Waste management最新文献

{"title":"Reliable prediction of biodrying efficiency using interactive regression models","authors":"Fatma Ece Sayin ,&nbsp;Gülşen Akman ,&nbsp;Bilge Özbay ,&nbsp;Barış Çalli ,&nbsp;Recep Kaya Göktaş ,&nbsp;İsmail Özbay","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inability of municipal solid waste (MSW) to meet incineration standards often undermines the sustainability and economic feasibility of waste-to-energy applications. Biodrying offers a promising, eco-friendly pretreatment to enhance the calorific value of MSW. This study evaluated the performance of biodrying based on the final calorific value (FCV) using simple and interactive regression models. Both conventional parameters; moisture content (MC), bulk density (BD), airflow rate (AFR), and initial calorific value (ICV) and unconventional indicators; the Temperature Index (TI), Biodrying Index (BI), and oxygen consumption (L) as a measure of biodegradability were used as predictors. Besides conventional regression models (OLS), to minimize multicollinearity of the dataset with Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) of higher than 10 Ridge regression (RR) analyses were also applied. AFR was the strongest positive variable in all the tested models and achieved maximum impact in RR3 Model with value of 2189.47 at significance level of p &lt; 0.01. In the same model, triple impact of AFR*TI*MC was strong and negative (−819.60 at p &lt; 0.05). In both regression approaches, interactive models provided better prediction efficiencies considering higher R² and reduced error metrics. Professionals in this sector may consider the use of RR in FCV predictions to be both an innovative and practical approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115373"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal recycling of step and chain growth mixed plastics under sub- and supercritical conditions: chemical synergies, and antagonisms","authors":"Jacopo de Tommaso,&nbsp;Alexandre Gaillard,&nbsp;Elodie Mattio,&nbsp;Chloé Ardizzone,&nbsp;Antoine Leybros","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The automotive industry consumes 7 % of global plastics, with polymers accounting for nearly half the volume of the vehicle. End-of-life automotive plastics are heterogeneous mixtures of polymers, fillers, and additives that current sorting systems cannot handle, preventing their otherwise feasible conversion into monomers or chemical building blocks. To address this challenge, we treated hydrothermally a representative unsorted automotive plastic waste stream of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide 6 (PA6), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) under sub/supercritical water at 250 to 400 °C. Between 250 and 300 °C, PET converts to terephthalic acid (TPA) with 80–95 % yield, recovered as a solid, and PA6 depolymerizes to caprolactam and aminohexanoic acid. Water cleaves PU into amines and polyols, PVC dechlorinates, while PP remains intact after subcritical water treatment. PA6 hinders PET hydrolysis, while PU and PVC improve TPA’s yield, and PP has no effect. Starting at 300 °C, PA6 and PU monomers recombine and degrade, but PU at least quadruplicates its yield in nitrogenous aromatics. Above the critical point, TPA fragments to a range of oxygenated aromatics, PA6 monomers disappear, PP and PVC cracks into C₈-C₁₄ branched aliphatic, and PU yield increase only slightly (10 % compared to 300 °C). We demonstrate that no single condition valorises all polymers simultaneously. Instead, process design must prioritize the most valuable products, for instance via staged heating: subcritical conditions recover PA6 and PU monomers as liquids, PET hydrolyses optimally at 300 °C as a solid, and PP converts to fuels above supercritical conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115362"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable development solidification of dredged silt by fluorogypsum with the flocculation and activation of shell powder","authors":"Siqi Chen ,&nbsp;Zhenjie Gu ,&nbsp;Yan Fang ,&nbsp;Yunxiang Weng ,&nbsp;Haiqing Liu ,&nbsp;Qinhui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The improper disposal of dredged silt may lead to land occupation, ecological contamination, reduced river flood discharge capacity, and navigation channel obstruction. Based on its inherent characteristics, a dual-functional composite solidifier used for simultaneous flocculation and solidification was developed. Its flocculation efficacy was evaluated by specific resistance to filtration (SRF), capillary suction time (CST), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing coupled with moisture transformation analysis etc. Results demonstrate that 3% of shell powder addition is optimal through Ca²⁺-mediated charge neutralization, electrical double layer compression and alkaline-stimulated gelation. Fluorogypsum facilitates the formation of AFt crystal for pore-filling, while the hydration of shell powder provides alkaline Ca(OH)₂ to drive pozzolanic reactions to form C-S(A)-H gels which play a role in cementation and densification. The UCS of solidified soil reaches 2.52 MPa at the synergistic effect of the comprehensive waste utilization which displays superior sustainability and cost-effectiveness over conventional cement-based approaches. The solidified soil exhibits friendliness towards green plants. This disposal method achieves the recycling and resource recovery of three types of solid waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115370"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From lime stabilization to CO2 sequestration: spontaneous recarbonation in municipal sewage sludge","authors":"Felix Brück ,&nbsp;Florian Schmutzler ,&nbsp;Jan Reeh ,&nbsp;Christine Fröhlich ,&nbsp;Harald Platen ,&nbsp;Harald Weigand","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lime treatment is widely applied for stabilizing and conditioning municipal sewage sludge to improve handling and hygienic properties. It also offers the potential for carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration through lime recarbonation. Thereby, atmospheric CO₂ reacts with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) to form calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), partly or fully offsetting process CO₂ emissions generated during lime production. However, its extent and rate are largely unexplored.