Wear最新文献

{"title":"Stage-dependent protective behavior of Ni-Sn bilayer coating for armature surface damage","authors":"Xing Wang ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Lin ,&nbsp;Haibin Zhou ,&nbsp;Ziyi Liu ,&nbsp;Deshan Chen ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Xu ,&nbsp;Donglin Liu ,&nbsp;Weihan Liang ,&nbsp;Pingping Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In electromagnetic rail launch (ERL), the surface damage of the armature is a result of the coupling of multiple damage mechanisms, which evolve progressively during the launch process. In this study, a Ni-Sn bilayer coating was fabricated by electrodeposition to mitigate surface damage of the armature. During ERL testing, the armature and rail surfaces undergo a sequential evolution in damage mechanisms, evolving from mechanical wear to melting-induced damage and ultimately to arc ablation. The use of a Ni-Sn bilayer coating significantly reduced armature surface damage and mass loss as well as improved the contact condition. Mechanism analysis revealed that the lubrication performance of soft-metal Sn, combined with the thermal barrier effect of Ni and its ability to absorb crack energy, jointly contributed to the suppression of mechanical and electrical damage, and the protective function changes with the variation of the contact state. This work provides a promising design strategy for enhancing the durability and reliability of materials used in ERL systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206518"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wear and RCF damage behaviours of bainitic rail steels under low temperature environments","authors":"Yang Qin ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Honghao Wang ,&nbsp;Shuyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Lu ,&nbsp;Hudong Xue ,&nbsp;Wenjian Wang ,&nbsp;Enrico Meli ,&nbsp;Roger Lewis ,&nbsp;Zhongrong Zhou ,&nbsp;Haohao Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the wear and RCF behaviours of a lath-like (1380B) bainitic rail steel and a granular bainitic rail steel (1250B) in low-temperature environments through rolling contact tests, using a pearlitic rail steel (U75VH) for comparison. Results showed that as temperature decreased, overall wear increased markedly, while average crack length and depth in all three steels became smaller. Among the steels, pearlitic rail steel consistently demonstrated the highest wear resistance and strongest resistance to crack initiation. At ambient temperature, lath-like bainitic rail steel performed better in resisting wear than the granular one; however, at −40 °C the opposite occurred, since the granular bainitic rail steel exhibited higher plastic deformation capacity. The lath-like bainitic rail steel also developed a few long cracks at low temperature. The superior low-temperature wear resistance of granular bainitic rail steel was attributed to differences in transformation behaviour compared with lath-like bainitic rail steel. Furthermore, fragments generated from multi-layer cracks were observed in both bainitic steels under low temperature, caused by brittle fracture and subsequent extrusion and twisting of the material between cracks. In contrast, no such fragments formed in pearlitic rail steel, which retained relatively high plasticity even in cold environments and thus avoided brittle fracture. These findings highlight the distinct wear and RCF responses of rail steels of different microstructures, and reveal the temperature-dependent mechanisms governing their tribological performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206523"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fretting wear damage model for stranded steel wire ropes","authors":"Maslinda Kamarudin,&nbsp;Zaini Ahmad,&nbsp;Mohd Nasir Tamin","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fretting wear is a dominant failure mechanism in stranded steel wire ropes subjected to cyclic tension-tension fatigue. The aim of this study is to improve the fatigue life prediction of the newly designed 1 × 7 drawn steel wire ropes. A damage-based fretting wear model was developed to predict the fretting-induced wear at the wire-to-wire contact region. The model incorporates experimentally measured parameters, including the adhesion shear strength of bonded micro-peaks (10.75 MPa), the residual modulus of the wire material affected by the mean stress, and the evolution of fretted surface hardness (up to 7340 MPa). The model coefficient, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> = 0.10 and critical damage index for discrete material element removal, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 0.90 are established through calibration of Finite Element (FE)-calculated wear depth with measured values. Partial validation of the model is demonstrated by similar FE-predicted and measured wear depths of 45 ± 7 μm after 1.5 × 10⁵ cycles at an orientation angle of 45°. A fracture criterion based on arc-elliptical surface crack propagation was developed using fracture mechanics principles, where failure occurs once the stress intensity factor reaches the fracture toughness of the material (25 MPa√m). The corresponding critical energy dissipation at fracture was determined to be 34 ± 1 J. This result aligned with the practical threshold for rope replacement at a one-third wire diameter wear depth. The outcomes of this study serve a mechanistic understanding of fretting-induced damage accumulation in steel wire