WearPub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205572
Xuhui Pei , Yin Du , Hanming Wang , Mingchuan Hu , Yuehui Li , Wei Zhou , Haifeng Wang
{"title":"Attaining exceptional wear resistance in an in-situ ceramic phase reinforced NbMoWTa refractory high entropy alloy composite by Spark plasma sintering","authors":"Xuhui Pei , Yin Du , Hanming Wang , Mingchuan Hu , Yuehui Li , Wei Zhou , Haifeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) exhibit great potential as structural components for aerospace equipment. However, their lack of wear resistance and increased coefficient of friction at room temperature (RT) impose limitations on their practical applications. Therefore, further enhancements are required to improve their friction and wear properties under RT. In this context, the development of NbMoWTa(h-BN)<sub><em>x</em></sub> RHEA ceramic composites in this work offers a viable solution to address this issue. Experimental results demonstrate that the addition of <em>h</em>-BN leads to the in-situ generation of (Nb,Ta)N/(Nb,Ta)<sub>2</sub>N and (Nb,Ta)B<sub>2</sub> ceramic phases, significantly enhancing the hardness and wear resistance of the composites. The wear rate of NbMoWTa(<em>h</em>-BN)<sub>0.5</sub> reaching as low as 1.32 × 10<sup>−8</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm, which is four orders of magnitude lower than that of the RHEA. The NbMoWTa RHEA exhibits significant adhesive wear, which can be effectively mitigated in composites through the uniform dispersion of ceramic phase particles with lower mean free path. The abrasive particles primarily interact with the hard strengthening phase, effectively inhibiting plastic deformation in their vicinity. Consequently, the reduced mean free path between the ceramic phases limits the likelihood of metal matrix removal. Subsequently, aided by the presence of ceramic phases, the spontaneous formation of protective third bodies further inhibit surface material removal and ultimately ensures exceptional wear resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205572"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142173482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205568
Zilong Zheng , Haijing Sun , Weihai Xue , Deli Duan , Guoliang Chen , Xin Zhou , Jie Sun
{"title":"Preparation of protective coatings for the leading edge of wind turbine blades and investigation of their water droplet erosion behavior","authors":"Zilong Zheng , Haijing Sun , Weihai Xue , Deli Duan , Guoliang Chen , Xin Zhou , Jie Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The damage caused by rain droplet erosion to the leading edge of wind turbine blades is extremely severe. To reduce this issue, in this study, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were used as the polyurethane (PU) polyol and curing agent, respectively, to prepare a PU coating with a high resistance to water droplet erosion (WDE) for the protection of the leading edge of wind turbine blades. The effect of <em>n</em> (–NCO):<em>n</em> (–OH) (<em>R</em>-value, <em>n</em> is the molar ratio) on the mechanical properties and WDE resistance of PU coatings, the relationship between the two performances, and the influence of the erosion conditions on the WDE behavior were investigated for the first time. The results show the existence of a correlation between the mechanical properties (hardness, impact, flexibility, and tensile strength) and WDE resistance of the coating. While, a better abrasion resistance is found not to result in a better WDE resistance. The PU coating with an <em>R</em>-value of 1.2 shows an optimal WDE resistance in both atomization and jet erosion experiments. In atomized droplet erosion (ADE) experiments, the change in erosion velocity accelerates the incubation period of coating erosion damage and increases the erosion rate. In jet droplet erosion (JDE) experiments, the damage to the coating is closely related to the erosion angle, reaching a maximum at an impact angle of 60°. Furthermore, in the ADE experiments, various erosion morphologies, such as pits, grooves, cracks, and stepped texture, are observed on the damaged coating surface. While, regarding the JDE experiments, holes, grooves, and cracks are observed. Such damage is caused by the combined effects of water hammer pressure, lateral jets, and local permeation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205568"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142229425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205570
Xudong Zhao , Yimin Zhang , Shuzhi Gao
