Wear最新文献

{"title":"Particle erosion behavior of La2(ZrxCe1-x)2O7/YSZ double ceramic layers TBCs deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition","authors":"Lizhe Wang,&nbsp;Limin He,&nbsp;Rujing Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenhua Xu,&nbsp;Rende Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>La₂(Zr_xCe_1-x)₂O₇/YSZ (LZC/YSZ) double ceramic layers (DCL) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have attracted extensive attentions due to their low thermal conductivity and good thermal stability. Particle erosion of DCL TBCs is one of the typical degradation patterns. Here, LZC/YSZ DCL TBCs samples deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) underwent solid particle erosion test for different time. Characterization of microstructure evolution is implemented using correlative methods, which links together the observations and analysis from X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light scanning interferometry (WLSI). The erosion rates for LZC/YSZ DCL TBCs were determined after exposure to varying durations of erosion. During the initial erosion stages, the predominant degradation mechanism involved the removal of ceramic material. This was attributed to the compaction and cracking of the near-surface columns, causing a progressive thinning of the coating in a layer-by-layer manner. This pattern of degradation also occurred at the LZC/YSZ interface, indicating a relatively good adhesive bond between the LZC and YSZ layers. In the later stages of erosion, the formation of deep cracks, erosion craters, and the emergence of horizontal cracks within the bottom of YSZ layer contributed to block spalling, consequently increasing the erosion rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205763"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influencing factors on high temperature tribology","authors":"Tobias König ,&nbsp;Eduard Wolf ,&nbsp;Philipp Daum ,&nbsp;Dominik Kürten ,&nbsp;Andreas Kailer ,&nbsp;Martin Dienwiebel","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of temperatures, normal force, displacement, frequency and sliding distance on the tribological material behaviour of an unlubricated cobalt-based material pairing, as well as the effects resulting from a change of atmosphere from ambient air to a low-oxygen CO₂/N₂/O₂-atmosphere. The subsequent identification of empirical wear correlations should enable a transfer to other material systems. Reciprocating wear tests were carried out at up to 800 °C with a cylinder-on-plate contact geometry. The test conditions and the material are based on the application as exhaust gas flap plain bearings for combustion engines.</div><div>The temperature has a major influence on the wear behaviour, as it induces the change of tribological mechanisms from abrasion to oxidation and adhesion of wear particles to the formation of a glaze layer in the HT range. The wear particles, required for the tribologically induced sintering process of the glaze layer, are already present in fully oxidised form at low temperatures of 200 °C. The formation of a wear-reducing glaze layer is therefore mainly dependent on the temperature, as this directly influences the sintering process, according to a key finding of this work. The atmospheric influence on the tribological material behaviour is dependent on the temperature related wear regime. For lower temperatures, a mechanism change from abrasion to adhesion takes place in the oxygen-reduced CO₂/N₂/O₂-atmosphere. In contrast, the formation of the glaze layer is not influenced by the change in atmosphere. Moreover, the influence of normal force, displacement and sliding distance differs between the various temperature sections and the related tribological mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205758"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing wear performance of tyre tread rubber","authors":"Chen Liu,&nbsp;David Cebon","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the wear of tyre tread rubber is important for tyre design. A ’local wear law’ is needed in models of tyre contact mechanics to quantify wear on tyres. Previous studies on local wear laws faced limitations in temperature control or low frictional power, prompting the design of a new test rig to address these issues. The new rig was designed to measure wear under varying vertical loads, sliding speeds and contact temperature, with wear quantified by the mass loss of rubber samples.</div><div>Results indicated that on different sandpapers, wear rates normalised by area and sliding distance (giving units of kg/m³) were approximately proportional to vertical pressure and changed linearly with sliding speed, with a positive intercept. This is indicative of a ’machining’ process down to zero speed. When the measure of wear was normalised by sliding time (giving units of kg/m²<span><math><mi>⋅</mi></math></span> s), the wear law aligned with power laws measured in previous literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205754"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of abrasive wear behaviors and mechanisms of pearlitic and carbide-free bainitic steels for grinding mill liners under varied impact loads","authors":"Weiming Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Jiang ,&nbsp;Shizhong Wei ,&nbsp;Liujie Xu ,&nbsp;Chong Chen ,&nbsp;Hua Yu ,&nbsp;Xin Jin ,&nbsp;Huiling Ding ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Kunming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A mill liner is a critical wear-resistant component in mineral crushing equipment, and its main failure mode is impact abrasive wear. This study examined carbide-free bainitic steel and pearlitic steel, which are commonly utilized in commercial liners. The wear behavior and wear mechanism of the two wear-resistant steels under different impact loads were revealed through characterization and testing of their microstructure, mechanical properties, and impact abrasive wear performance. The results indicated that under impact