ropes, enabling predictive failure modeling without the need for full-scale rope testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206516"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward greener alternative: Comparative tribological study of Sb2O3 and Bi2O3 additives in bonded MoS2-based solid lubricants for aerospace applications","authors":"Parastoo Fallah ,&nbsp;Cara Hensley ,&nbsp;Charles J. Beall ,&nbsp;Pantcho Stoyanov ,&nbsp;Rolf Wuthrich","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To mitigate the environmental and health hazards associated with antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃) widely used in aerospace solid lubricants, this study investigates bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) as a sustainable alternative additive for bonded molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)-based coatings. MoS₂-Bi₂O₃ coating was fabricated using a spray bonding process and tribologically evaluated against a commercial MoS₂-Sb₂O₃ benchmark (Everlube 620C) under reciprocating sliding conditions. Interfacial phenomena and wear mechanisms were characterized utilizing SEM, FIB, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD. Results indicated that while Bi₂O₃ possesses a favorable low interaction parameter—chemically suitable for lubricity—the MoS₂-Bi₂O₃ coating exhibited higher friction and wear compared to the Sb₂O₃-containing baseline. This performance gap is likely attributed to the higher intrinsic hardness and shear strength of Bi₂O₃, which compromised tribofilm stability, induced micro-cracking, and promoted loose debris formation, thereby intensifying abrasive wear. Conversely, Sb₂O₃ demonstrated a predominantly shear-driven wear mechanism, likely due to its superior mechanical compatibility with the matrix, facilitating more desirable tribo/transfer film formation and basal plane alignment parallel to the sliding direction. Thus, while the tribological behavior of the MoS₂-Sb₂O₃ coating was governed by the development of a stable tribo/transfer film, the MoS₂-Bi₂O₃ formulation was dominated by fracture-driven wear mechanism. Despite the observed reduction in tribological performance relative to the benchmark, the MoS₂-Bi₂O₃ system yielded performance comparable to—or better than—other eco-friendly alternatives reported in the literature, establishing it as a viable candidate for non-toxic solid lubrication subject to further compositional optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206526"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of groove texturing on fretting wear behavior of TC4 under plane/plane contact with dry and grease lubrication","authors":"Shenglin Liang ,&nbsp;Zeeshan Anjum ,&nbsp;Dingjun She ,&nbsp;Xuanqi Sun ,&nbsp;Qingwen Dai ,&nbsp;Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To explore the influence of surface textures, laser-processed grooved textures with varying area ratios were applied to TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy. Fretting wear tests were conducted using a plane-on-plane contact configuration under dry and grease-lubricated conditions. The results demonstrated that the grooved textures help store wear debris and reduce the energy friction coefficient. However, higher texture area ratios lead to increased contact stress and higher wear rates. Groove orientation also presents significant influence: the grooves in parallel to the direction of motion promoted debris removal, while the perpendicular grooves entrapped more debris. Under grease lubrication, the perpendicular grooves helped to squeeze the stored lubricant into the contact area and reduced the running-in period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206527"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable tribological solutions: laser-textured Cr3C2/Cr2O3-coated shaft sleeves","authors":"Masih Paknejad ,&nbsp;Robert Bösinger ,&nbsp;Bahman Azarhoushang ,&nbsp;Andreas Kailer ,&nbsp;Georg Konrath ,&nbsp;Andreas Killinger ,&nbsp;Matthias Blum ,&nbsp;Tom Pfindel ,&nbsp;Esmaeil Ghadiri Zahrani","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sliding bearings in pumps operating under corrosive and insufficiently lubricated conditions are subjected to high levels of wear and degradation, frequently resulting in accelerated component failure. These bearings typically utilize tungsten carbide with a cobalt binder (WC-Co) due to its superior resistance to wear and corrosion. However, growing concerns regarding the sustainability and limited availability of tungsten and cobalt have intensified the efforts to develop alternative, resource-efficient solutions. To address this challenge, a novel ceramic coating composed of chromium carbide-chromium oxide (Cr₃C₂/Cr₂O₃), deposited using high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS), was evaluated as an environmentally sustainable replacement for WC-Co coatings in sliding bearing applications. Shaft sleeves were coated and subsequently cylindrical grinding was applied to achieve tight dimensional tolerances and optimal surface finish. Ultrashort-pulsed laser surface texturing was then employed to create engineered dimples designed to improve friction behavior under challenging lubrication conditions. A fine cylindrical grinding was subsequently applied to remove residual pile-up and flatten inter-dimple areas. Grinding performance evaluation demonstrated 20 % reduction in tangential grinding force and 37 % improvement in surface roughness (Rz) compared to