</div><div>We investigated the spontaneous recarbonation of lime-treated sewage sludge using samples from two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). WWTP1 applies hydrated lime prior to dewatering, while WWTP2 adds quicklime after dewatering. Samples were incubated under controlled conditions for six months and analyzed using thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry (TGA–MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and bulk element determinations.</div><div>Progressive transformation of Ca(OH)₂ into CaCO₃ confirmed spontaneous recarbonation. Within four months, WWTP1 samples reached near-complete carbonation with rates approaching 100 % of the calcination-related process CO₂ emissions. By contrast, WWTP2 samples exhibited lower rates of recarbonation, with a maximum of ∼94 %, likely due to heterogeneous lime distribution, and encapsulation of unreacted lime along with differences in lime quality.</div><div>These findings provide the first conclusive evidence for substantial spontaneous recarbonation of lime-treated sewage sludge under ambient conditions. They demonstrate that CO₂ uptake is strongly influenced by lime type, dosing strategy, and sludge composition. This establishes a robust basis for integrating lime recarbonation into carbon accounting frameworks and for evaluating the long-term carbon sink potential of lime-treated sludge, while fuel-related emissions from lime production remain outside the scope of this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115371"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decontamination of volatile compounds from post-consumer recycled HDPE via supercritical CO2: Unravelling the critical role of co-solvent molecular structure","authors":"Ming-Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi-Zhi Su ,&nbsp;Can Xu ,&nbsp;Tian-Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Huai-Ning Zhong ,&nbsp;Qin-Bao Lin ,&nbsp;Dan Li ,&nbsp;Ben Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically evaluates supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) extraction for the decontamination of volatile compounds from post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE), with a focus on co-solvent effects. Time-resolved extraction revealed that contaminant load strongly influenced removal efficiency, and flakes achieved 15% higher performance than pellets due to thinner morphology and reduced re-embedding. Co-solvent assistance further enhanced efficiency, with p-xylene, ethylbenzene, and cyclohexanone achieving up to 35% improvement compared to neat scCO₂. Hansen Solubility Parameter (HSP) analysis indicates that solvent compatibility with HDPE is a necessary but insufficient factor for the enhanced decontamination efficiency, and further molecular descriptor analysis provided additional mechanistic insight, highlighting aromaticity, polarizability, rigidity, and topological complexity as key determinants of enhanced efficiency. Aromatic co-solvents facilitated contaminant release through π-electron delocalization and planar rigidity, while cyclohexanone achieved broad solvation capacity via polar functionality and favorable topological descriptors. These results reveal structure–performance relationships that may inform co-solvent selection and contribute to the understanding of scCO₂-based decontamination strategies for rHDPE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115387"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioconversion of restaurant food waste via black soldier fly larvae into a high-value protein source for improving meat quality in finishing pigs","authors":"Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Sujie Liu ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yonggai Duan ,&nbsp;Yongxi Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the dual challenges of food waste management and sustainable protein production requires circular economy solutions. This study demonstrates a sustainable approach to convert restaurant food waste (FW) into a protein-rich feed ingredient using black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. The nutritional profile of the FW-derived BSF meal was evaluated and compared to soybean meal (SBM). BSF meal had higher digestible (20.08 MJ/kg) and metabolizable (18.74 MJ/kg) energy than SBM (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). The standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in BSF meal (78.90%-85.12%) was comparable to or better than that of SBM. In the subsequent experiment, 72 pigs were assigned to either a control diet (Ctrl) or an experimental diet (BSF) with 20% SBM replaced by BSF meal. Throughout the trial, the BSF group showed a 5.80% higher average daily gain (<em>P</em> = 0.06) and a 4.29% higher average daily feed intake (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). BSF meal increased shoulder backfat thickness and muscle decanoic acid content by 26.68% and 83.33%, respectively (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, BSF meal improved lipid metabolism and antioxidant status, as characterized by reduced serum total cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels, and up-regulation of myosin heavy chain I expression (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). BSF meal modulated the gut microbiota by enriching taxa linked to improved meat quality and health, including <em>Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1</em> (1.97-fold) and Clostridiaceae (1.94-fold) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, BSF-based bioconversion effectively transformed FW into a sustainable, high-performance feed ingredient that enhanced pig productivity and meat quality, thereby contributing to a more circular and resilient food system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115369"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of supposedly biodegradable polymers in a real estuarine environment","authors":"Beatriz Barbosa Moreno ,&nbsp;Milton Alexandre Cardoso ,&nbsp;Fabio Ruiz Simões ,&nbsp;Isabelly Bertochi Veroneze ,&nbsp;Sandra Andrea Cruz ,&nbsp;Ítalo Braga Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aiming to mitigate the impacts of global plastic pollution, several strategies have been adopted, such as replacing conventional plastics with compostable and biodegradable polymers. However, the effectiveness of