loads of 1, 3, and 5 J, the impact abrasive wear resistance of the carbide-free bainitic steel was superior to that of the pearlitic steel. The wear resistance of the pearlitic steel increased nearly linearly with increasing impact load, whereas the wear resistance of the carbide-free bainitic steel exhibited a nonlinear trend, initially decreasing and then increasing with higher impact loads. Under an impact load of 1 J, both samples primarily exhibited micro-cutting as the main wear mechanism, whereas the pearlitic steel demonstrated additional features such as micro-indentation and spalling. Under impact loads of 3 and 5 J, the main wear mechanisms for both samples were micro-cracking and micro-fatigue caused by abrasive impact. Compared with pearlitic steel, carbide-free bainitic steel demonstrated better resistance to delamination, especially under higher impact loads. This study provides guidance for designing tailored liner materials for different impact loads and lays theoretical foundation for extensive application of bainitic steel liners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205765"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coating material loss and surface roughening due to leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: Probabilistic analysis","authors":"Antonios Tempelis,&nbsp;Leon Mishnaevsky Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel approach for the prediction of random erosion roughness patterns of leading edge protection coatings for wind turbine blades. The predictions can be used for determining the effect on aerodynamic performance and provide decision support for repairs. The model removes coating material fragments from the surface of the blade based on a Weibull failure probability function. Input from rain erosion tests of a coating material are used to fit the parameters of the failure probability function and the predictions are validated with data from available literature. Predictions for the time required to reach full breakthrough of the coating layer are made for tip speeds between 90–120 m/s. For tip speeds larger than 100 m/s, the examined coating is predicted to experience significant damage within a few months after installation. The sequence of rain events with different rain intensities was also found to have a significant effect on the amount of surface damage. Using droplet size distributions based on measurements was predicted to lead to different coating lifetimes than when using Best’s droplet size distribution. Measurements of erosion craters from rain erosion test samples were used to define a size distribution for failed coating fragments. A machine learning approach for automatic parameter fitting based on erosion depth data from tests is also presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205755"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of oxidative processes associated to low-severity tire tread wear","authors":"C. Chanal ,&nbsp;J. Galipaud ,&nbsp;B. Moreaux ,&nbsp;J.-L. Loubet ,&nbsp;P. Sotta","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the tire tread wears throughout its lifetime, particles are generated due to small-scale fracture processes. Friction and wear may also involve physico-chemical degradation of the material. In this paper, the chemical effects associated to low-severity wear of filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)/cis-Butadiene Rubber (BR) materials were investigated. Laboratory wear tests were performed using a home-made rotary tribometer in which intermittent sliding contacts on a slightly rough granite surface are applied. This enables imitating real conditions in terms of kinematics and dynamics of the contact for tire treads. The resulting wear patterns were analyzed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that sulfur oxidation occurs concomitantly to wear. Besides, thermal measurements reveal no significant temperature increase at the sample surface during the wear tests. This suggests that the observed chemical changes are not thermally activated but are instead due to mechanical phenomena related to interface shear. Analysis of the wear debris indicates that their chemical composition is consistent with that of the wear patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205753"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated approach to machinability and optimization of nitronic-50 with uncoated carbides","authors":"Ayan Banerjee,&nbsp;Kalipada Maity","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitronic-50 has been dry-turned with uncoated carbides at three distinct levels of cutting velocities, feeds and cutting depths following a face-centered central composite design. Responses in the form of tangential cutting force, tool-tip temperature, flank wear, material removal rate and surface roughness have been thoroughly studied. Wear characteristics showed prevalence of attrition, abrasion, micro-pitting, grooving and spalling as the major forms. Simulated wear was studied using Usui's tool wear criteria. Depth of cut and cutting velocity significantly influenced tangential cutting force, tool-tip temperature and MRR, while feed rate was the prime factor affecting surface roughness. Experimental outcomes showed strong agreement with predictive models, bearing low error percentages and high R-squared values validating their reliability. Further process parameters have been optimized using MCDM and hybridized MCDM integrated metaheuristic techniques. Optimization results advocate of 66.8297 m/min as cutting velocity, 0.08 mm/rev as feed and 0.1 mm as cutting depth obtained with TLBO. Least surface roughness was recorded with MOORA-based Taguchi optimized set, consisting of 100 m/min as cutting velocity, 0.08 mm/rev as feed and 0.5 mm as cutting depth, while highest material removal rate was obtained under optimized sets of MOORA or MOORA-based TLBO, both of which consisted of higher levels of parametric settings. The TLBO-optimized conditions offered reductions of up to 51.94 % in