WC-Co, confirming the coating's suitability for precision finishing. Tribological tests under water-lubricated sliding conditions revealed that laser-textured Cr₃C₂/Cr₂O₃ coatings exhibited up to 50 % lower wear mass than non-textured coatings and achieved friction coefficients between 0.02 and 0.04, matching WC-Co performance while showing greater stability and lower variability. In speed-ramped Stribeck testing, laser-textured surfaces maintained reduced friction variability and closely followed the frictional trend of WC-Co, particularly in the boundary-to-mixed lubrication regime. These findings highlight the combined advantages of the proposed coating system in terms of machinability, wear resistance, friction control, and operational consistency, offering a viable and sustainable alternative for high-performance sliding bearing applications in water-lubricated environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206525"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of hydrogen charging on the tribocorrosion performance of C45CE steel","authors":"Marcin Kowalski ,&nbsp;Ayush Khurana ,&nbsp;Michael Weil ,&nbsp;Anna Neus Igual Muñoz ,&nbsp;Stefano Mischler","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tribocorrosion of hydrogen-embrittled steel is a critical concern for materials, particularly used in applications involving high mechanical stress and corrosive conditions. Hydrogen uptake by steel structures, induced by an electrochemical process, can cause degradation of mechanical properties and induce cracks. It is widely known as hydrogen embrittlement. This study investigates the combined effects of mechanical wear and electrochemical corrosion on hydrogen-charged C45CE carbon steel, in the presence and absence of surface film. The tribocorrosion behavior of hydrogen-charged steel is evaluated through tests in corrosive solutions, accompanied by microstructural analysis. The method of hydrogen charging in carbon steel was carried out electrochemically under galvanostatic conditions in a 0.5M Na₂S solution for 24 h. The tribocorrosion tests were done in a reciprocating tribometer in a borate solution under well-controlled mechanical and electrochemical conditions, allowing for imposing a specific surface chemistry. Dry wear tests were also carried out in the same tribological configuration.</div><div>Results show that hydrogen reduces the fracture energy of the hydrogen-charged steel by 50 % despite no differences in hardness were observed. Hydrogen charging neither modifies the grain structure of the steel. The tribocorrosion results show that the hydrogen uptake has an impact on the steel degradation (hydrogen blocks deformation, increases the strain accumulation, and higher subsurface recrystallization was observed) when no passive film is formed on the steel (cathodic conditions). The main effect of hydrogen is grain refinement. In the presence of surface films (passive conditions), no difference was observed between the tribocorrosion behaviour of the charged and non-charged samples. When imposing passive conditions, hydrogen intake into the material can be oxidized, thus its effect on the tribocorrosion response is minimized. The surface of the material was embrittled by the presence of the passive film, regardless of the hydrogen charging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"588 ","pages":"Article 206482"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant improvement in elevated temperature galling resistance of austenitic iron-based hard-facings through heat treatment","authors":"Jaimie L. Daure ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Carrington ,&nbsp;Daniel Kóti ,&nbsp;Philip H. Shipway ,&nbsp;D. Graham McCartney ,&nbsp;David A. Stewart","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes the development of a novel heat treatment to significantly improve the high temperature galling behaviour of austenitic iron-based hardfacings. The alloy examined in this work is hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) Tristelle 5183 (T-5183) which is comprised of an austenitic matrix with (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ and NbC hard phases. In the HIPed condition, the galling pressure, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> was bounded as 211 MPa &lt; <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> &lt; 317 MPa at room temperature, but this fell to <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> &lt; 53 MPa at 100 °C. In the as-HIPed state, the (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ fraction was significantly smaller than its equilibrium value due to its sluggish nucleation and growth kinetics during HIPing, with this resulting in a commensurate supersaturation of carbon in solution in the austenitic matrix. This carbon supersaturation results in an increase in the austenite stacking fault energy (SFE) and it is suggested that this in turn results in reduced resistance to galling at elevated temperatures. An extended high temperature heat treatment of the alloy has resulted in the following: (i) an increase in the carbide particle size; (ii) an increase in the volume fraction of carbide; (iii) a commensurate reduction in the carbon content of the austenite and thus a reduction in its SFE. Following heat treatment, the room temperature galling pressure remained bounded as 211 MPa &lt; <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> &lt; 317 MPa (i.e. no significant improvement in galling resistance was observed); however, the heat treatment resulted in a significant increase in the elevated temperature capability of the alloy with the galling pressure being again bounded as 211 MPa &lt; <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> &lt; 317 MPa at temperatures as high as 300 °C. Given the temperature-sensitivity of the observed improvements in galling behaviour and the temperature-sensitivity of the SFE of the austenitic matrix, it is argued that it is the change in austenite SFE associated with the heat treatment that is the dominant influence in the observed improvement in the galling resistance of this alloy.