{"title":"Evaluation and analysis of abrasive wear resistance of hybrid roller bearings under lubricant contamination","authors":"Xudong Zhao , Yimin Zhang , Shuzhi Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abrasive wear is a common failure mode of rolling bearings. To enhance the resistance of traditional all-steel bearings to abrasive wear, the structure of traditional all-steel cylindrical thrust roller bearings has been appropriately adjusted, and hybrid roller bearings have been formed by replacing some of the steel rollers in the traditional bearings with ceramic rollers. The frictional performance of hybrid roller bearings under lubricant contamination conditions was analyzed, and the wear reduction mechanism was discussed. The results show that under the condition of lubricant contamination, replacing the appropriate amount of ceramic rollers not only helps reduce friction and decrease wear but also contributes to improving the overall temperature rise of the bearing. Furthermore, when the total amount of contaminants is constant, a specific threshold exists for the impact of replacing the number of rolling elements on reducing mass loss. For a substantial reduction in wear with hybrid roller bearings, the replacement rollers should constitute at least one-fifth of the total number of rollers. The wear reduction observed in hybrid roller bearings results from a combination of crushing and refinement, grinding and finishing, and self-healing mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205570"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205566
Youn-Hoo Hwang, Tae-Hyeong Kim, Dae-Eun Kim
{"title":"Effectiveness of airborne particle monitoring technique for assessment of wear progression of mechanical components","authors":"Youn-Hoo Hwang, Tae-Hyeong Kim, Dae-Eun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For effective implementation of smart machine technology, there is a great demand for real-time monitoring of the wear progression of machine components. In this work, the effectiveness of assessing wear by monitoring the airborne wear particles was investigated. Sliding wear tests were performed using different combinations of stainless steel (SUS304) and alumina material pairs while monitoring the size distribution and the number of particles using a particle counter. The results showed that particles less than 2 μm in size accounted for more than 83 % of the total number of airborne particles. However, particles greater than 2 μm account for 95 % of the volume of airborne particles. Additionally, in the case of wear volume, the total wear volume, which is the sum of the plate and the ball wear volumes, should be similar to that of the total airborne particle volume. For the SUS304/SUS304 pair, the total wear volume and the total airborne particle volume were very similar. However, in the case of alumina/SUS304 and alumina/alumina, the total wear volume and total airborne particle volume were not similar, and the total wear volume was significantly higher than the total airborne particle volume. The effectiveness of the airborne particle monitoring technique depended strongly on the material pairs. This was due to the fact that particle dispersion behavior varied with respect to the wear mechanisms of the materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205566"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142162074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205558
Lorenzo Ghidini, Angelo Mazzù, Michela Faccoli
{"title":"Experimental study of wear and rolling contact fatigue in railway wheel steels coupled with various brake block materials: Insights from innovative small-scale testing","authors":"Lorenzo Ghidini, Angelo Mazzù, Michela Faccoli","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a comprehensive analysis using an innovative testing method of two wheel steels paired with cast iron and organic composite brake block materials. By conducting tests under consistent conditions and varying in duration, the study examines temperature profiles, friction coefficients, surface characteristics, weight loss, and microstructural changes in wheel samples, emphasizing the distinct behaviour of these materials in braking applications and the damage evolution over time. The results demonstrate that organic composite brake samples outperform those in cast iron, showcasing smoother wheel sample surfaces and stable friction coefficients. Weight loss analysis reveals the environmental benefits of organic composite brakes, emitting fewer particulates than cast iron counterparts. Microstructural examinations uncover the formation of a Thermal White Etching Layer (T-WEL) on wheel samples tested with cast iron samples, leading to cracks and material detachment. Conversely, extended use of organic composite samples led to a \"thermal fuse effect\", impacting their efficiency and suggesting the need of careful temperature management in sustained braking scenarios. Despite significant differences in wheel steels, the study underscores the critical role of brake material in braking improvements. The findings not only enhance the scientific understanding of brake material behaviour but also introduce an innovative, cost-effective, and fast 4-contact machine testing method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205558"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164824003235/pdfft?md5=2195cce4ae2b4e25c74d1a93f2be573f&pid=1-s2.0-S0043164824003235-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205560
Juan Li , Qingcheng Guo , Qingyao Tang , Guanghui Zhao , Huaying Li , Lifeng Ma