tangential cutting force, 66.67 % in tool-tip temperature, and 57.41 % in flank wear as compared to alternative optimal setups. Surface roughness was 19.64 % lower than MOORA optimization, while MRR was marginally lower, indicating productivity-tool wear trade-offs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"564 ","pages":"Article 205750"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-alloyed steel with superior dry abrasive wear resistance and mechanical properties processed via steel mold casting","authors":"Anne V. Boehm ,&nbsp;Mark A. Bader ,&nbsp;Fabian Kochta ,&nbsp;Clemens Kunz ,&nbsp;Uta Kühn ,&nbsp;Kai Neufeld ,&nbsp;Lars Giebeler ,&nbsp;Julia K. Hufenbach","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wear parts, such as tools, need to possess a combination of hardness, strength, and toughness along with high wear resistance. This study introduces a lean Fe94.2Cr0.3Mo0.4Mn1.5Ni3.0C0.6 (wt%) alloy specifically designed for cast wear parts. The research evaluates its microstructure, mechanical properties, and abrasive wear characteristics using various analysis methods. The chemical composition of the FeCrMoMnNiC alloy in combination with the applied steel mold casting lead to a microstructure composed of fine martensite (85 vol%) and austenite (15 vol%) as shown by quantitative analysis with X-ray diffraction. Quasi-static compression tests show pronounced work hardening from the compressive yield strength (σ_y0.2 = 1660 MPa) to the compressive strength (σ_cf = 5090 MPa) with good deformability (ε_max = 32%). For comparing the abrasive wear and mechanical performance, a commercially available martensitic steel was used as reference material. Abrasive wear studies using a SiC abrasive revealed a significantly lower wear rate for the novel alloy (5.9 ∙ 10⁻³ mm³(Nm)⁻¹) compared to the reference steel (14.2 ∙ 10⁻³ mm³(Nm)⁻¹), which is caused by the fine, multiphase microstructure. The predominant abrasive wear mechanism for the FeCrMoMnNiC was identified as micro ploughing. However, the wear traces also indicate micro cutting, and additional micro fatigue as consequence of repeated deformation. A friction-induced transformation from austenite to martensite was observed, evidenced by the reduced austenite content at the surface detected via grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission-electron backscatter diffraction, which also showed surface deformation. These findings indicate, that the FeCrMoMnNiC alloy combining superior mechanical and wear properties, is a promising material for heavy industry wear applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205756"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of plasma nitriding on the resistance of X20Cr13 steel to cavitation erosion","authors":"A.K. Krella ,&nbsp;J. Ratajski","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of plasma nitriding on the cavitation erosion resistance of X20Cr13 steel was studied. Nitriding was performed using the active screen plasma nitriding method at a temperature of 400 °C, with a gas mixture of 60 % N₂ and 40 % H₂, and nitriding durations of 5 and 10 h. The nitriding time influenced the thickness of the nitrided layer, which measured 26 μm and 39 μm, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of γ′-Fe₄N and ε-Fe_2-3N phases in the surface zone of the nitrided layer. The maximum hardness of the nitrided layer was similar for both durations (1352 HV for 5 h and 1362 HV for 10 h), more than tripling the hardness of the untreated steel (420 ± 6 HV), and was located 15 μm below the surface, irrespective of nitriding time. Cavitation erosion tests conducted in a cavitation tunnel showed that, despite the increase in surface hardness, nitriding reduced cavitation erosion resistance. A thicker nitrided layer resulted in lower resistance to cavitation erosion, primarily due to brittle fracture in the nitrided steel, with cracks propagating along cleavage planes. In contrast, the non-nitrided X20Cr13 steel exhibited ductile fracture behaviour. Roughness parameters of the surface profiles were similar for both nitriding durations, regardless of the erosion rate or testing time, indicating a consistent degradation mode, which differed from the untreated steel's degradation behaviour. Testing time had more impact on the size of the eroded area than mass loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"564 ","pages":"Article 205757"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribological performance of borided tool steel with minimum bio-lubrication for sheet metal forming applications","authors":"C.D. Reséndiz-Calderón ,&nbsp;O. Soriano-Vargas ,&nbsp;J.A. Cao-Romero-Gallegos ,&nbsp;I. Campos-Silva ,&nbsp;L.I. Farfan-Cabrera","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>AISI D2 steel is widely used in manufacturing dies for sheet forming operations, where lubricants are essential to prevent wear. With a growing focus on reducing the environmental impact of manufacturing, there is increasing interest in exploring alternative lubrication methods to minimize the environmental footprint. This study examines the tribological performance of borided AISI D2 tool steel lubricated with a minimal quantity of biodegradable oil. Pin-on-disk tests were conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of borided and unborided AISI D2 tool steel under lubricated conditions using a mineral base oil and Jatropha oil. Cylindrical pins of AA 6061 T6 aluminum alloy and AISI 304 stainless steel were used as counterparts. Surface damage analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and optical profilometry. The results indicate that the boriding treatment reduced the mass loss of stainless steel pins by 18 % and aluminum pins by 30 % when lubricated with neat mineral oil. Furthermore, the biolubricant significantly lowered the coefficient of friction (CoF) between aluminum and borided AISI D2 steel, while reducing the mass loss of stainless steel and aluminum by 50 % and 70 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}