room-temperature milling (RTM) and high-temperature milling (HTM) conditions. The milling process induced severe plastic deformation in the ASHM specimens, resulting in the formation of surface nanocrystalline layers ranging from 10 to 50 μm in thickness. At room temperature, the wear rates of the RTM and HTM specimens were 4.15 × 10<sup>−3</sup> and 4.92 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, which were approximately reduced by 33% and 20% compared with the AM specimen. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the increased grain boundary density and the introduction of residual compressive stress. At 650 °C, the differences in wear resistance among the specimens diminished, as stable oxide films formed on all surfaces, effectively reducing adhesive wear and mitigating further mechanical degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"590 ","pages":"Article 206575"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microscopic wear mechanism of sub-micron crystals in M50NiL carburized layer M50NiL渗碳层亚微米晶体的微观磨损机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206567

Zifeng Ding , Jiaxu Guo , Lina Zhou , Xinghong Zhang , Xinxin Ma

{"title":"Microscopic wear mechanism of sub-micron crystals in M50NiL carburized layer","authors":"Zifeng Ding , Jiaxu Guo , Lina Zhou , Xinghong Zhang , Xinxin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the grain size of the near-surface layer in carburized steel is refined to the submicron level by adjusting the parameters of carburizing heat treatment. The tribological test results indicate that the formation of a submicron-grained carburized layer reduces the average coefficient of friction from 0.75 to 0.54 and decreases the wear volume by approximately 40 %. Compared to the sample with non-sub-micron crystal region (NSMCR), the sample with sub-micron crystal region (SMCR) exhibits less severe oxidative and adhesive wear, along with narrower and shallower wear tracks. The microscopic wear mechanisms of the wear tracks are examined through a combination of focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). The carbides within the carburized layer of M50NiL steel provide structural support to the matrix, with notable deformation and increased dislocation density observed in surface carbides. Under cyclic loading during the tribological process, the surface grains in the carburized layer of M50NiL steel undergo nanocrystallization, significantly enhancing the surface hardness and mitigating further wear of the matrix. The SMCR sample exhibits a higher density of dispersed carbides and a greater degree of martensitic nanocrystallization in the wear layer, accompanied by reduced texture intensity. This is attributed to the enhanced precipitation of temper carbides promoted by the abundant grain and subgrain boundaries in the carburized layer of SMCR, which refines the martensite grains, improves the resistance to plastic deformation, and increases the randomness of grain orientation. By contrast, the wear track of the NSMCR sample exhibits stronger texture, with the long axes of martensite grains aligned parallel to each other and perpendicular to the sample surface. This alignment reduces the ability of the subsurface layer to resist crack propagation during wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"590 ","pages":"Article 206567"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A plasma nitriding-strengthened chemically complex intermetallic alloy with enhanced wear resistance at both room and elevated temperature regimes 一种等离子体氮化强化化学复合金属间合金，在室温和高温下都具有增强的耐磨性

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206576

J.X. Hou , G.L. Li , R. Yang , J.B. Zhang , T. Wang , X.Y. Gao , T.W. Zhang , Z.H. Wang , J.W. Qiao , W.W. Song , T. Yang

{"title":"A plasma nitriding-strengthened chemically complex intermetallic alloy with enhanced wear resistance at both room and elevated temperature regimes","authors":"J.X. Hou , G.L. Li , R. Yang , J.B. Zhang , T. Wang , X.Y. Gao , T.W. Zhang , Z.H. Wang , J.W. Qiao , W.W. Song , T. Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tribological properties of a chemically complex intermetallic alloy (CCIMA) were enhanced through plasma nitriding surface treatment. The results revealed that nitriding led to the formation of complex nitrides, including TiN, AlN, BN, and CrN, on the alloy surface. Benefiting from this, the wear resistance of CCIMA has been significantly improved. At room temperature, plasma nitriding significantly reduced fatigue damage and oxidative wear, resulting in the wear rate of nitrided CCIMA (1.05 ± 0.36 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm) being only one-fourteenth that of the un-nitrided substrate (1.49 ± 0.06 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm). In addition, although the degree of delamination wear was exacerbated at elevated temperatures, the formation of the protective glaze layers allowed the nitrided CCIMA to maintain better wear resistance at 500 °C and 600 °C, with the wear rate of only 2.28 ± 0.49 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm, and 5.38 ± 0.78 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm, respectively. These findings provide an important theoretical and experimental basis for designing and developing new alloys with enhanced high-temperature wear resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"590 ","pages":"Article 206576"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interpretability ML and AI accelerate the computation of fretting wear behaviours and parameter response of corroded copper-magnesium alloy for the prediction model 可解释性ML和AI加速了腐蚀铜镁合金微动磨损行为和参数响应的计算

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206434

Bin Rong , Bo Li , Si-yuan Ding , Yi Zhou , Yi-juan Tang , Jin-fang Peng , Min-hao Zhu

引用次数: 0

Comparison of material erosion under air and submerged conditions using a high-energy self-excited modulated water jet 用高能自激调制水射流比较空气和水下条件下材料的侵蚀

IF 6.1 1区工程技术

Wear Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206491

Zdeněk Říha , Michal Zeleňák , Fernando Kevin Miranda , Akash Nag , Alice Chlupová , Jakub Poloprudský , Vladimír Foldyna , Petr Hlaváček , Libor Sitek

{"title":"Comparison of material erosion under air and submerged conditions using a high-energy self-excited modulated water jet","authors":"Zdeněk Říha , Michal Zeleňák , Fernando Kevin Miranda , Akash Nag , Alice Chlupová , Jakub Poloprudský , Vladimír Foldyna , Petr Hlaváček , Libor Sitek","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effect of the frequency of modulated water jet on material erosion in both air and submerged environments. Two prototypes of nozzles with the ability to self-excite flow oscillations, each featuring an identical outlet orifice (1 × 1 mm), were developed to modulate water jets at distinct oscillating frequency levels (from 6 to 45 kHz). Jet oscillation characteristics were predicted via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and validated experimentally using direct pressure-sensor measurements and indirect optical frequency-monitoring techniques. Optimal standoff distance (SOD) between the selected nozzle and the target surface was found (from 10 to 15 mm). Erosion tests were conducted on pure copper samples in both air and underwater conditions. During erosion testing, flow rates (19 and 24 l/min) and pressures (80 and 140 MPa) were continuously recorded by diagnostic sensors to maintain constant hydraulic power (26 kW and 55 kW). The resulting erosion grooves formed on copper samples under air and submerged conditions by moving the nozzle above the target surface (1 mm/s) were characterized by optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative analysis of removed volume, groove geometry, and surface defects was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the frequency of the modulated water jet and erosion performance. The results confirmed that an increase in the frequency of the modulated high-speed water jet significantly enhances erosion efficiency in both tested environments. However, in submerged conditions, a pronounced attenuation of the jet occurs, reflected in a lower volume of material removal. Further details are discussed in the subsequent sections of the manuscript.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"590 ","pages":"Article 206491"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0