{"title":"Effect of electron beam remelting on microstructure and wear properties of HVOF Ni/WC coatings","authors":"Juan Li , Qingcheng Guo , Qingyao Tang , Guanghui Zhao , Huaying Li , Lifeng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to improve the wear resistance of Inconel 617 alloy, Ni/WC composite coatings were prepared on it by High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) and electron beam remelting techniques. The effects of remelting beam current (16 mA–25 mA) on the macroscopic morphology, physical phase composition and microstructure of remelted coatings were investigated. The effect of microcomposition on the mechanical properties of remelted coatings was analyzed in combination with hardness tests and friction wear experiments. The experimental results showed that good metallurgical bonding was formed for 19 mA, 22 mA and 25 mA specimens after electron beam remelting. The bonding of the 16 mA specimen was a combination of metallurgical and mechanical bonding. The remelted coating generated new phases such as W<sub>2</sub>C, M<sub>3</sub>B and Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>. With the increase of remelting beam current, the WC decomposition became more and more serious, and the grain growth tendency was evident. The remelted coatings prepared with different parameters showed a significant increase in microhardness compared to both the substrate and HVOF coatings. Friction wear experiments with SiC balls as counterbodies show that the wear increases gradually with increasing beam flow at 100 N and under dry friction conditions. The wear mechanism of HVOF coatings was abrasive, and the wear mechanism of remelted coatings was mainly abrasive and adhesive. In summary, the 22 mA specimen had a strong metallurgical bond. The hardness and abrasion resistance were improved compared to the substrate and the HVOF coating, i.e., the 22 mA specimen had the best overall performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205560"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205562
Xu Liu, Li Meng, Xiaoyan Zeng, Beibei Zhu, Jiaming Cao, Kaiwen Wei, Qianwu Hu
{"title":"Study on cavitation erosion and slurry erosion resistance of martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel coatings fabricated by high power laser cladding","authors":"Xu Liu, Li Meng, Xiaoyan Zeng, Beibei Zhu, Jiaming Cao, Kaiwen Wei, Qianwu Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study systematically compared the cavitation erosion (CE) and slurry erosion (SE) resistance of 0Cr12Ni9A and 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb coatings fabricated by high power laser cladding (HPLC) and the differences in CE and SE resistance were revealed by combining microstructure and mechanical properties. The experimental results indicated that the build rate of HPLC reached 256 mm<sup>3</sup>/s, which was much higher than that achieved by traditional low power laser cladding (154 mm<sup>3</sup>/s). Furthermore, the hardness (50 HRC), ultimate tensile strength (1370 MPa), yield strength (1349 MPa) and break elongation (11.5 %) of 0Cr12Ni9A coating were 1.11 times, 1.12 times, 1.25 times and 0.59 times that of 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb coating, respectively. The CE and SE resistance of the 0Cr12Ni9A coating were 9.51 times, 0.63 times (attack angle <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span> = 45°) and 1.23 times (90°) than that of the 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb coating and 22.87 times, 1.32 times (45°), 1.91 times (90°) than that of the 0Cr13Ni5Mo substrate, respectively. The cladding layers with high hardness and strength exhibits enhanced CE and SE (90°) resistance due to the higher resistance to plastic deformation and failure when facing the vertical impact of cavitation bubble collapse or sand particles. However, the SE resistance (45°) is related to the unit volume fracture energy, with a higher value indicating more effective absorption of kinetic energy from impacting sand particles, resulting in reduced flaky peeling off for improved SE resistance. The high build rate of HPLC and the exceptional CE and SE resistance of 0Cr12Ni9A coating material provide a novel solution to extend the service life of Pelton turbines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205562"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142157758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205563
M. Neslušan , R. Bašťovanský , R. Čep , P. Minárik , K. Trojan , Z. Florková