these polymers in real-world environments has been questioned due to low degradation rates. Therefore, the present study experimentally assessed, in a real estuarine environment, degradation of bags made of PLA + PBAT + starch, PLA + PBAT, polyethylene (PE) with an oxo-biodegradable additive and solely PE. During an 180-day exposure period, morphological, chemical and structural analyses including SEM, FTIR, TGA and DSC were carried out. The results showed that bags made of PLA + PBAT + starch presented more consistent degradation evidence, in estuarine environments, than those without starch addition (PLA + PBAT). However, after 45 days of exposure, such blends have undergone fragmentation, probably forming microplastics (MPs). While samples composed by PLA + PBAT + starch significative differed in macroscopic and microscopic structure, condition indexes and thermal properties from ordinary PE, no significative differences were seen for samples made of PLA + PBAT and oxo-biodegradable plastics. Despite degradation performance of bags PLA + PBAT + starch based, assessments with regard microplastic formation and ecotoxicity must be performed in aquatic scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115365"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Straw ash-derived black carbon particles: Insights into potassium release and transport mechanisms","authors":"Lezhu Su ,&nbsp;Yuanqi Peng ,&nbsp;Yan Tan ,&nbsp;Yuzhen Chen ,&nbsp;Bo Xiang ,&nbsp;Kailiang Xie ,&nbsp;Fushan Zhang ,&nbsp;Nan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For centuries, plant ash has been repurposed as a fertilizer owing to its nutrient richness. Black carbon particles within plant ash serve as one of the vectors for potassium; however, their inherent high stability facilitates accumulation and migration in the soil, consequently impacting the release of potassium and other nutrients. In this study, based on the DLVO theory, the transport of black-carbon and endogenous potassium was studied by leaching released experiment. And the influence of black carbon from tobacco straw (TC) and corn straw (CC) on potassium ion (K⁺) release across varying conditions were compared. The results indicated that the endogenous potassium content in TC was 144 mg·g⁻¹, with approximately 78% being readily available, which was 1.5 times the potassium supply capacity of CC. In contrast, CC exhibited higher hydrophobicity, resulting in a much higher migration rate compared to TC. Notably, as the pH increased, so did the repulsive forces, ion concentration, and ionic valence, intensifying the compression of the electric double layer and impacting the transport of black carbon and potassium. This research offers valuable insights for the development of ecological fertilizers, highlighting the impact of black-carbon properties on potassium dynamics in agricultural systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 115375"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146120331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon footprint of coke-making in Europe and the cost-effectiveness of plant design: Optimization by using alternative reductants","authors":"Mario Ávila ,&nbsp;Sofie Verbrugge ,&nbsp;Inge Bellemans ,&nbsp;Kim Verbeken","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the potential of partially replacing coking coal—a critical raw material—with solid recovered fuel (SRF) pellets made from non-recyclable waste plastics. Total CO₂ emissions and gross profit (GP) from metallurgical coke production in 2019, 2022, and 2023 were assessed across nine plant configurations under two scenarios: the Benchmark Scenario (BS) using only coking coal, and the AlterCoal Scenario (AS) replacing 2 wt% of the coking coal by SRF pellets. Results show indirect and total emissions in the AS decreased by 5.7 % and 6.4 %, respectively. Higher pellet density increased GP, though with a minor rise in emissions. Additionally, a linear correlation was found between GP and oven pushes: plants with fewer daily pushes—due to larger ovens—achieved greater profitability and GP per ton of direct CO₂ emitted. These results provide guidelines for steel plants considering this process, thereby contributing to the broader goal of emission reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115346"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extensive study on biogas trace compounds from agricultural and municipal biomass residues for downstream catalytic conversion","authors":"Selina Nieß ,&nbsp;Mathias Stur ,&nbsp;Ute Mikow ,&nbsp;Marcel Pohl ,&nbsp;Marco Klemm","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study used quantitative biogas measurements from four full-scale biogas plants to determine which trace components can be expected in biogas from biogenic agricultural or municipal residues. The objective was to identify trace compounds that could damage the catalyst when biogas is used as a feedstock for a catalytic conversion. Knowing the exact composition of the biogas, including for example all sulfur-containing molecules, is therefore essential for the process’s operational expenditures (OPEX). The results of this investigation add to a database of fully measured biogases and can be used to select suitable biogas purification steps. Trace compounds found in all measured biogas samples were ethanol, acetone, toluene, alpha-pinene and 3–methylfuran. However, biogases from different substrates contain distinctive trace components. The biogas from organic waste shows the highest amount of S-containing molecules (up to 14.7<!--> <!-->ppm in total), while the biogas from wastewater sludge shows higher amounts of siloxanes (50 mg m^–3STP) and the biogases from agricultural waste contain oxygenates like acetone and 2-butanone. Measurements taken at various points along the process chain indicate that activated carbon is sufficient for removing most of the trace components from biogas. However, it was observed in one plant that the activated carbon must be replaced before it reaches its adsorption limit to avoid the desorption of volatile organic compounds. Biogas or the biogenic CO₂ are well-suited to be used in downstream processes, but analytical monitoring of the biogas composition and a suitable connection between plant and downstream process are required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 115330"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}