</div><div>In light of a review of relevant adjacent literature related to the destabilisation of high chromium cast irons, it is argued that the heat treatment method proposed here for improving high temperature galling capability has general applicability to any ferrous system composed of austenite and complex carbides (including hardfacings) and is generalisable to a variety of methods of manufacture (e.g. HIPing, weld and laser cladding, casting etc).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"587 ","pages":"Article 206487"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in erosion and wear of barrels: Inhibition strategies, predictive models, and future challenges","authors":"Xiaobing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongtao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohe Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Special mechanical equipment, such as rocket engines, high-speed vehicles, and gun barrels, suffers serious erosion and damage to their material surfaces under extreme working conditions of high temperature, high pressure, and high velocity. Investigating erosion and wear is of great significance in improving the service life of mechanical equipment. Taking the barrel of a gun as an example, the mechanism of erosion is clarified by summarizing the thermal-chemical-mechanical factors that affect the service life of mechanical equipment. The literature of the last fifteen years is analyzed to obtain the key directions of erosion research. Recent advances in coatings, protective materials, and erosion-resistant groove structure are summarized. Then, advances in prediction methods for barrel erosion are outlined in terms of heat transfer and erosion simulation. Prediction models that consider multi-physical field coupling, such as the flow-solid-thermal three-phase coupling model, have higher precision. Finally, future challenges and recommendations for research on resistance to erosion of gun barrels and aeroengines are presented. The study of erosion mechanisms, anti-erosion techniques, and erosion prediction techniques is crucial for enhancing the performance of guns, which not only improves the service life of guns but also provides important references for other engineering applications in extreme environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"587 ","pages":"Article 206502"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of increased resistance to fretting wear of bearing steel achieved through multiscale microstructural control","authors":"Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Dianxiu Xia ,&nbsp;Han Zhang ,&nbsp;R.D.K. Misra ,&nbsp;Shouren Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Cui ,&nbsp;Xiucheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An innovative multiscale microstructural approach based on a secondary quenching heat treatment was adopted to increase resistance to fretting wear in a bearing steel. In this regard, the mechanisms associated with fretting wear are discussed. The wear-resistance was enabled by synergistic grain refinement and precipitation strengthening. By designing a dual-stage quenching process and employing multiscale characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the study comprehensively elucidates the effects of secondary quenching on austenite grain evolution, martensitic transformation, and nanoscale precipitation. The results demonstrated that secondary quenching significantly refined the austenite grain size from 18.61 ± 0.31 μm after single quenching (880 °C) to 5.23 ± 0.09 μm, with a refinement rate of ∼72 %—and simultaneously promoted the refinement and homogenization of martensitic laths. Electron microscopy studies revealed uniform dispersion of nanoscale carbides in the secondary-quenched samples, which effectively inhibited dislocation motion and interface migration, thereby enhancing matrix strengthening. In fretting wear tests conducted using a Si₃N₄ (silicon nitride) ball as the counterpart, the secondary-quenched samples exhibited an 18.2 % reduction in wear volume (down to (2.34 ± 0.03) × 10⁶ μm³) compared to the single-quenched (880 °C) samples, together with noticeable reduction in both friction coefficient and wear rate. Surface morphology observations revealed smoother wear scars with significantly reduced spalling and cracking. Further analysis showed that secondary quenching facilitated the formation of a stable dynamic oxide film, reducing interfacial shear strength and shifting the dominant wear mechanism from brittle spalling to an oxidative–abrasive composite mode. This study provides both theoretical foundation and guidelines for microstructural design and performance optimization of high-reliability bearing materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"587 ","pages":"Article 206486"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}