{"title":"Phase transition in AISI 304 during rolling contact wear and its monitoring via Barkhausen noise emission","authors":"M. Neslušan , R. Bašťovanský , R. Čep , P. Minárik , K. Trojan , Z. Florková","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the phase transition of austenite into strain-induced martensite during the long-term rolling contact wear. The transformation of the non-ferromagnetic austenite to the ferromagnetic martensite is studied as a function of rolling contact duration under the constant roller load and rotation. X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the intensity and extent of strain-induced phase transformation are progressively growing along the rolling duration. Furthermore, it is also found that the extent of this transformation is non-homogenous with respect to the produced wear track width when the highest intensity can be found near the grove centre, and a progressive decrease is detected towards the wear track edge. Compressive residual stresses are produced in both crystalline phases. However, their nearly unaffected amplitude with the rolling duration for the martensite phase is contrasted with the gradually decreasing amplitude of the austenite phase, which indicates the thermal effect. The surface temperature increases due to friction, plastic deformation and the phase transition. It has been proved that the Barkhausen noise technique integrates signals from the whole wear track width as well as quite deep regions below the wear track surface. Barkhausen noise exhibits continuous and progressive increase with the rolling duration as it is contrasted with the X-ray diffraction. Consequently, the Barkhausen noise technique was found to be the more reasonable experimental technique to study the progressive propagation of the phase transition into the bulk material than the X-ray diffraction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205563"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142162093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205559
Tingting Niu , Lutong Zhou , Haidong Hu , Wei Gao , Yong Sun , Guodong Zou , Qun Zu , Houwen Chen , Peng Wang , Qiuming Peng
{"title":"Nano-twinned silicon in Al-Si alloys for high wear-resistance","authors":"Tingting Niu , Lutong Zhou , Haidong Hu , Wei Gao , Yong Sun , Guodong Zou , Qun Zu , Houwen Chen , Peng Wang , Qiuming Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wear-failure is the most common damage for power transmission components in the field of engineering materials, constituting approximately one-fourth in service loss. The development of high wear-resistant Al alloys plays a crucial role in reducing energy demand and weight, and then attributes to the achievement of dual-carbon target. Here we report a novel strategy to develop outstanding wear-resistant (the coefficient of friction of 0.31) Al-10 wt%Si alloys at room temperature, based on the formation of multiple parallel {111} twins and hierarchical {111}-{111} double twins by a route of combining ultrahigh pressure solid solution and electropulsing assisted aging (HPEP), which overwhelms all values of Al alloys, even Ti alloys and high entropy alloys reported so far. The microstructure, formation process and wear-resistant mechanism of nano-twinned Si have been clarified by transmission electron microscopy observations, molecule dynamics simulations and the first principles calculations. It demonstrates that the interactive nano-twinned Si structures are mainly introduced through twin-twin collision or the phase/matrix interface prohibition of twin motion, which are effective to restrain atom separation in contrast to eutectic Si perfect crystal, resulting in homogeneous wear-loss and long operation life. Those new results provide insights towards designing wear-resistant materials with high mechanical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205559"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142167334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WearPub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205561
Z.X. Li , L.M. Zhang , W. Wang , Z.K. Li , Y. Zhang , A.L. Ma , Y.G. Zheng
{"title":"New insights into the damage mechanism of a Zr-Ti based bulk metallic glass under cavitation erosion in deionized water","authors":"Z.X. Li , L.M. Zhang , W. Wang , Z.K. Li , Y. Zhang , A.L. Ma , Y.G. Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bulk metallic glass (BMG), also known as amorphous alloy, which is almost free of structural defects such as grain boundaries and dislocations, is expected to achieve superior cavitation erosion (CE) resistance due to possessing high hardness, elastic modulus and superior corrosion resistance. Compared with the extensively studied crystalline alloys, the damage mechanism of amorphous alloys under CE remains unclear. Herein, the CE behavior and damage mechanism of a Zr-Ti based BMG in deionized water was systematically investigated. Relevant results showed that Zr-Ti based BMG exhibited robust resistance to CE in deionized water. The incubation period of CE was found to be about 4 h, which was significantly longer than that of stainless steels, copper alloys and titanium alloys. Moreover, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that crystallization was absent throughout the entire CE process. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated an increasing free volume of BMG with prolonged CE time, which further led to the formation of micro-porosity by the free volume aggregation, and eventually gave rise to the CE damage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"558 ","pages":"Article 205561"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}